Western Hemisphere Immigration Research Articles

Migration: immigration and emigration in international perspective

Foreword by Robert B. Kleiner, Barnabas I. Okeke, and Tom Sorensen Preface Patterns of Migration Human Migration and Immigration: An Overview by Anthony Marsella and Erin Ring Psychosocial Factors of Immigration and Emigration: An Introduction by Paul G. Schmitz The Hong Kong Immigrant Ethos on the Eve of the Handover in 1997 by Bruce Bain and Agnes Y. Yu The Western Hemisphere Immigration to the United States of America: The Dream and the Reality by Florence L. Denmark, et al. Emigration from Ireland to the United States by T. Joseph O'Donoghue and Mary Ann O'Donoghue Caribbean Immigrants from English-Speaking Countries: Sociohistorical Forces, Migratory Patterns, and Psychological Issues in Family Functioning by Jaipaul L. Roopnarine and Meera Shin Enduring Separation: The Psychosocial Consequences of Mexican Migration to the United States by V. Nelly Salgado de Snyder and Rogelio Diaz-Guerrero Migrations in Colombia by Wilson Lopez-Lopez Europe Migrant Families in Germany by Leonie Herwartz-Emden Migration Processes in Poland by Halina Grzymala-Moszczynska Psychosocial Adjustment and Migration in Norway by Deborah A. Stiles and Thomas Hylland Eriksen Armenian Migration and a Diaspora: A Way of Life by Meline Karakashian and Gevork Pogosian Asian and Australia Migration from and to Japan by Seisoh Sukemune Filipino International Migration: A Continuing Saga by Elena L. Samonte Migration to Australia by Eric E. Rump The Middle East and Africa Immigration and Emigration: Unique Patterns in Israel by Noach Milgram Egyptian Migrations by Ramadan A. Ahmed Migration in South Africa: A Profile of Patterns, Trends, and Impacts by AndRE J. Pelser Index

Policy, People, and the State: Recent Studies of Immigration to the United States - Kitty Calavita, Inside the State: The Bracero Program, Immigration, and the I.N.S. (Routledge, Chapman and Hall, 1992. Pp. x, 243. $49.95 cloth, $15.95 paper). - Christopher Mitchell, editor. Western Hemisphere Immigration and United States Foreign Policy (University Park: Penn State Press, 1992. Pp. xii, 314. $45.00

Policy, People, and the State: Recent Studies of Immigration to the United States - Kitty Calavita, Inside the State: The Bracero Program, Immigration, and the I.N.S. (Routledge, Chapman and Hall, 1992. Pp. x, 243. $49.95 cloth, $15.95 paper). - Christopher Mitchell, editor. Western Hemisphere Immigration and United States Foreign Policy (University Park: Penn State Press, 1992. Pp. xii, 314. $45.00

Book Review: Western Hemisphere Immigration and United States Foreign Policy

Book Review: Western Hemisphere Immigration and United States Foreign Policy

Western Hemisphere Immigration and United States Foreign Policy.

Western Hemisphere Immigration and United States Foreign Policy.

Western Hemisphere Immigration and United States Foreign Policy. Edited by Christopher Mitchell. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1992. 314p. $45.00 cloth, $14.95 paper.

Western Hemisphere Immigration and United States Foreign Policy. Edited by Christopher Mitchell. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1992. 314p. $45.00 cloth, $14.95 paper.

Western Hemisphere Immigration and United States Foreign Policy

Western Hemisphere Immigration and United States Foreign Policy

Western Hemisphere immigration and United States foreign policy

Western Hemisphere immigration and United States foreign policy

Western Hemisphere Immigration and United States Foreign Policy

Western Hemisphere Immigration and United States Foreign Policy

1976 Amendments to Immigration & Nationality Act

The stated purpose of this new act is to eliminate the last vestige of unequal treatment under our immigration laws through abolition of the distinctions between Eastern and Western Hemisphere immigration systems. The Act will establish a preference system for the Western Hemisphere such as that system now in existence for natives of the Eastern Hemisphere. There will be a separate numerical ceiling of 120,000 for persons born in the Western Hemisphere, who are subject to numerical limitations. Within the 120,000 limitation, there is a per country limitation of 20,000 persons. The only country in the Western Hemisphere which substantially exceeds 20,000 persons per year at the present time is Mexico. Consequently, one could reasonably expect that substantial delays in the lower preference and the non-preference category will result from this law as it pertains to Mexico. In fact, when the new law becomes effective, all qualified registrants will fall into the nonpreference category. As persons begin to qualify in the preference classes, the 20,000 allotment for Mexico will be reached with very few numbers available for old registrants. Moreover, the other changes in the law will greatly curtail the number of qualified immigrants from Mexico. However, for the most part, the present delays experienced by all qualified immigrants from the Western Hemisphere of approximately 2l/2 years, will be eliminated. Persons will be permitted to immigrate, giving

Attempts at Immigration Reform: 94th Congress

The last major revision of the United States immigration laws was approved on October 3, 1965. Two amendments had far-reaching effects, especially in the Western Hemisphere. Section 212 (a) (14), as amended, required labor certifications for aliens coming to the United States to take up employment unless specifically exempted. In addition, for the first time in history, a numerical limitation was placed on Western Hemis? phere immigration. The annual numerical ceiling, which was set at 120,000, became effective on July 1, 1968. When the 94th Congress convened ten years later, the disastrous effects of these amendments on Western Hemisphere immigration was clearly evident. Immigration of native-born Canadians, traditionally that of skilled workers, dropped from 27,662 in 1968 to 7,308 in 1975. The enactment of the new labor certification provision played a major role in this decline. Hemisphere-wise, due to the lack of a preference system and the low numerical ceiling, a backlog quickly developed to the point that there was a waiting period of over two and one-half years before an immigrant visa became available. The illegal alien influx increased, certainly due in part to the long waiting period, and many persons simply crossed a border or overstayed a visa in order to reside with husbands, wives, and children until lawful immigration was possible. Cong. Peter W. Rodino, Jr., chairman of the House Judiciary Com? mittee, and Sen. Edward Kennedy, chairman of the Subcommittee on Refugees and Escapees, took the initiative and introduced legislation (H.R.981 in the House and S.2405 in the Senate) to rectify existing inequities in the law. Unfortunately, priority in the House was given to

Proposed Revisions of U.S. Western Hemisphere Immigration Policies

The House of Representatives Subcommittee on Immigration, Citizenship and International Law on March 28, 1973, opened hearings on revision of the Western Hemisphere immigration system. The emphasis was to create a preference system to regulate the flow of the 120,000 ceiling immigrants who are admitted from this hemisphere each year. It became clearly evident early in the course of the hearings that the subcom? mittee members were to take an extremely conservative approach to any revi? sions. Upon the conclusion of the hearings the subcommittee completely rewrote H. R. 981 as originally introduced by Representative Peter W. Rodino Jr, an analysis of which was published in the Fall issue. Although the new bill still retains the H. R. 981 designation, the substance and language is entirely dif? ferent from the original bill. A preference system identical with one exception to that of the Eastern Hemisphere is proposed. Section 203 (a) (7) which grants a preference to refugees is amended by broadening the definition of refugee along the lines of that used by the U. N. High Commissioner for Refugees so that refugees from any part of the world can qualify. Secondly, provision is made by statute autho? rizing the Attorney General to parole additional refugees should seventh preference numbers not be available but only after consultation with the appro? priate congressional committees. Adjustment of status after two years is provided notwithstanding the numerical limitations specified in this Act. The maximum per country limitation is retained at 20,000 annually. No special treatment is accorded Canada and Mexico as recommended by the De? partment of State, a provision which was contained in Mr. Rodino's original version of H.R. 981. This subject received the greatest attention of the subcom? mittee and created the most controversy. An amendment sponsored by Representative Rodino to create special status for these contiguous nations failed in the full committee and later on the floor of the House (174?203). The bill was passed on September 26, 1973 by a vote of 336 to 30 and was referred to the Senate for consideration.

Proposed Revisions of U.S. Western Hemisphere Immigration Policies

Proposed Revisions of U.S. Western Hemisphere Immigration Policies

The Illegal Alien and the Western Hemisphere Immigration Dilemma

The Illegal Alien and the Western Hemisphere Immigration Dilemma

The Illegal Alien and the Western Hemisphere Immigration Dilemma

The Illegal Alien and the Western Hemisphere Immigration Dilemma

The Immigration Act of 1965

For more than forty years, the national-origins quota system dominated·United States immigration policy. It was not until Congress overrode President Truman's veto of the Immigration Act of 1952 that concerted effort to eliminate the quota system began, with the work of President Truman's Commission on Immigration and Naturalization. President Kennedy, long an active supporter of this effort, forwarded his legislative recommendations for immigration reform to Congress on July 23, 1963. The heart of President Kennedy's bill lay in its provisions to eliminate the national-quota system. Committee hearings on the bill were delayed until January 13, 1964, and, as no further action was taken, the bill expired with the adjournment of the Eighty-eighth Congress. On January 13, 1965, President Johnson sent his Message to Congress reiterating the recommendations of the Kennedy bill. Hearings began on February 10, 1965. A substantial part of the ensuing Congressional debate centered on a proposed numerical limitation of Western Hemisphere immigration, which was opposed by the Administration and its supporters. The Immigration Law of 1965, as finally passed, provides for a Select Commission on Western Hemisphere Immigration to look into the matter and report to Congress no later than January 15, 1968. If not provided otherwise by Congress by July 1, 1968, a numerical limitation of 120,000 annually will go into effect on Western Hemisphere immigration. The Law, however, does eliminate the national-origins system, which was conceived in a period of bigotry and reaffirmed in the McCarthy era. A nation's willingness to reform past errors of judgment by reforming public policy is a measure of its greatness.—Ed.

The Immigration and Nationality (McCarran-Walter) Act of 1952, as Amended to 1965

The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 was the product of the most extensive Congressional study of the subject in the nation's history. The Act codified and brought together for the first time all the nation's laws on immigration and naturalization. It continued and enlarged upon qualitative restrictions; revised but continued the national-origins quota system of immigrant selection in effect since 1929; eliminated race and sex as a bar to immigration; Western Hemisphere immigration was continued quota-free; quota preferences were established for relatives and skilled aliens; security provisions against criminals and subversives were strengthened; and due process was safeguarded. The measure was passed over President Truman's veto. The Act was continuously amended in successive years to increase immigration and to accommodate refugees and excluded or restricted classes. The amendments, together with the Act's nonquota loopholes and permissive administrative exceptions, effectively nullified the national-origins quota system, so that two out of every three immigrants became nonquota entrants. The bulk of immigration under the Act was not from the northern and western European areas favored by the national-origins formula. This circumstance accelerated demands for its abolition.

United States and Canada Magnets for Immigration

The United States remains the largest immigrant-receiving country in the world. Under the national-origins-quota system and emergency legisla tion, 2.6 million immigrants were admitted in 1946-1957: roughly one part dis placed persons and refugees, one part Western Hemisphere immigration, one part families of citizens, and one part quota other than displaced persons. Canada seeks an increase in population through immigrants who may be ab sorbed in her economy. Admissions of 1.5 million immigrants in 1946-1956 made Canada the second largest immigrant-receiving country. Included are immigrants from Commonwealth countries, displaced persons and Netherlands farm families, relatives of Canadian residents, and immigrants selected for oc cupational placement.