Western Countries Research Articles

China’s Energy Trade with the Middle East: Clean Energy versus Fossil Energy

In the 21st century, China, with its substantial production capacity, has established itself as the “world’s factory,” becoming the world’s second-largest economy and leading exporter. It also needs a large amount of energy to continue its significant production and supplies almost half of the oil it uses from the Middle East. With its rising influence in economy, technology and military, China’s race with the United States has turned into a geopolitical rivalry. The US and the Western world have been imposing trade tariffs to China in several industries in order to limit its development in new technologies and military fields. On the other hand, in a period when the US’s global leadership has been questioned in recent years and discussions on a multipolar world order have been on the rise, China wants to fill the gap of the US in order to advance its global influence. In such a geopolitical and trade climate, China is developing its relations with the Middle East both to secure its energy resources and as new markets where it can sell new technology products such as electric vehicles and solar energy materials. This study examines China’s dependence on Middle Eastern energy resources and, in return, its investments in clean energy products.

The effect of lean leadership on workload and job satisfaction: themoderating effect of workload and gender.

The first aim of this study is to determine the effect of lean leadership on the workload and job satisfaction of healthcare workers, and the second aim is to reveal the moderating role of workload and employee gender in this relationship. In this study, we created a comprehensive model to determine the effect of lean leadership on the workload and job satisfaction of healthcare employees and to reveal the moderating role of workload and employee gender in this relationship. We collected 1,207 valid questionnaires among Turkish health workers. The results indicate that: (1) Lean leadership reduces perceived workload, (2) Lean leadership increases job satisfaction, (3) Workload moderates the effect of lean leadership on job satisfaction and (4) Employee gender moderates the effect of lean leadership on job satisfaction and workload. These findings have provided theoretical and practical suggestions for reducing the workload and increasing the job satisfaction of healthcare employees. Finally, we will make some suggestions for the future. As with other studies, there are some limitations in this study. The data used in this study were collected in Turkey. Turkish culture has a more collectivist culture than Western countries (Koksal 2011). In addition, the research was carried out with the participation of health employees. Due to Turkish cultural characteristics and the characteristics of health services, the generalization of research results may be limited. Therefore, it is recommended that the research be repeated across different cultures and different sectors to determine whether our results are culture-specific, sector-specific or generalized. Healthcare managers can reduce the perception of employees' workload by showing lean leadership behavior. Healthcare managers can increase their job satisfaction by valuing employees, inviting them to participate in business processes and providing them with the resources they need. In order to maintain and increase health workers' job satisfaction, we recommend that health managers should ensure fair job sharing. In addition, health managers should take into account that female employees are more sensitive about the workload. This research is the first study to examine the effect of lean leadership behavior on healthcare professionals' workload perception and job satisfaction. Therefore, it offers important theoretical and practical implications.

Exploring Socio-Political Factors and Quality of Life Among LGBT Individuals in India

ABSTRACT The quality of life of queer individuals in India is a result of a complex sociopolitical climate which is what this study aims to explore through qualitative methodology. Previous research has explored the social factors that impact the wellbeing of LGBT individuals in western countries, while the impact of politics on the wellbeing of marginalized groups is still largely unexplored. Through thematic analysis, this study found that family support and peer networks are the two most important social structures that determine the quality of life of LGBT emerging adults in India, whereas the impact of politics on wellbeing depends on the level of political awareness of the participants and their socio-political privilege in terms of caste, class and gender. However, there were significant differences in the relevant factors that affect the quality of life for cisgender and transgender participants which leaves room for further research. The findings indicate intra-community conflicts and changing dynamics within the community, and there needs to be extensive research on understanding the intersectionality of different identities within the community and their impact on the lives of queer individuals.

Addressing the essentials of the recent guidelines for managing patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is the leading cause of end-stage liver disease and liver transplantation in the Western world, with an approximate prevalence of 30% worldwide which is continuously rising. It is characterized by intrahepatic fat deposition along with at least one cardiometabolic risk factor, such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypertension. MASLD consists of a spectrum of liver diseases ranging from simple liver steatosis to steatohepatitis, liver fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Recently, the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD), and the European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO) released the latest guidelines regarding the management of patients with MASLD. This article highlights the critical points of these guidelines and emphasizes problematic issues that need further evaluation.

Japanese patients’ preferences regarding disclosure of patient safety incidents: A survey study

Background Incident disclosure has proved its cultural sensitivity. To meet patient needs, this study aims to investigate Japanese preferences regarding incident disclosure. Methods An online panel questionnaire survey was conducted in Japan, and 840 valid responses were collected. A total of 191 (23%) respondents or their family members had incident experience. The respondents were asked to indicate their preferences regarding disclosure practice, specifically for incidents entailing moderate and severe harm. The chi-squared test was applied to examine preference differences. Results Mostly similar preferences were identified among Japanese respondents, regardless of their incident experience, age, and sex. For instance, they wished to be disclosed through face-to-face communication (92% in moderate and 92% in severe harm incidents), immediately after detection (63%; 65%), at the bedside, or in a consultation room (50%; 46%). The incident was likely to be disclosed by the healthcare provider most responsible/directly involved in the patient's care at the time of the incident (48%; 45%), accompanied by the team/department leader (50%; 56%) and patient safety manager (50%; 59%). If the incident entailed severe harm, top management members were also expected to be involved (45%); all details about the incident were expected to be informed (57%). Conclusions The findings reveal that Japanese patient preferences regarding incident disclosure are partly shared with Western countries and partly with other Asian countries. The unique Japanese preference for disclosure places is also identified. Recommendations for incident disclosure are then suggested and we believe this could be the first step toward supporting disclosure in Japanese healthcare organizations.

Introduction: Degrowth and Education – Expectations for an Anxious Future

Degrowth, often perceived as retrograde by contemporary standards, presents innovative alternatives by fundamentally breaking with the growth-centric paradigm dominating society and the economy. Rather than pursuing endless economic expansion, degrowth emphasizes quality of life through fair distribution, care, community, and autonomy. It advocates reducing overconsumption of energy and resources, especially in Western countries, aiming to balance the economy with planetary limits. While there is no unified degrowth theory, common values include consuming less, growing one’s own food, and repurposing existing structures. This special issue explores the implications of degrowth in education, driven by considerations of social justice, and existential wellbeing for learners and educators alike. The papers here do not blindly advocate degrowth, or merely deconstruct the concept of growth to replace it with another fixed model. Instead, they seek to foster open-ended exploration and criticism. The aim is to challenge the entrenched systems of growth, and promote a more inclusive, generous, and sustainable society, with particular focus on the role of education in this transformation.

Aging in (a meaningful) place – appropriateness and feasibility of Outdoor Reablement in a rural Arctic setting

BackgroundAs populations age in the Western world, interventions aiming for ‘aging in place’, such as reablement, have gained prominence. Reablement programs have focused on enabling older people to maintain independence in their home environment. However, while a growing body of research points to the considerable benefits of engaging in outdoor environments, reablement rarely addresses outdoor activities. People living in rural Arctic areas often tend to have strong cultural, social, and emotional attachments to outdoor places, emphasizing the outdoors as a meaningful arena for engagement. Concurrently, rural Arctic communities face unique obstacles in facilitating outdoor activities, such as geographic isolation, limited access to services, harsh climate conditions, and seasonal variations. Recognizing these challenges, our study sought to tailor an outdoor reablement model that is appropriate and feasible for the context of a rural Arctic setting.MethodsThe study design was inspired by a co-design methodology, incorporating data creation through workshops, focus groups, and individual interviews conducted over an eleven-month period. Three municipalities in rural Arctic Norway were involved, with a total of 35 participants, including older people receiving reablement services and healthcare professionals. A socioecological theory supported the thematic data analysis.ResultsThe study yielded experiences that generated a comprehensive model for implementing outdoor reablement that meet the specific needs that the participants experienced in the rural Arctic setting. The model includes the individual level, accounting for physical and mental functioning; the organizational level, necessitating access to aids and equipment and cross-sectorial collaboration; and the environmental level, adapting to climatic, seasonal, and geographic challenges.ConclusionThis study contributes with knowledge that broadens the scope of reablement as an initiative to support aging in place to include outdoor environments. The tailored outdoor reablement model developed in this study addresses the complexity of aging in place in rural Arctic settings. The study underscores the importance of context-specific strategies that support older people in maintaining a healthy and meaningful life through active engagement with the outdoors.

Decarbonization potential of fuel cell technologies in micro-cogeneration applications: spotlight on SOFCs in a Belgian case study

Abstract There is a plethora of fuel cell technologies, many of which hold great promise in terms of their decarbonization potential, which this paper aims to explore. In fact, this paper discusses the only two existing technologies on the market, Polymer Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) and Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs). Unfortunately, these commercial systems mainly use natural gas as primary fuel due to its cost and practicality (easy transport and storage, existing infrastructures, etc.). Using Belgium as a case study, this paper shows that their GHG mitigation potential remains rather insignificant compared to the average individual carbon footprint if their fuel is not decarbonised. Even so, their mitigation potential would still be far from sufficient, and other measures, including behavioural changes, would still need to be implemented. Nevertheless, some emerging fuel cell technologies, such as Direct Carbon Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (DC-SOFCs) or Direct Formic Acid Fuel Cells (DFAFCs), offer the possibility of facilitating pure CO2 capture at their anode outlet, thus allowing for potential negative emissions. Using a case study of the electricity demand of an average Belgian home (with two adults) supplied by an efficient biomass-fuelled DC-SOFC, this paper shows that these negative emissions could be up to about 4 tCO2eq/year. By comparison, the IPCC's Sixth Assessment Report estimated the emissions footprint that could never be mitigated, even with future net-zero CO2 emissions, to be 1 tCO2eq/year per capita, implying that climate neutrality will require similar levels of carbon sequestration. In populous Western countries, natural carbon sinks are unlikely to be sufficient, and the potential negative emissions of emerging fuel cell technologies will be welcome.

Hepatolithiasis pathogenesis update

AbstractHepatolithiasis is prevalent in East Asian countries and not common in Western countries. In recent years, because of the increased number of immigrants from East Asia in Western countries, hepatolithiasis has gradually become a global problem. Although current surgical interventions for hepatolithiasis boast a high rate of stone clearance, the persistent challenges of the disease's refractory nature and high recurrence rate continue to complicate its treatment. Therefore, understanding its underlying pathogenesis is meaningful for effective treatment. In this review, we discuss the common risk factors: infection, cholangitis, environmental factors and diet habits, abnormal bile components, anatomical abnormalities, and bile stasis, and summarize the relevant mechanisms.

The phytohormone abscisic acid enhances remyelination in mouse models of multiple sclerosis

IntroductionOver the past few decades, there has been a sudden rise in the incidence of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) in Western countries. However, current treatments often show limited efficacy in certain patients and are associated with adverse effects, which highlights the need for safer and more effective therapeutic approaches. Environmental factors, particularly dietary habits, have been observed to play a substantial role in the development of MS. In this study, we are the first to investigate the potential protective effect of the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) in MS. ABA, which is abundant in fruits such as figs, apricots and bilberries, is known to cross the blood-brain barrier and has demonstrated neuroprotective effects in conditions like depression and Alzheimer's disease.MethodsIn this study, we investigated whether ABA supplementation enhances remyelination in both ex vivo and in vivo mouse models.ResultsOur results indicated that ABA enhanced remyelination and that this enhanced remyelination is associated with increased lipid droplet load, reduced levels of degraded myelin, and a higher abundance of F4/80+ cells in the demyelinated brain of mice treated with ABA. In in vitro models, we further demonstrated that ABA treatment elevates lipid droplet formation by enhancing the phagocytic capacity of macrophages. Additionally, in a mouse model of microglial activation, we showed that ABA-treated mice maintain a less inflammatory microglial phenotype.ConclusionOur findings highlight a crucial role for macrophages and microglia in enabling ABA to enhance the remyelination process. Furthermore, ABA’s ability to improve remyelination together with its ability to reduce microglial activation, make ABA a promising candidate for modulating macrophage phenotype and reducing neuroinflammation in MS.

Who deserves the spot? Attitudes towards priorities in access to subsidised childcare

ABSTRACT Research on perceptions of deservingness has so far mainly focused on cash benefits. We correct this imbalance by studying public attitudes towards access to social investment services, specifically, subsidised childcare. Based on the well-established corpus of deservingness research and recent work on varieties of social investment, we expect the traditional deservingness criteria to matter and for results to vary across countries. To test our argument, we rely on an original survey experiment conducted in 2021 in six Western countries (Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland, the UK and the USA). We find that cross-national patterns of responses broadly reflect the categorisation of three types of social investments, that is, inclusive, stratified and targeted social investment. Further, we find that some of the well-known determinants of deservingness perceptions play an important role in the attribution of priorities of parents who need childcare: most clearly need and identity (operationalised with the parents’ nationality and their length of residency). This is true in all six countries covered. We conclude that patterns of deservingness perceptions to subsidised childcare services are determined by a mix of institutional factors (that differ across welfare regimes) and more fundamental attitudes towards helping those in need.

Review of the Handbook of Accounting, Accountability and Governance edited by Garry D. Carnegie and Christopher J. Napier

The Handbook, edited by eminent professors of accounting Garry D. Carnegie (Australia) and Christopher J. Napier (the United Kingdom), was published by Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd in September 2023 in the “Research Hand-book on Accounting” series. This comprehensive publication (pp. 507 + XVI) is a compendium of knowledge on the interconnections between accounting, accountability, and governance. It includes an Introduction by the editors and 21 chapters authored by 45 specialists in the fields of accounting, accountability, and governance. The authors come from various countries, including the United Kingdom and Ireland, Australia and New Zealand, some Western countries of continental Europe (Finland, Germany, Italy, Portugal, and Spain), as well as Canada, the United States of America, and Saudi Arabia. The general thesis of the entire collection of chapters is that “accounting, accountability and governance go beyond being technical practices to be learned, adopted and repeated, and must be studied as social and moral practices.” In turn, the purpose of the Handbook is to provide confirmation that accounting, accountability, and governance are interrelated “as three sides of a triangle”. The editors synthesized the links between these three social practices as follows: “accounting performs accountability, accountability nurtures governance, governance presumes accounting” (Carnegie, Napier, 2023, p. 1). According to the definition recently formulated by Carnegie, Parker, and Tsahuridu (2021, p. 69), accounting “is a technical, social and moral practice concerned with the sustainable utilisation of resources and proper accountability to stakeholders to enable the flourishing of organisations, people and nature.” They added: “Accounting is not a mere neutral, benign, technical practice” (2021, p. 72). This redefinition of accounting is applied by Carnegie and Napier (2023, p. 20). Accountability and the provision of useful information for decision-making by various stakeholders of an economic entity are the main functions of accounting. Mattessich (1995, p. 2) even stated that accountability is “the beginning and end of accounting.” He emphasized that the importance of accounting “lies in its function as a cybernetic mechanism (a feedback that controls and regulates) that preserves confidence in the trustees of public and private resources and financial markets no less than in the entire economic system” (Mattessich, 1995, p. 2). Accounting influences the actions and behav-iors of people, economic entities, and other parties in socio-economic and natural environments. While accounting is a technical practice, it is also a social and moral one, making it a multidimensional practice with the potential to shape a better world (see, for instance, Carnegie, 2023). Accountability means “the duty to provide an account (but by no means necessarily a financial account) or reckoning of those actions for which one is held responsible,” and it “involves two responsibilities or duties: the responsibility to undertake certain action (or forbear from taking actions) and the responsibility to provide an account of those actions” (Gray et al., 1996, p. 38). Accounting is a key device for the discharge of accountability both within and outside organizations (Carnegie, Napier, 2023, p. 19). An economic entity’s internal and external accountability requires periodic internal reports, financial statements and non-financial or sustainable development reports. Tradi-tionally, financial accounting and management accounting have been the primary traditional tools for providing information for these reports. The notion of governance dates to ancient times and it is of interest to political science and many social science disciplines. Accounting scholars, investors and regulatory bodies have developed a wide interest in corporate gov-ernance, especially since the early 1970s (Lai et al., 2023, pp. 28–29). “Corporate governance involves a set of relationships between a company’s management, its board, its shareholders and other stakeholders. Corporate governance also provides the structure through which the objectives of the company are set, and the means of attaining those objectives and monitoring performance are determined” (OECD, 2015, p. 9). The need for internal and ex-ternal (economic, social and environmental) accountability shapes the design, implementation and operation of corporate governance. Given the connections expressed above, the Handbook identifies three dimensions of accounting – technical, social and moral practices – as inherent to accountability and governance in this era of the concern for, and need to operationalize, sustainable development globally, particularly in alignment with the United Nations 17 Sustainable Development Goals (UN, 2015, p. 14). Highlighting the interconnectedness of accounting, accountability and governance is essential to achieving better outcomes for organizations, society and the planet.

Advancing hepatocellular carcinoma treatment with hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a major challenge in oncology, being a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Early-stage HCC is typically treated with surgical resection, transplantation, or ablation, while advanced-stage HCC relies on systemic therapies like sorafenib and newer combinations such as atezolizumab-bevacizumab. Despite these advancements, there is still a need for effective treatments for unresectable HCC, especially in cases with macroscopic vascular invasion. Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) has demonstrated promising outcomes in Asia for the treatment of unresectable HCC, yet its application in Western countries has been relatively limited. This letter reviews the recent meta-analysis by Zhou et al published in the World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology , which demonstrates the efficacy and safety of HAIC vs sorafenib. The analysis includes 9 randomized controlled trials and 35 cohort studies, highlighting significant improvements in overall survival, progression-free survival, and objective response rates with HAIC and its combinations. The editorial explores the reasons behind the limited use of HAIC in Western countries. It underscores the potential of HAIC to enhance treatment outcomes for advanced HCC and calls for more research and broader adoption of HAIC in clinical practice globally.

The Anti-China Narrative in Canada's Indo-Pacific Strategy

The Indo-Pacific region is becoming increasingly important as China grows in economic, technological and military influence. The growing influence of China in the region has raised concerns among Western countries, including Canada, which in late 2022 unveiled its first Indo-Pacific Strategy, aimed at strengthening its position in the region through developing economic, political, and military ties with regional players, as well as promoting the values and principles of Canadian Statehood in the Indo-Pacific region. Some analysts see this as a shift in Canada’s approach towards “containing” China. The article examines the relationship between Canada’s Indo-Pacific strategy and China’s policy of “containment”, analyzing the Canadian approach and its key components of the “anti-China” narrative.

Falling Sperm Counts in the Past 40 Years among Western Men: A Review Article

Background: Recently so many studies have documented a concerning decline in semen quality among men in Western countries over the past few decades. This decline, characterized by reduced sperm concentration, motility and morphology, has been linked to a range of potential factors. Lifestyle changes, such as increased obesity rates, sedentary lifestyle and exposure to environmental pollutants are believed to contribute significantly. Additionally, factors such as poor diet, high levels of stress and exposure to endocrine disrupting chemical may also play a role. This deterioration in semen quality raises a concern about male infertility. The purpose of this review is to address the main disorders of semen quality, its aetiologies and steps which are essential to overcome the issues. Further research is crucial to fully understand the underlying mechanisms and to develop strategies to mitigate the impact of low quality semen on the reproductive health. J Com Med Col Teachers Asso July 2024; 28(2): 96-99

The Evolution of US-Qatar Political-Military Co-operation: From a Security Agreement to a Strategic Partnership

In recent years, Russia has paid special attention to co-operation with the Arab monarchies of the Gulf. Despite pressure from the United States and Western countries, the states of the region have not joined the diplomatic pressure and sanctions regimes. However, not all countries from the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) are equally open to deepening co-operation with Russia. For example, Qatar has a more restrained stance on cooperation with Moscow. This is due to special relationship between Doha and Washington. Moments that have contributed to the formation of an essentially allied relationship between the two states are highlighted. Regional situations in which Washington and Doha have acted as close and trusting partners are examined. The study also examines the implications of the evolving of US-Qatar relations for the Middle East..

Ethiopia in BRICS: Motivation, Opportunities and Strategic Advantages

The article analyzes Ethiopia’s entry into the BRICS alliance, a new wave of expansion that took place in August 2023 following the alliance’s summit in Johannesburg, South Africa. The choice of Ethiopia as a new member of the BRICS format is influenced by the country’s strategic location in the Horn of Africa, which gives it importance in the context of global trade routes through the Red Sea, the special role the country plays in the continent’s diplomatic engagement, and its significant demographic and economic potential. The authors examine the Ethiopian government’s motivation for joining BRICS, including the pursuit of national interests, namely access to seaports, development of the hydropower sector, and diversification of partnerships for the benefit of economic development against the backdrop of deteriorating relations with Western countries. It can be seen that a number of the country’s national interests as well as foreign trade objectives can be secured through membership in the association. Joining BRICS resonates with Addis Ababa’s desire to forge mutually respectful relations with developing countries and reflects the country’s geopolitical prestige on the continent. Ethiopia’s economic reasons for joining include rapid economic growth, established trade and investment relations with member countries, the need for external financial assistance, and integration into the continent’s trade.

The Arab Dynamics of the Confusing U.S. Dilemma: the Struggle for Valuable Territories

The current stage of US policy towards the states of the Arabian Peninsula is unfolding in an extremely challenging situation that has been developing for decades. This situation is chronic and shaped by forces of various origins, generated by both internal and external impulses. The Arabian direction of US foreign policy is facing a number of challenges in the areas of regional security, economic shifts, and oil-related changes, all of which have a significant impact on the global financial and economic environment, imposing serious consequences on both Eastern and Western countries. Clearly, this trend is further complicated by the difficult demographic, economic and political situation in the region, including the ongoing conflicts in Yemen and Syria. The deterioration of relations between the Gulf States and the United States is a complex issue involving many different factors. The ongoing conflict in Yemen and the involvement of the United States in it perpetuate the situation of unresolved previous positive initiatives for Washington in this region, which hinders American foreign policy strategists from finding rational solutions to the growing problems that pose new challenges and dangers.

A.A. Gromyko and Security Policy: Helsinki compromise (to the 115th anniversary of A.A. Gromyko)

The article continues the study of the role of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR A.A. Gromyko in the formation, development and maintenance of security policy, its principles and structural elements. The subject of the article is the research of the preparation, content and prospects of the development of the Helsinki Compromise. On August 1, 1975, this compromise was enshrined in the final act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. The article consists of four sections. The first section is dedicated to the problem of the connections between the Western interpretation of progress and the possible influence on the Western world. This problem will be scientifically examined in further articles. In the second section, the author proves that the main task of A.A. Gromyko in 1975 was to agree on the compromise as quickly as possible and then to begin with the main directions of cooperation between states. In the third section, the author analyzes the content of the compromise. In addition, the most important peculiarity (no existence of a common and specific project for all countries) is highlighted. In the fourth section, the author characterizes A.A. Gromyko's ideas about the prospects of the development of the Helsinki compromise. What is new is the interpretation of the CSCE decisions in 1975, the interpretation of the meaning and contradictions in the Gromyko system. The sources of the article are published documents of the Foreign Office of the Federal Republic of Germany, the use of which can be explained methodologically. It was important for the author to conduct the analysis on the basis of the foreign partners' assessment of the statements made by the Soviet Foreign Minister during official negotiations (outer reflection). The author's reasoning should be understood in the context of his earlier article in the journal.

The Role of Russia and China in the Confrontation with the United States

The present article analyzes the interstate rivalry between the United States and China, as well as Russia's role in international relations in general. The study touches upon several key aspects, including the evolution of U.S.-China relations, the current crisis in bilateral relations, and the strategic interaction between Russia and China against the expansion of the United States and the collective West. The article focuses on the possibility of a direct military clash between the U.S. and China and analyzes the likelihood of Russia's involvement in such a conflict. The aim of the study was to analyze U.S.-China contradictions and the role of Russia and China in potential and actual conflicts involving Western countries. The author draws several important conclusions. First, the successful actions of the Russian armed forces in Ukraine undermine the plans of the U.S. and the West, leading to attempts to "freeze" the conflict and restore Ukraine's military potential. Second, tensions in the Indo-Pacific region and the strengthening of alliances directed against China reinforce the need for Russia and the PRC to come closer together. Third, mutual support and security cooperation between Russia and China are key to ensuring stability on their common border and the formation of a just world order. The author calls for increased joint efforts between Russia and China within the framework of international organizations such as the SCO, CSTO, and BRICS to ensure security and stability in Greater Eurasia.