Western Coast Of Sumatra Research Articles

First-order analyses on the role of surface wind in the long-term contraction of the Indo-Pacific warm pool

Due to its high evaporation rate, the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool (IPWP) is one of the most important drivers of Indonesian weather and climate. Previous studies, based on the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) proxy records, suggest that IPWP in the mid-Holocene era (~6000 years ago) underwent a contraction (colder on its east-west perimeter and warmer on its center) compared to today’s condition. In this research, the role of surface wind in contracting the IPWP was analyzed by checking the coherency between changes in SST, wind-stress magnitude, and evaporation. The Climate Community System Model version 4 (CCSM4) simulated these three physical quantities under the pre-Industrial and mid-Holocene scenarios. In these simulations, an anti-phase relation between SST and wind-stress magnitude indicates an important role for a weaker surface wind in warming the SST in the center of the IPWP (South China Sea and Banda Sea), mainly during boreal autumn. However, a weaker surface wind did not seem to have simultaneously suppressed ocean evaporation to warm the SST, as shown by the phase-lag relation in their monthly climatology. On the other hand, colder SSTs on the east-west perimeter of the IPWP (western coast of Sumatra and northern coast of Papua) are unlikely to be associated with changes in the surface wind following a weak correlation between their SST and wind-stress magnitude

Seasonal Driven Mechanism of the Surface Chlorophyll-A Distribution along the Western Coast of Sumatra

Seasonal Driven Mechanism of the Surface Chlorophyll-A Distribution along the Western Coast of Sumatra

Genetic Analysis of TPOX, CSF1PO, D3S1358, D8S1179, vWA, D5S818, and TH01 Short Tandem Repeats Loci in Nias Population, Indonesia

BACKGROUND: Nias is an island located off the western coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. Nias is situated above the Eurasian and Indo-Australian subduction zone plates. This makes it prone to earthquakes and tsunamis. Genetic analysis and genetic variation of short tandem repeats (STR) locus are not widely known. These data are valuable for individual identification and paternity testing. METHODS: Seven STR loci (TPOX, CSF1PO, D3S1358, D8S1179, vWA, D5S818, and TH01) were analyzed using 25 healthy and unrelated persons Nias population. Allele frequency, power of discrimination (PD), expected heterozygosity, and probability of exclusion (PE) were calculated. RESULTS: We found 40 alleles. The allele with highest frequency was alleles 9 at the TH01 loci. While the lowest frequency were allele 9 at the CSF1PO loci, allele 12 at the TPOX loci, alleles 17 and 18 at the D8S1179 loci, and alleles 16 and 20 at the vWA loci. The highest Expected Heterozygosity, PD, and PE at the D8S1179 loci. The highest number of alleles is also at D8S1179 loci. All loci followed the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (p > 0.05). The PD values for all tested loci ranged from 80.6 to 94.5%. CONCLUSION: We report the allele frequencies and forensic statistical parameters of seven STR loci (TPOX, CSF1PO, D3S1358, D8S1179, vWA, D5S818, and TH01) in the Nias population, which can be used as a forensic database reference for Nias populations.

Influences of MJO on the Diurnal Variation and Associated Offshore Propagation of Rainfall near Western Coast of Sumatra

Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) plays an important role in modulating precipitation at Maritime Continent (MC) not only on a larger scale, but also in the diurnal cycle. Diurnal rainfall offshore propagation is one of the most evident features near coasts. This study investigates the impacts of MJO on diurnal rainfall and its offshore propagation at the western coast of Sumatra during boreal winters using ERA5 reanalysis. The real-time multivariate MJO (RMM) index was applied to locate the active MJO convection through eight different phases, in the western hemisphere and Africa in P8–P1, at the Indian Ocean in P2–P3, at MC in P4–P5, and the western Pacific Ocean in P6–P7. The rainfall characteristics, including the daily rate, the absolute and normalized diurnal variation amplitudes, and the strengths of diurnal offshore propagation, not only depend on active/inactive MJO stages but also vary under different MJO phases, through the combined modulations of large-scale backgrounds and local-scale land–sea circulations. The offshore rainfall propagation is associated with meso-large-scale gravity waves generated from land–sea thermal contrast and thus is affected by the radiation effect of cloud under different MJO phases. The stronger wave signals in P8–P1 and P6–P7 enhance the diurnal rainfall variation amplitudes away from the coast, while the strong coupling of moist convection with gravity waves contributes greatly to the diurnal rainfall cycle in P2–P3.

Validation of satellite-based sea surface temperature products against in situ observations off the western coast of Sumatra

This study validated the sea surface temperature (SST) datasets from the Group for High-Resolution SST Multi Product Ensemble (GMPE), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Optimal Interpolation (OI) SST version 2 and 2.1 (OIv2 and OIv2.1), and Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean, Phase II (ECCO2) in the area off the western coast of Sumatra against in situ observations. Furthermore, the root mean square differences (RMSDs) of OIv2, OIv2.1, and ECCO2 were investigated with respect to GMPE, whose small RMSD < 0.2 K against in situ observations confirmed its suitability as a reference. Although OIv2 showed a large RMSD (1–1.5 K) with a significant negative bias, OIv2.1 (RMSD < 0.4 K) improved remarkably. In the average SST distributions for December 2017, the differences among the 4 datasets were significant in the areas off the western coast of Sumatra, along the southern coast of Java, and in the Indonesian inland sea. These results were consistent with the ensemble spread distribution obtained with GMPE. The large RMSDs of OIv2 corresponded to high clouds, and it was suggested that the change in the satellites used for SST estimation contributed to the improvement in OIv2.1.

Sea surface temperature variability in Indonesia and its relation to regional climate indices

Sea surface temperature (SST) is an essential indicator of ocean condition. It can reveal many physical processes interacting with it. The present study aims to investigate the spatial-temporal pattern of significant SST variability in Indonesia seas. The Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) and Power Spectral Density (PSD) are used to analyze monthly SST data from 1979 to 2021. These two methods are combined with correlation analysis to verify the underlying phenomena and their spatiotemporal distribution pattern using regional climate indices as the reference signal. The result shows that the most prominent feature is the annual and semi-annual oscillation due to the Asia-Australia monsoon system. The annual oscillation signature is found almost in the entire Indonesian seas, with an exception in the low-latitude area and the western Pacific region. The signature of semi-annual oscillation is also protrusive, extending across Indonesia from the Timor Sea to the South China Sea. There is also a variation of SST in correlation with Dipole Mode Index (DMI), localized on the western coast of Sumatra.

On the Sensitivity of the Simulated Diurnal Cycle of Precipitation to 3-Hourly Radiosonde Assimilation: A Case Study over the Western Maritime Continent

AbstractThe diurnal cycle is the most prominent mode of rainfall variability in the tropics, governed mainly by the strong solar heating and land–sea interactions that trigger convection. Over the western Maritime Continent, complex orographic and coastal effects can also play an important role. Weather and climate models often struggle to represent these physical processes, resulting in substantial model biases in simulations over the region. For numerical weather prediction, these biases manifest themselves in the initial conditions, leading to phase and amplitude errors in the diurnal cycle of precipitation. Using a tropical convective-scale data assimilation system, we assimilate 3-hourly radiosonde data from the pilot field campaign of the Years of Maritime Continent, in addition to existing available observations, to diagnose the model biases and assess the relative impacts of the additional wind, temperature, and moisture information on the simulated diurnal cycle of precipitation over the western coast of Sumatra. We show how assimilating such high-frequency in situ observations can improve the simulated diurnal cycle, verified against satellite-derived precipitation, radar-derived precipitation, and rain gauge data. The improvements are due to a better representation of the sea breeze and increased available moisture in the lowest 4 km prior to peak convection. Assimilating wind information alone was sufficient to improve the simulations. We also highlight how during the assimilation, certain multivariate background error constraints and moisture addition in an ad hoc manner can negatively impact the simulations. Other approaches should be explored to better exploit information from such high-frequency observations over this region.

New insights into Sumatran camphor (Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn) management and conservation in western coast Sumatra, Indonesia

Camphor resin has been harvested since the seventh century on western coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. Oils or crystals containing borneol collected from Sumatran camphor tree (Dryobalanops aromatica) for anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and fragrances. However, illegal logging and land conversion put the vulnerable species threatened. Based on exploration, remaining camphor trees were found growing in small-inaccessible clusters on lowlands to hills in Aceh and North Sumatra. The population declining has a direct impact on camphor productivity. Camphor crystals have been harvested by cutting and splitting stems into logs and 1.5–2.5 kg of crystals were gathered, conventionally. Camphor extraction also conducted by applying a notch on trunk of standing trees and harvesting liquid resin that exudate from wounded resin channel. Branches and leaves biomass also contain camphor oil, especially young fresh leaves (25.6%). The volatile aromatic compound in this section reveals some opportunities for camphor provision through leaves distillation (yield 0.46-0.73%), a value-added from more sustainable scheme. High beneficial compound contained, 1.8 cineole reveals the opportunities for oil utilization as anti-viral, expectorant, and respiratory and blood vessels blockage treatments. Furthermore, tree improvement strategy initiated by collecting genetic material from various remaining provenances to support species conservation and breeding populations.

The Consumer Preferences for New Sumatran Camphor Essential Oil-based Products using a Conjoint Analysis Approach

Camphor resin has been harvested from the Sumatran camphor tree (Dryobalanops aromatica) since the seventh century on the western coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. High beneficial compounds contained, a-pinene, 1.8-cineole, camphene, limonene, and p-cymene reveal the opportunities for prospective utilization as an anti-viral, expectorant, and immune system booster with a relaxing fragrance. The objective of the study was to determine consumer preferences for new Sumatran camphor essential oil-based products. Forty consumers were asked to provide an assessment of personal care products combination. A conjoint analysis approach was assisted by a computer with SPSS 14.0 program. The influence of five product profiles on consumer preferences including functionality, scent variant, packages, volume, and prices were examined. The results show that higher utility values indicate a greater preference. The highest utility value is indicated by the scent variant, this illustrates the respondent’s preferences for their preferred scent. Moreover, the scents (importance value 52.15) is the most influential on overall preferences. This means that there is a large preference differentiation between product profiles containing most and least desired scents. This is due to the preference for a particular scent is personal and unique which might have affected personal perception, which is closely related to initial recognition for a particular scent as an olfactory memory. The highest consumer’s preference is an inhaler product with floral scent, package roll-on, volume 6 ml, and price IDR50,000. Products with inhalation functions are intended to obtain a relaxing effect, reduce anxiety, and calm the mind, improve the respiratory system and immune system.

The Effect of Tropical Cyclone Nicholas (11–20 February 2008) on Sea Level Anomalies in Indonesian Waters

As reported extensively in both electronic and print media in Indonesia, high wave and anomalously high sea level phenomena occurred in February 2008 in Indonesian waters, mainly along the western coast of Sumatra and the southern coasts of Java-Bali. Tropical Cyclone (TC) Nicholas, occurring in northwestern coastal waters of Australia between 11 and 20 February 2008, might have contributed to the existence of these phenomena in the Indonesian region. This study focused on investigating the effect of TC Nicholas on the increases in sea levels in the Indonesian waters by analyzing residual water levels (non-astronomic tide). In this regard, a storm tide event (the sum of the astronomical tide and storm surge generated by the TC Nicholas) was simulated in this region using the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS). The residual water levels were obtained by removing the tidal part (astronomic tide) from the ROMS simulated total water levels. In addition, to confirm possible influences of TC Nicholas, a lagged correlation analysis was applied between atmospheric pressure at the center of TC Nicholas and residual water level oscillations in the Indonesian waters. It was found that the residual water levels showed a strong correlation with the atmospheric pressure at the center of TC Nicholas in some areas of the Indonesian seas, such as the western coast of Sumatra, the southern coast of Java, Lesser Sunda Islands, and the southern coast of Papua. The increased sea levels on the western coast of Sumatra are up to 16 cm, with TC Nicholas leading the residual water level by 4.18 days (TL: time lag). Meanwhile, they are up to 20 cm (TL = 5.75 days), 21 cm (TL = 1.12 days), and 38 cm (TL = 3.96 days) on the southern coast of Java, the Lesser Sunda Islands, and the southern coast of Papua, respectively. The results of this study could be used as an initial assessment to investigate the most vulnerable Indonesian coastal areas to the impact of the TC and they might be significantly beneficial for designing both a proper disaster risk reduction program and investment policies in the region, particularly in the context of flood risk reduction and adaptation.

The accessibility of tsunami prone areas society towards potential shelters: a case study in Padang Barat sub-district

Padang city, which is located on the western coast of Sumatra, has the potential to experience a powerful earthquake and thus generate tsunami. After the earthquake, with or without a tsunami warning, the society is required to evacuate. Because of the short time, vertical evacuation is the best alternative for the safety of society. Evacuation on foot to the temporary rescue building (Temporary Evacuation Shelter, TES) is more advisable than evacuation using motorized vehicles that tends to cause congestion. Temporary evacuation maps and potential shelters in Padang have been established by BPBD (Disaster Management Agency). In the Padang Barat sub-district, there are 13 potential shelters. This study aims to determine the level of accessibility to potential shelters based on travel time and road width parameters. In determining accessibility, the study area is divided into 50x50m size grids. The travel time is determined based on the distance from the center of the grid to the nearest TES through the road network. The limitation of evacuation time is 10 minutes. The results of data analyzing showed that among the 4358 grids which were occupied by society, there were 2272 grids (52.1%) which have low accessibility (based on travel time) and 30% has a low level of accessibility based on travel time and width road parameter.

On the Diurnal Cycle of GPS-Derived Precipitable Water Vapor over Sumatra

AbstractConvective processes in the atmosphere over the Maritime Continent and their diurnal cycles have important repercussions for the circulations in the tropics and beyond. In this work, we present a new dataset of precipitable water vapor (PWV) obtained from the Sumatran GPS Array (SuGAr), a dense network of GPS stations principally for examining seismic and tectonic activity along the western coast of Sumatra and several offshore islands. The data provide an opportunity to examine the characteristics of convection over the area in greater detail than before. In particular, our results show that the diurnal cycle of PWV on Sumatra has a single late afternoon peak, while that offshore has both a midday and a nocturnal peak. The SuGAr data are in good agreement with GPS radio occultation data from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) mission, as well as with imaging spectrometer data from the Ozone Measuring Instrument (OMI). A comparison between SuGAr and the NASA Water Vapor Project (NVAP), however, shows significant differences, most likely due to discrepancies in the temporal and spatial resolutions. To further understand the diurnal cycle contained in the SuGAr data, we explore the impact of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) on the diurnal cycle with the aid of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model. Results show that the daily mean and the amplitude of the diurnal cycle appear smaller during the suppressed phase relative to the developing/active MJO phase. Furthermore, the evening/nighttime peaks of PWV offshore appear later during the suppressed phase of the MJO compared to the active phase.

Understanding Biases in Simulating the Diurnal Cycle of Convection over the Western Coast of Sumatra: Comparison with Pre-YMC Observation Campaign

Abstract Biases in simulating the diurnal cycle of convection near the western coast of the island of Sumatra have been investigated using the data from the pilot field campaign of the Years of the Maritime Continent (pre-YMC). The campaign was carried out at a sea [Research Vessel (R/V) Mirai] and a land (Bengkulu, Sumatra) site. Simulations are performed using a tropical configuration of the Met Office model at a grid resolution of 1.5 km in a limited-area mode. The focus of this study is to understand how biases in the input conditions from ECMWF high-resolution deterministic forecast affect the diurnal cycle. Modeled precipitation is found to be delayed and weak, with cold SST bias in the model as the key contributing factor affecting convection at both sites. Colder SST causes a delay in the trigger of convection at Bengkulu by delaying the onset of the local land breeze, which in turn delays the local convergence. The cold outflow from precipitation over the adjacent mountain is also found to be delayed in the model, contributing to the total delay. This delay in the evening convection at Bengkulu is shown to directly affect the timing of nighttime convection at Mirai. Weaker convection at Bengkulu is argued to be due to lower-tropospheric dry humidity bias in the model initial condition. Convection at Mirai is shown to be caused by the convergence of the cold outflow from Bengkulu with the prevailing landward wind over the sea. Both thermodynamic and dynamic conditions near the cold outflow front are found to be less favorable for intense convection in the simulation, the reason for which is argued to be a combination of the cold SST bias and a weaker cold outflow.

Variability of surface chlorophyll-a distributions in the northwestern coast of Sumatra revealed by MODIS

The variability of surface chlorophyll-a (chl-a) distributions in the northwestern coast of Sumatra are important components associated with the phytoplankton biomass that supports and enrich the fishery resources of the region. This study analyzes satellite data-ocean color derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aqua for a period of January 2003 to December 2015. The results show that the surface chl-a distribution is strongly associated with the large-scale forcing (e.g. monsoonal winds, EL Niño–Southern Oscillation and the Indian Ocean Dipole). On the seasonal time scale, it is shown that the satellite observed surface chl-a concentration during the boreal fall and winter (September-January) is higher than that observed during the boreal summer (June-August). The highest concentration was observed in September which is about 0.2 mg m-3. In contrast to the western coast, the surface chl-a in the eastern coast of Sumatra has excessive concentration around 0,5-10 mg m-3 all year around. In addition, the study also revealed that the anomaly of surface chl-a concentration was observed along the western coast of Sumatra is much higher during the positive IOD (pIOD) and EL Niño events.

ARUS SELATAN JAWA

SOUTH JAVA CURRENT. Indian Ocean is influenced by the monsoon cycle. Monsoon cycle that occurs in the Indian Ocean influences the current patterns. Since a very strong westerlies occurs in The Tropical Convergence Zone (TCZ) at the equator, wyrtki jet is formed in the 40° - 80° W Indian Ocean on a transitional season. Its branchs are possibly formed when the wyrtki jet is in the equatorial west coast of Sumatra to the north and south along the western coast of Sumatra which eventually creates South Java Current (SJC). SJC flows southeastward during December–April and northwestward during June–October, when it is associated with coastal upwelling. SJC develop upwelling on a seasonal basis.

Analisa Penentuan Water Vapor Terhadap Pengaruh Erupsi Gunung Sinabung Menggunakan Data SUGAR Dan Citra Satelit Terra MODISs

The eruption of Mount Sinabung in 2010 caused bursts of volcanic ash particles into the atmosphere layer to impact the weather. This is because volcanic ash is hydrocopic which can cause condensation process and block the process of solar radiation earth surface. Precivitable Water vapor (PWV) as one of the parameters of the atmosphere that can be used as information to determine the weather conditions in an area. Utilization of data Sumatran GPS Array (SUGAR) and data satellite Terra sensors MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spektroradiometer) can be used to find out PWV through GPS inversion method by utilizing estimated estimation of slowing and rotating GPS signals overlaid with troposphere. While the transmittance method is performed by comparing the surface reflectance between the channel absorption and the channel non absorption contained in the sensor MODIS. The results showed that spatial variation of PWV distribution pattern showed wetness pattern during eruption. This was indicated by some areas that have PWV distribution pattern almost in each region and PWV verification result from GPS showed � 47.65 mm-66.81 mm, while PWV value from MODIS ranges from � 13.02 mm - 80.05 mm. Based on the results of PWV-GPS correlation test from June to October of 2010 has a correlation coefficient of 0.0173 to PWV from MODIS and explains the positive relationship between PWV of GPS with PWV value from MODIS, but correlation value of the variable variables including low category because of location points Station SUGAR are spread unevenly and are more likely to spread along the western coast of Sumatra, which borders the Indian Ocean.

A new species of Pseudocalotes (Squamata: Agamidae) from the Bukit Barisan Range of Sumatra with an Estimation of its phylogeny.

We describe a new species of Pseudocalotes from montane forests of the central, western coast of Sumatra. The combination of 3 or 4 interoculabials, slightly enlarged and heavily keeled scales on the lower flanks, a white scapular spot, a relatively long fifth toe, bicarinate lamellae at the base of Toe III, absence of a postrictal modified scale, and three rows of paravertebrals directed dorsally and posteriorly distinguishes the new species from its congeners on Sumatra and Java. Among the new characters defined in this study, counts of subdigital lamellae within the "span of Toe V" proved particularly useful for diagnosing species of Pseudocalotes. Phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences identified a monophyletic group containing the Sumatran and Javan Pseudocalotes. Based on the phylogeny, we define a P. cybelidermus Group containing P. cybelidermus and P. guttalineatus and a P. tympanistriga Group containing P. tympanistriga, P. rhammanotus, and the new species. Combinations of five morphological characters define each of these two clades. As currently defined, Pseudocalotes is polyphyletic; Javan and Sumatran species are more closely related to other draconines such as Dendragama boulengeri than they are to some mainland species.

Development Processes of Oceanic Convective Systems Inducing the Heavy Rainfall over the Western Coast of Sumatra on 28 October 2007

Development Processes of Oceanic Convective Systems Inducing the Heavy Rainfall over the Western Coast of Sumatra on 28 October 2007

Andaman-Sumatra island arc: III. Time evolution of seismogenic activation of the arc since the beginning of the 21st century

The spatiotemporal evolution of the intense burst in seismogenesis within the Andaman-Sumatra island arc in 2000–2010 is analyzed. The onset of seismogenic activation was marked by two strong (MS ∼ 7.9, MS ∼ 7.8) quakes that occurred in the lithosphere of the South Sumatra region on June 4, 2000 and by the strongest (MW = 7.3) earthquake of July 25, 2004 that took place in the lower part of the focal zone. These seismic events were the foreshocks of the main episode of seismogenic activation of the island arc—the catastrophic earthquake of December 26, 2004, with its source near the northern coast of Sumatra. The large shocks (MS ∼ 7.7–8.4) that occurred from March 28, 2005 to October 25, 2010 between the source of the Sumatran earthquake and epicentral zone of the foreshocks of June 4, 2000, are the aftershocks of the Sumatran event. The spatiotemporal evolution of seismogenic activation of the Andaman-Sumatra island arc at the beginning of the 21st century is compared to the seismogenic activation of the Kuril-Kamchatka arc in the middle of the 20th century. The positions, geological conditions, and focal parameters of the strongest Sumatran earthquakes of 2000–2010 are determined. The interpretation of the sources relies on the (1) complex analysis of all the manifestations of the earthquakes of 2000–2010 and (2) the established regularities of the occurrence of the earthquakes in the island arcs. The sources of the earthquakes of 2005–2010 are the steep longitudinal (trending along the arc) reverse faults of a backthrust type, which have a bedding depth of about a few dozen kilometers. The reverse-fault sources of the earthquakes of March 28, 2005, September 12, 2007 (11:10 UT), and October 10, 2010 are located in the zone of the Outer Range, and the earthquakes of September 12, 2007 (23:49 UT) fall in the Mentawai Trough. The strike-slip reverse fault, which cuts the island arc, is likely to be the focal mechanism of the earthquake of June 4, 2000. The sources of the events of March 28, 2005 and September 12, 2007 did not coincide with the sources of the historical devastating earthquakes of 1861 and 1833, respectively. The system of seismic sources in the form of a series of subparallel arc-parallel steep reverse faults off the western coast of Sumatra is similar to the system of seismic sources in the Kuril-Kamchatka island arc.

Emerging customs: Small-scale fishing practices in Aceh, Indonesia

Off the western coast of Sumatra among the islands of Pulau Banyak, fishing is the primary occupation for the men of Haloban. They are self-described “traditional” fishers, using low-tech gear and small boats to catch fish, octopus, lobster, and other sealife in the nearby coral reefs and mangroves. Women also regularly venture out into the deep mud of the mangroves to collect clams. Their efforts to extract livelihoods and subsistence from the reefs take place in an open-access commons with few formal institutions or enforcement mechanisms to regulate resource use. While explicit regulations and customary limitations on fishing in the coral reef commons are lacking, Haloban fishers improvise some common etiquette and practices that are adaptable to the shifting context.This case study presents Haloban fishers' use of the commons as situated practices, unarticulated and embedded within a complex social–ecological system. These practices reflect fishers' understanding of, and relationship with, their environment, and may represent a nascent form of local “rules-in-use”, informing behavior without direct social mechanisms for enforcement. This paper presents research collected using ethnographic methods, including participant observation at sea. As NGOs and government agencies work to craft management plans that share use of the reefs with tourism and conservation, a better understanding of actual resource use and fishing practice may inform more nuanced, adaptable, and truly “local” community-based management.