West Monsoon Research Articles

Climate change and public health: a study of vector-borne diseases in Odisha, India

The construction of paleo-climatic calendar based on various evidences as well as instrumental records of climatic elements tell that climate has changed to a great extent over time. Scientific evidences establish the fact that the impacts of climate change are having wide immediate as well as long-term indirect effects on public health. Especially the focus is on climate change impacts in terms of increased severity, frequency and spread of vector-borne diseases. Climate changes in terms of increased average temperatures, more intense rainfall, extended summer season and less intense winters can impact the range and incidence of infectious and vector-borne diseases. Odisha, an eastern coastal state of India, is not an exception in experiencing the effects of climate change in spreading of vector-borne diseases. Malaria is one of the most important and widely distributed vector-borne disease observed in Odisha. Transmission of malaria is a dynamic process influenced by the changes in ecological and meteorological conditions. The other vector-borne diseases observed in Odisha since last decade include dengue, Japanese encephalitis and chikungunya. The mid-June period is usually characterized by onset of South West monsoon in Odisha in past. However, the analysis indicates an increase in number of heat wave days in the month of June in recent years, which may be an indicator of gradual shift of monsoon season in Odisha. The results also indicate that vector-borne disease conducive season extends from July till November, nearly half of the year. Further, the dengue and chikungunya are more prevalent in coastal districts, whereas malaria and JE have been experienced in interior districts.

Variability of organic nitrogen and its role in regulating phytoplankton in the eastern Arabian Sea

The relative importance of organic nitrogen (ON) and inorganic nitrogen (IN) as nitrogen sources for the phytoplankton communities were studied through a seasonal time series of nitrogen species in the eastern Arabian Sea. Seasonal data on nitrogen species showed that ON dominates the system throughout the year and account for >90% of the total nitrogen (TN) during north east monsoon (NEM). The average ON concentration in the study region was 11.5 μM during NEM as compared to 7.2 μM during south west monsoon (SWM). The contribution of picoplankton to the total phytoplankton pool (fpico) increased from 19% during SWM to 36% in NEM. Along with cyanobacteria, the diatoms Thalassionema nitzchoides and Thalassiosira sp. and among the dinoflagellates Pronoctiluca sp. were found to proliferate in ON rich waters. We suggest atmospheric deposition, riverine-input, resuspension of bottom sediment and ground water intrusion as the possible sources of ON in the study region.

Spatio-Temporal Pattern of Primary Production in a Tropical Coastal Wetland (Kodungallur-Azhikode Estuary), South West Coast of India

The Kodungallur-Azhikode Estuary (KAE) is part of the Vembanad wetland ecosystem in south-west coast of India that has recently been designated as the Ramsar site. Modern aquaculture, agriculture and other human activities in the catchment area export huge amounts of organic and inorganic wastes into the KAE. In this perspective, influences of anthropogenic activities on water quality and phytoplankton production in the KAE were studied at multiple sites from July 2009 to June 2010. The linear correlation with salinity (r2=0.179, P<0.01), pH (r2=0.195, P<0.01,) and redox potential (Eh) (r2=0.188, P<0.01) was found to be significant with Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and negative correlation with turbidity (r2=-0.212, P<0.01, N=168), nitrate (r2=-0.297, P <0.01, N=168), and total dissolved solids (TDS) (r2=-0.266, P<0.01, N=168). The present study showed annual average gross primary productivity (gross PP) of 1580 ± 388 mgC m-3d-1 and net primary productivity (net PP) 790 ± 472 mgC m-3d-1, with significant monthly variation. The mean Chl-a content in the estuary also showed moderately high values (6.42 ± 3.91 mg m-3). In spatial scale, it varied from 5.07 ± 4.03 mg m-3 at Station II to 7.80 ± 6.07 mg m-3 at Station V. Primary productivity in the estuary was nitrogen limited during pre monsoon period, however average N: P ratio in the water column was well above the Redfield ratio during south west monsoon period (27.9 ± 14.2). Trophic Index (TRIX) analysis in the KAE also showed that estuary experiencing high productivity by the effect of eutrophication.

Seasonality in Nutrient Contents of Edible Green Algae Ulva compressa and Ulva fasciata from Southeast Coast of India

Seasonal variations in the proximate (protein, carbohydrate, dietary fiber, ash, moisture, lipid, amino acid and fatty acid content), mineral composition (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, C, Mn) and Heavy metals content (Cd, Pb, Hg and Ni) of Ulva compressa and Ulva fasciata were investigated for all four different seasons (Spring, North east monsoon, Summer and South west monsoon) during 2015 to 2016. Data were analyzed using one- and two-way ANOVA. Significant variations in the proximate constituents were found among seasons and species. Maximum proximate and mineral composition in U. compressa are protein, carbohydrate, ash content, moisture content and lipid in northeast monsoon, dietary fiber, amino acids content and mineral content in southwest monsoon, fatty acids content in spring. Heavy metals were not detected except lead. In U. fasciata, maximum proximate and mineral composition are protein, carbohydrate, moisture content, ash content in spring season, dietary fiber in summer season, lipid and total amino acids content in northeast monsoon, fatty acids contents and mineral content in southwest season. Heavy metals were not detected except lead. U. compressa has highest protein, carbohydrate, moisture content, amino acids and mineral content as compared to U. fasciata. U. fasciata has maximum dietary fiber, ash content, lipid content and fatty acids as compared to U. compressa. In general, Northeast monsoon showed the highest proximate and mineral composition in both the algae. The present study revealed that these two edible algae have higher proximate contents which can be more ideal for food consumption for humans and animals.

Determination of the Sediment Contamination Level in Dangli Waters of Langkawi UNESCO Global Geopark, Kedah, Malaysia

Dangli Waters ecosystem is located at the north of Langkawi UNESCO Global Geopark. Apparently, this area is currently experiencing a significant deterioration of marine habitat. Therefore, 14 stations were set up in this study area to investigate the sediment for metal contents discharged into Dangli Waters using the ecological risk assessment. The sediment samples were collected during four seasons, namely South West Monsoon, First Inter Monsoon, North East Monsoon and Second Inter Monsoon. The spatial distribution pattern of heavy metals in sediment was properly determined as well as the seasonal variation of the contamination. From the results obtained, the average concentration of each heavy metal distributed in the surface sediment of Dangli Waters can be written in decreasing order as Fe>Cr>As>Co>Cd. From the observation, heavy metal concentrations of As was recorded the most higher profiles near to the cement plant production area. Meanwhile, for the pattern of seasonal changes, FIM season was defined as the season with higher concentrations of all metals in the surface sediment compared to other seasons. This is due to highly rainfall distribution and water runoff during this period, leading an increase of sediment deposition into the Dangli Waters. According to the contamination factor (Cf) for each metal, it was shown that some heavy metals such as As were at a risky level with the Cf value was higher than 6 (Cf >6). However, the degree of contamination (Cd) for each station was classified as moderate (7 ≤ Cd < 14), except for ST2 which showed a low degree of contamination.

Seasonal heavy metals accumulation in the soft tissue of &lt;i&gt;Anadara granosa&lt;/i&gt; mollusc form Tanjung Balai, Indonesia

A problem of food safety may rise in benthic estuary organisms such as the bivalve mollusc of Anadara granosa, as dangerous metals in environment may accumulate in their soft tissue. Fluctuation of accumulation may also happen, as there are factors that influence the amount of pollutants in water environment. This research aimed to analyze the seasonal pattern (Indonesian east, intermediate, and west monsoon season) of heavy metals (Cr, Co, As, Cd, Hg and Pb) accumulation factor in the soft tissue A. granosa and evaluate the use of mollusc as bio-indicator in metals pollution. The study had been done on the estuary of Tanjung Balai, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Heavy metal from water, sediment, and soft tissue of A. granosa were extracted by microwave digestion and analyzed by ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer). Result of the study showed that the heavy metals accumulation in the soft tissue of A. granosa was as follow Cd > As > Hg > Pb > Cr > Co and between 0.01–0.31 mg/kg. The concentration may consider as safe, which is below the maximum allowable limits for marine products. Meanwhile, a significant (P < 0.05) heavy metals contamination was detected higher in the beginning east monsoon season. Thus, temporal variation should be considered in food safety monitoring program on fisheries products, which usually only collected once per year. Moreover, BWAF (bio-water accumulation factor) was detected significantly (P < 0.05) higher than BSAF (bio-sediment accumulation factor). The results also showed only Cr and Pb had a significant relation (P < 0.05) between their accumulation in environment and in the mollusc. Therefore, environmental parameters need to take into account when using bivalves as indicator of heavy metal pollution since seasonality could affect the absorption of heavy metals.

SAMPLING DESIGN FOR WATER QUALITY MONITORING IN MARINE RESERVE: A STUDY CASE AT BANDA SEA CONSERVATION PARK

Design of sampling site water quality monitoring at marine reserve is critical, to optimize the effectiveness of periodic assessment. A simple stratified systematic design, that been usually used in most of monitoring anlaysis, may not maximize the information of spatial data in marine hydrology. The present work applied a multivariate statistical analysis and spatial autocorrelation methods to develop an optimal sampling design for water quality assessment in tropical marine reserve, Banda Sea Conservation Park, Indonesia. Seasonal (west, intermediate, and east monsoon season in Indonesia) and spatial (38 stations) water quality analysis (Salinity, Dissolved Oxygen, pH, and nutrient) in 3 zones of Marine Reserve were conducted. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed Dissolved Oxygen (DO) was the principal variable for the sampling design criterion. Spatial DO Variograms showed relocation of the sampling stations, to optimize the design of water quality monitoring. Therefore, even the principal variable may vary at other locations, depends on hydrology and other area specific characteristics, the proposed technique could be applied in sampling design concerning hydrology monitoring.

Quantifying the impact of global warming on precipitation patterns in India

The past few decades have witnessed a change in precipitation patterns around the world. This change includes an increase in heavy precipitation and a decrease in light and moderate precipitation. Global/regional warming has been attributed as one of the major factors causing the observed change in precipitation patterns. Past studies over the Indian region have not focused much on quantification of the impact of warming on changes in precipitation patterns. The present research quantifies the impact of warming on precipitation patterns over the Indian region. For this purpose, rain gauge‐based high‐resolution gridded precipitation data from the India Meteorological Department (IMD) for 113 years between 1901 and 2013 are used to link the changes in precipitation patterns over India during the South West (SW) monsoon season with warming using a new method that focuses on inter‐annual differences rather than time series. It has been reported that during the SW monsoon period, there is an increase of about 51.85% ± 19% in the top 10% precipitation for each degree (K) increase in temperature. Decreases of about 15–30%/K in low and moderate precipitation have also been reported per 1 K increase in temperature. The impact of warming is more severe over Western and North Eastern India and during July and August. An increase in heavy rainy days of about 46.53% ± 14% per 1 K increase in temperature has been reported over the Indian region. Low and moderate rainy days show a decrease of about 24.67% ± 9.53% for a unit degree increase in temperature. Results reported in this research point out increasing trends in droughts and floods due to increased heavy precipitation and decreased low and moderate precipitation in a warming environment.

Seasonal variation of precipitation over the Indochina Peninsula and its impact on the South China Sea spring warming

This study documents the seasonal variation of precipitation over the whole Indochina Peninsula (ICP) and associated changes in atmospheric winds and surface heat fluxes and investigates the impact of the ICP precipitation‐related heating and circulation on spring sea surface warming in the South China Sea (SCS). Climatologically, most of the ICP experiences the rainy season from May to October and the period from November to April is the dry season. The summer wet‐winter dry pattern dominates the seasonal rainfall variation in most regions and the maximum rainfall along the west coast occurs during June through August in association with monsoon westerly winds. A pronounced semi‐annual rainfall variation is observed along central Vietnam with a primary peak in October and a secondary peak in May, which is related to northeasterly and southwesterly winds, respectively. Surface heat fluxes change drastically over the ICP in March–April and play an important role in increasing the thermal contrast with the neighbouring waters and heating the atmospheric column, which causes upward motion and precipitation over the ICP. The induced compensatory downward motion over the northern SCS leads to an increase in downward shortwave radiation and a decrease in surface wind speed and turbulent heat fluxes, which contributes to the SCS warming before the summer monsoon onset.

Perceptions and local adaptation strategies to climate change of marine capture fishermen in Bengkulu Province, Indonesia

Adaptation is a key strategy to reduce the severe impacts of climate change on the fishery. Adaptation strategies are unlikely to be effective without an understanding of the fishermen’s perception on climate change. This paper explores fishermen’s knowledge on climate change perceptions and their climate change adaptation in response to the perceived impacts of climate change. A survey by interviewing randomly selected 90 marine capture fishermen was conducted in Bengkulu from March to June 2018. The results indicate that most fishermen understand climate change as a change of east and west monsoon that directly affect their fishing activities. In terms of climate change defined as a continuous change of temperature, humidity, and rainfall, most fishermen have no sufficient knowledge on climate change. The important adaptation strategies include diversification of household economic activities, augmenting of fishing gear, change the fishing ground, mobilization of family members to work, and fishing time adjustment.

Changing Characteristics of Droughts over Kerala, India: Inter-Annual Variability and Trend

Realized changes in the climate over Kerala received more attention during recent times under the back to back drought conditions prevailing over the state. The year 2016 registered as one of the worst and extreme drought year over Kerala in recent past. This extreme drought condition may be attributed to the combined effect of realized changes in the mean climate state as well as the climate variability.Both the recent and historic drought events over Kerala is examined and its possible impacts on different sectors like agriculture and water resource are studied using the standardized precipitation index (SPI). Historical occurrence of both the short term and long term water stress associated with deficit rainfall during monsoon and post-monsoon season is presented in the paper. It is found that south west monsoon rainfall over Kerala is decreasing over south Kerala during recent decades, whereas the post-monsoon rainfall is found to be increasing especially over south Kerala. There exists a weak relationship between Pacific SST and Kerala rainfall. Trend analysis of SPI on different time scale showed negative trend and that negative trend increases with increasing time scale.

THE EFFECTS OF RAINFALL ON Penaeus monodon Fabricius POPULATIONS IN THE SEGARA ANAKAN LAGOON, CENTRAL JAVA, INDONESIA

Segara Anakan Lagoon (SAL) is widely known as a traditional fishing ground for many aquatic organisms and is located in Central Java, in an area with high rainfall rates. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of rainfall on the distribution of Penaeus monodon Fabricius in SAL and/or mangrove waters and to explain the cause of yearly fluctuations in this area’s fish catch during a 13-year period from 1998 to 2011. The effects of rainfall on the local distribution and abundance of shrimp in SAL, Cilacap, Central Java, Indonesia, were examined using the Anco method for three periods, namely: first period (i.e., commercial catch production, 1998–2011), second period (December 2010–November 2011) and third period (December 2011–April 2012) as part of a shrimp fishery and eco-biology study in this region. The marked increase in rainfall from 557 mm during the East Monsoon (June–August) to 1,225 mm in the second transition season (September–November) and West Monsoon (December–February) in the Segara Anakan region enhanced the seasonal movement of shrimp into the Zone IV fishing ground and produced an initial increase in the abundance of adults (CL&gt;25 mm) in the region from 312 to 2,630 individuals. This initial increase in adult abundance enhanced the shrimp’s reproductive potential, while heavy rainfall indirectly assisted the recruitment of young shrimp into the estuary, their growth, and survival, to increase shrimp abundance in the following year. Lower rainfalls from July to September) adversely affected shrimp population and usually resulted in smaller populations (312 individuals). Statistical analysis of the relationship between shrimp catch and annual rainfall showed a high level of significance at 1%.

A Paper on the Tropical Intraseasonal Oscillation Published in 1963 in a Chinese Journal

AbstractThe Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) identified by Madden and Julian in the early 1970s has been well recognized as the most prominent intraseasonal signal in the tropics. Its discovery and its relationship with other weather phenomena such as tropical cyclones (TCs) are among the most significant advancements in modern meteorology with broad and far-reaching impacts. The original study by Madden and Julian used radiosonde data on Canton Island, and their spectral analysis revealed the signal of a 40–50-day oscillation.It has come to our attention that an earlier study by Xie et al. published in a Chinese journal documented an oscillatory signal of a 45-day period using radiosonde data from several stations between 70° and 125°E in the tropics. The 40–50-day signal found by Xie et al. is strikingly evident without any filtering. Xie et al. identified that occurrences of TCs are correlated with the 40–50-day variation of low-level westerlies at these stations. The original figures in Xie et al.’s article were hand drawn. Their results are verified using data from a longer period of 1958–70. The 40–50-day oscillation in the monsoon westerlies and its relationship with the occurrence of TCs are confirmed and further expanded upon.This study serves the purpose of bringing recognition to the community of the identification of a 40–50-day signal published in Chinese in 1963 and the discovery of the correlation between MJO phases and TC genesis three decades earlier than studies on this subject published outside China.

Evaluation of a GCM in seasonal forecasting of extreme rainfall events over continental India

In recent decades, vulnerability to disasters due to Extreme Rainfall Events (ERE) has increased manifold over continental India during the south west monsoon season. It is a very important and challenging task for the advanced forecasting of such EREs on seasonal time scales which will provide enough lead time for the disaster management, smart agricultural practice and pro-active health care for example. Researchers around the world are looking at ways to improve the skill and reliability of forecasts of EREs on a range of time scales from daily to seasonal and General Circulation Models (GCMs) are now widely used to forecast EREs on a seasonal time scale. In the present study, a variable resolution general circulation model (VRGCM) is being configured and evaluated for the seasonal prediction of the number of EREs in three different categories depending upon the threshold of daily rainfall over the continental India during the monsoon (JJA) season for 16 years (i.e. 1998–2013). The skill of model prediction is evaluated by validating the simulated ERE counts with the high resolution gridded rainfall data available from the India Meteorological Department (IMD). The spatio-temporal analysis, seasonal cycle and the Interannual variability of the of EREs over continental India using GCM simulation and IMD observations shows good agreement and the model configuration has potential skill for the simulation of EREs in seasonal prediction mode and the present results provide the application of VRGCM for seamless prediction of EREs over India.

Climatological characteristics of the synoptic changes accompanying South China Sea summer monsoon withdrawal

This manuscript analyses the climatological characteristics (especially the synoptic phenomena and changes) of the South China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon withdrawal (SCSSMW) based on monsoon retreat dates from the National Climate Center of China Meteorological Administration. The SCSSMW is mainly defined as the westerly to easterly shift in the zonal winds due to the westwards intrusion of the western North Pacific (WNP) subtropical high in the northern SCS region. At the low level (850 hPa), the weakening and retreat of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and rain belt in the SCS–WNP are pertinent, and the southwesterly winds over the north Indian Ocean and the SCS also weaken and retreat. The anomalous anticyclone centred over the northern SCS resembles a Rossby wave response to the reduced precipitation over the SCS and the Philippine Sea. Changes in the upper‐level (200 hPa) circulations include the deceleration of the tropical easterly stream (from the Indo‐China Peninsula to the Arabian Sea) and northerly cross‐equatorial flow (around the equatorial eastern Indian Ocean and Maritime Continent). At the mid‐level (500 hPa), the ascending centre moves equatorwards, shifting from the northern to the southern SCS. There appears an anomalous vertical circulation cell (descending/ascending in the northern/southern SCS), which links the anomalous horizontal circulation through the Sverdrup balance. In addition, the upper‐level divergent centre is shifted southeastwards, as is the generating centre of tropical cyclones. Moreover, an anomalous convergent centre over Taiwan Island is prominent in the upper level. The time series of several atmospheric variables (e.g., zonal wind, precipitation, convection) also exhibited abrupt changes during the SCSSMW. The reasons for not simultaneous retreat of monsoonal westerlies and rainy season in the SCS are also explored.

Interannual Variability of the Australian Summer Monsoon System Internally Sustained Through Wind‐Evaporation Feedback

AbstractInterannual variability of Australian summer monsoon (AUSM) activity is hardly forced locally or remotely by tropical sea surface temperature (SST) variability. Despite this lack of SST forcing, convection variability in northern Australia is so strong that it emerges as a distinct peak in climatological variance of convection in austral summer. The present study shows that an internal variability unforced by tropical SST anomaly is dominant in seasonal mean strength of the AUSM system. A mechanism that sustains convection anomaly without SST forcing is also examined. Analysis of latent heat flux reveals that under the climatological monsoon westerlies, the wind‐evaporation feedback in the tropical southeastern Indian Ocean sustains anomalous convection despite a counteracting effect of SST anomalies. The wind anomalies induced by the anomalous AUSM change the subsurface southeastern Indian Ocean, which can contribute to the maintenance of the anomalous convection through weakening the damping effect by SST anomalies.

RAINFALL TREND ANALYSIS OF A MINI WATERSHED: A CASE STUDY ON DEGRADING LAKES/TANKS

India as a tropical country, depends solely on south west Monsoon. Southwest monsoon spans between June and September. The present study is aimed to carry out the probable trend of rainfall and to evaluate its implications on the tanks in Hunsur taluk of Mysore district, Karnataka, India. These tanks were the livelihood sources of water for the farmers in the command area. The lakes considered under this case study have been completely dried up in the recent past. Inconsistency of rainfall is one of the factors which govern the degradation of Lakes. Trend analysis is carried on 40 years daily rainfall data (1975-2014) for monthly, seasonal and annual average values using Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimation. The analysis shows ‘no trend’ for the months of January, February, March and June. There is an ‘increasing trend’ for the months of August, October and December. However, there is a ‘decreasing trend’ for the months of April, May, July, September and November. The decadal variation indicates a very significant decrease of rainfall for the months of June and July; particularly in the recent decade (2005-2014) and hence a ‘negative trend’ in the South-West monsoon. This may be one of the reasons for the deterioration of tanks in the study area.

Monsoon Agriculture - Suggestieve Methods Using Dependable Inflow &amp; Rainfall for a Command Area

In the recent trend of changing environment, the rainfall and the inflow to the reservoir are getting reduced year by year respectively in agricultural field and in river basins. In this paper the dependable inflow into the reservoir and the rainfall in the command area is estimated with the past 30 years data. The statistical methods and formulae (Variance, Mann- Kendall method) are used to determine the dependable inflow and rainfall for both the monsoons. It is found that the inflow is not dependable for South –West monsoon, to do the agriculture, for a normal crop, with medium water requirement.. For the North - East monsoon both the inflow and rainfall are dependable hence the agriculture can be carried out with a single crop (paddy) having more water requirement (or) possible multi-crops, according to the storage in the reservoir and prediction of rainfall in that season. The deductions for other requirements of the dam, losses for evaporation, conveyance etc has been taken into account. The case study is done with the data for 30 years (1982-2012)for a dam in Tamil Nadu, India.

Analysis of ocean waves in 3 sites potential areas for renewable energy development in Indonesia

During the recent years, Indonesian government rapidly increase the electrification program which is mainly using coal energy. However, some areas are still need any supports of electricity. As an archipelagic state, Indonesia is surrounded by seas which is potential for developing the wave energy. Three areas were selected for examining the wave energy potential i.e., Meulaboh (in Sumatera), South Kuta (in Bali) and Manokwari (in Papua), which is the representative of the region in west, middle and east of Indonesia, respectively. Ocean wave characteristics were analyzed for each monsoon from 2012 to 2017, based on ocean wave forecasting using Sverdrup, Munk and Bretschneider method. The electrical power calculations were done by using Floating Oscillating Water Column formulas. Based on our analysis, the average of highest significant wave heights and periods in 3 sites happen in the West Monsoon and the lowest average of significant wave heights and periods mostly happen in the East Monsoon. Thus, among the three locations that were examined, South Kuta Bali is the best location to develop wave energy.

A dynamical model for diagnosing orographic rainfall across Assam–Burma hills in India

An attempt has been made to diagnose the orographic rainfall associated with internal gravity waves excited by the Assam–Burma hills (ABH) in India, during south west monsoon season (SWMS). To develop this model ABH has been synthesised by two 3-D elliptical barriers, separated by a valley of some finite distance. In this paper, a three dimensional frictionless, laminar, adiabatic, boussinesq, non-rotating and inviscid moist airflow with realistic vertical variation of wind and temperature, has been considered. Here also the basic flow consists of two components such as zonal wind component U(z) and meridional wind component V(z). The perturbation technique is used to linearise the governing equations of the airflow and to obtain perturbation vertical velocity ( $$w^{\prime}$$ ) the quasi-numerical approach have been used. The perturbation vertical velocity ( $$w^{\prime}$$ ) is used to compute the rainfall intensity (RFI) over ABH during SWMS. Also, we examine the sensitivity of the computed RFI on the length (d) of the valley. Finally, the computed results have compared with Gridded Rainfall Data set, generated by India meteorological Department (IMD), India.