West Mediterranean Region Of Turkey Research Articles

The Reasons For Primary Teeth Extractions In Children Living In West Mediterranean Region of Turkey

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, Batı Akdeniz Bölgesinde yaşayan çocuklarda çekim endikasyonu konulmuş süt dişlerinin başlıca çekim nedenlerini ve diş tiplerine göre dağılımını araştırmaktır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Akdeniz Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Pedodonti kliniğine, Ocak 2019 ile Nisan 2019 tarihleri arasında tedavi için başvuran 3-15 yaşları arasındaki hastaların diş kayıtları incelendi. Hastanın yaşı, cinsiyeti, çekim endikasyonu konulan diş tipi ve çekim nedenleri değerlendirildi. Bulgular: Dört ay boyunca 742 hastanın (400 erkek, 342 kız) toplam 1525 dişine çekim endikasyonu konulmuştur. Süt birinci azı dişler en sık çekim endikasyonu konulan diş tipidir ve toplam diş sayısının % 38’ini oluşturmaktadır. Çekilen diş tipi ve çekim nedenlerinde cinsiyete göre anlamlı farklılık yoktur (p > 0.05). En yüksek çekim endikasyon nedenlerini % 47.2 oranıyla eksfoliasyon zamanı, ardından % 46.4 oranıyla patolojik nedenler (geri dönüşümsüz pulpa iltihabı, dento-alveolar apse vb.) oluşturmuştur. Patolojik nedenlerle çekim endikasyonu konulmuş olan süt dişlerinin çoğunun, 6-8 yaş arasındaki çocuklarda olduğu görülmüştür (% 54). Sonuç: Çalışmamızda, süt dişlerinin büyük çoğunluğunun çekim nedeninin çürük ve çeşitli pulpal patolojilerden kaynaklı olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Çocukların, ağız diş sağlığı ile ilgili bilgilerinin geliştirilmesi ve erken çekimlerin önlenebilmesi için çalışmalar yapılmalıdır.

Prevalence of infraocclusion in primary molars and accompanying dental variations in a Turkish sample

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Infraocclusion, a disorder of tooth eruption, can often be found with more than one different variation in a child. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and severity of infraocclusion and to investigate the selected dental variations associated with infraocclusion in the West Mediterranean region of Turkey. METHODS: The sample consisted of 3,228 children aged 7-11 years. The prevalence and severity of infraocclusion and presence of other dental variations (tooth agenesis, supernumerary teeth (ST), dens invaginatus, and taurodontism) were determined by the examination of panoramic radiographies. The development degree of the corresponding permanent teeth was determined using the Nolla and Haavikko method. For statistical testing, the chi-square test was used to compare the data in SPSS software. RESULTS: Infraocclusion was defined in 3.25% of the examined primary molars. There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of infraocclusion between girls (n = 51) and boys (n = 73) or between the right and left sides (P > 0.05). It was found that about half of the affected patients had two impacted molars. Infraocclusion had mainly affected the first mandibular molar. A dental variation was also found in addition to infraocclusion in 50.8% of the patients. It was observed that primary molars without successors had more severe infraocclusion. No difference in terms of tooth development was detected (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Given the results of the present study, it was seen that half of the children with infraoccluded primary molar had additional dental variations. Therefore, all children in the mixed and primary dentition must be examined carefully for the infraocclusion of primary molars and accompanying dental variations. Early diagnosis and treatment may prevent the development of complications, so that the condition can be appropriately managed.

Isolation frequency and efficiency of mycoparasitic Pythium species in the West Mediterranean region of Turkey

• Besides significant plant pathogens, there are mycoparasitic species in the genus Pythium. • Surface soil dilution plate method is the most suitable method for the isolation of mycoparasitic Pythium species. • Mycoparasitic Pythium species are common in cultivated soils, especially in sugarbeet areas. • Mycoparasitic Pythium species may be used as biocontrol agents against soilborne fungal plant pathogens. A total of 132 mycoparasitic Pythium isolates were obtained from the soil samples taken from fruit orchards, vegetable fields, carnation greenhouses, sugarbeet fields and cereal fields in the West Mediterranean region of Turkey. The Oomycetes were isolated by using; surface soil dilution plate, sclerotia bait and precolonised plate methods. Isolates were identified as P. acanthophoron , P. amasculinum , P. lycopersicum , P. oligandrum , P. periplocum and P. paroecandrum , according to their morphological and molecular characteristics. The most commonly isolated mycoparasitic species were P. amasculinum and P. lycopersicum . The majority of the mycoparasites came from soil samples taken from the sugarbeet growing areas. It was determined that all isolates showed high mycoparasitic activity against Botrytis cinerea and Rhizoctonia solani , however Sclerotinia rolfsii was resistant. It can be concluded that the mycoparasitic Pythium species can be used as biocontrol agents against B. cinerea and R. solani .

Assessment of origin and abundance of beach litter in Homa Lagoon coast, West Mediterranean Sea of Turkey

The pollution of beach litter was seasonally evaluated in a selected beach in the West Mediterranean Region of Turkey between December 2019 and September 2020. Beach litter survey was carried out seasonally according to ‘Guidance on Monitoring of Marine Litter in European Seas’ published by European Marine Strategy Framework Directive Technical Subgroup on Marine Litter. During the study, a total of 2.324 items and 105.44 kg were collected. The average litter density was 581.0 ± 60.04 items/m2 and 26.36 ± 0.85 g/m2. The results indicated that the most common type of litter were plastic/polystyrene (35%), unidentifiable (18%) followed by cloth/textile (16%). Litter density showed significant seasonal differences with the highest in summer (P < 0.05). Homa beach was classified as “dirty” according to Clean Coast Index. It was observed that the litter in the region averagely consisted of mixed packaging litter (24.25%), fisheries related litter (19%) and unclassified litter (15.25%) items. Our results show that the coast of Homa Lagoon exposed to a significant amount of marine litter pollution originated from land-based sources. This study provides further evidence that there is a significant litter pollution in the West Mediterranean Sea of Turkey and that the main component are plastics, which pose a great treat to the Mediterranean Sea environments.

Yield and bioethanol productivity of sorghum under surface and subsurface drip irrigation

The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of different irrigation levels applied with surface drip irrigation (SDI) and subsurface drip irrigation (SSDI) method on yield and bioethanol productivity of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. cv. Early Sumac) in the West Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Field study was conducted in Batı Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute in Antalya during the growing seasons of 2017−2018. Five different irrigation levels designated as full irrigation (I100) with no water stress and slight (I75), mild (I50), severe water stress (I25) and no irrigation (I0) treatments were applied. The results showed that different irrigation levels applied had statistically significant effect on yield and yield components such as plant height, leaf number, leaf area index, chlorophyll context, brix, sucrose, glucose, fructose and bioethanol. In both of the drip irrigation methods, water deficit stress significantly (P ≤ 0.01) decreased bioethanol yield. The maximum bioethanol yield was obtained from SSDI method under full irrigation, slight, mild, severe and full water deficit stress as much as 2085, 2045, 1684, 1569 and 1407 L ha−1, respectively, in 2017 and 2390, 2266, 1954, 1901 and 1493 L ha−1, respectively, in 2018. The highest water consumption was observed in I100 treatment as 553.6 mm for SDI in 2017, while the lowest was found in I0 treatment as 198.5 mm for SDI in 2018. The highest water productivity was found in I0 as 6.0 kg ha−1 mm-1 for SSDI method in 2018, and the lowest one was found in I25 as 2.9 kg ha−1 mm−1 for SDI in 2017. The results of the present study showed that an average water saving of 24.0 mm compared with the SDI method was achieved without any decrease in efficiency in the SSDI method.

Analysis of technical efficiency in milk production: a cross-sectional study on Turkish dairy farming

ABSTRACT We analyzed the efficiency of farmers in the dairy production using cross-sectional data collected from 92 sample dairy farmers in the West Mediterranean Region of Turkey. The study used the Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) to measure the technical efficiency of farmers in milk production. The technical efficiency of the sample of dairy farms ranged from 0.30 to 1.00. The mean efficiency of the sample of farmers was 0.55, indicating the presence of substantial scope for improving the competitiveness of dairy sector in the region by improving the efficiency of farmers. While some of these variations could be attributable to random factors, we calculated that 97.3% of the variations was attributable to the inefficient use of inputs, leaving only 2.7% to random factors. This shows the possibility of increasing average output by about 0.45 without the use of additional inputs. The most significant factors affecting the efficiency of dairy production were household size, total number of cattle, and ratio of the total number of dairy cows to total number of cattle, technological level, barn type, and production of maize silage. This study, by measuring the levels of efficiency and by identifying factors explaining the differences in efficiency, gives useful information for designing policy interventions targeting to improve the competitiveness of the Turkish dairy sector.

Investigation of some metals in honey samples from West Mediterranean region of Turkey.

Analysis of elements content in honey is important for honey quality and safety and for monitoring of environmental pollution. The levels of 22 elements, aluminum (Al), barium (Ba), calcium (Ca), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), sodium (Na), lead (Pb), strontium (Sr), silver (Ag), bismuth (Bi), gallium (Ga), indium (In), lithium (Li), thallium (Tl) and zinc (Zn), were determined in 70 samples obtained from beekeepers located in the West Mediterranean region of Turkey. Determination of elements content was carried out using ICP-OES. Chromium, Co, Cd, Ag, Bi, In and Tl were not detected in any of the tested honey samples. The most abundant metal was K which has an overall average of 764.26 mg kg-1. Higher concentrations of Pb, Ni, Mg, Na, K and Mn were found in the samples obtained from Burdur compared to other provinces. The levels of Cu were statistically lower in Antalya in comparison to other regions. No significant differences were observed in Al, Zn, Fe, Sr, Ba, Ca and Ga levels between regions. The differences in the chemistry of honey samples collected from different regions may be due to geochemical soil composition and geographical differences. Their levels were below to the European limits and the honeys are safe for human consumption.

Effects of distillation times on essential oil compositions of Origanum minutiflorum O. Schwarz Et. and P.H. Davis

Origanum minutiflorum is an endemic species, grown in west Mediterranean region of Turkey. This plant used mainly in essential oil production and also processed into spices, tea, seasonings etc. The physical and chemical characteristics of essential oil could be varied depending on growing place, harvesting season, climatic condition, extraction procedures etc. In this study, effects of five different distillation times (10, 20, 30, 60, 120 minutes) were investigated. The results showed that amount of essential oil and compositions of them was significantly affected (p < 0.05) by distillation times. Considering the each application, volatile oils were changed from 0.12 to 3.11% and more than 50% of total oil was extracted in 10 minutes of distillation after the beginning of boiling. Twenty-eight components, represent more than 99%, were identified by GC-MS/FID. The main component was carvacrol and ranged from 62.60 to 86.40% depending on distillation times. The other major constituents were p-cymene, γ-terpinene, borneol and their quantities varied between 4.29–8.07%, 1.72–5.12%, 0.27–5.33%, respectively. The results showed that 60 minutes distillation was the most suitable time for essential oil yield and higher carvacrol content. Consequently, distillation time is an important processing factor in order to arrange active compounds at intended values which contribute standardized production.

Some physico-chemical characteristics of mulberry (Morus alba, Morus laevigata, Morus nigra) species grown in western Turkey

Fruit colour of mulberry may be white, purple (Morus alba), black (Morus nigra) or red (Morus laevigata and Morus rubra) when they are ripe. Recently, black coloured mulberry species received a great importance due to higher contents of phenolic compounds and having a unique delicious refreshing taste. Dark coloured mulberries have been used as a folk remedy to treat many diseases such as hypertension, arthritis and anemia, diabetes and cancer. In this study, physico-chemical properties (fruit weight, fruit diameter, fruit length, stalk length, fruit juice colour, total soluble solid contents, pH, titratable acidity, antioxidant activitiy, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents) of white, purple (both Morus alba L.), dark red (Morus laevigata Wall.) and bright black (Morus nigra L.) mulberry fruits grown in the West Mediterranean Region of Turkey were investigated. While the largest fruits were noted in dark red mulberry plants, the smallest one was the white mulberry fruit. The highest total soluble solid contents (TSS) were obtained in fruits of black mulberry (20.10%), while it was lowest in dark red coloured mulberry (9.23%). The total acidity contents of mulberry species was between 0.12 (white mulberry) and 1.73% (black mulberry). The highest total phenolic contents and antioxidant activity were found both in black mulberry (270 mg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE) 100 g-1 fresh weight; 6.79 mg fresh weight) and in dark red mulberry (265.5 mg GAE 100 g-1 fw; 6.64 mg fresh weight). The highest amount of total flavonoid was also observed in black mulberry fruits (mg catechin equivalent 100 g-1 fresh weight). The results showed that black mulberry species had higher bioactive contents compared to other mulberry species.

Economic Analysis of Pesticides Applications in Apple Orchards in West Mediterranean Region of Turkey

The main objective of this study was to determine the amounts and types of pesticides used in apple orchards, as apples are one of the most important products of Turkey and to analyze the amount of economic losses on farm-level and costs of pesticides use in comparison with application levels used by growers and suggested in apple production by extension units and pesticide prospectus. Furthermore, the use of agricultural chemicals and practices by the growers were also determined. Production data for 2011 was collected from 114 apple producers who used pesticides. The average area of apple production was 1.43 ha with 24,274.30 kg ha−1. The average cost of apple production was € 3,736.19 ha−1. The average usages per hectare of active ingredient of insecticides, fungicides and acaricides were determined to be 13,701.60 g, 11,394.60 g and 2,152.20 g, respectively. Average plant protection costs were € 1,574.42 ha−1, which made up 42.14 % of the apple production costs. In the study area, the excessive use of agricultural chemicals was determined in the apple production. It was calculated that economic loss was € 549.71 per hectare due to overdose of agricultural chemicals. The percentages of this loss were 86.00, 0.52 and 13.47 %, due to pesticides, copper sulfate and winter and mineral oils respectively. It was calculated that the economic loss was € 472.73 per hectare due to overdose of pesticides. The percentages of this loss were 63.63, 26.70 and 9.67 % due to insecticides, fungicides and acaricides respectively.

Kök lezyon nematodları (Pratylenchus spp.)'nın sert ve yumuşak çekirdekli meyve anaçlarında konukçu reaksiyonları

Bati Akdeniz Bolgesi’nde iliman iklim meyve yetistiriciliginin yapildigi bahcelerde yaygin olarak bulunan lezyon nematodu turlerinden Pratylenchus penetrans, P. crenatus, P. thornei ve P. neglectus’un farkli elma, armut, kiraz ve seftali anaclarina karsi konukcu reaksiyonlari screen house’da arastirilmistir. Calisma tesaduf bloklari deneme desenine gore 5 tekerrurlu olarak kurulmus ve her bir tekerrure yaklasik 1000 larva+ergin lezyon nematodu inokule edilmistir. Bitkiler 7 ay sonra sokulmus ve nematodlar Gelistirilmis Baerman Huni Yontemi kullanilarak analiz edilmistir.Pratylenchus penetrans M-9, MM-106 ve MM-111 elma anaclarinda yuksek populasyon yogunluklari olusturmustur. M-9, MM-106 ve MM-111 elma anaclarinda P. penetrans’in ureme oranlari sirasiyla birinci yilda 6,2, 3,0 ve 12,9; ikinci yilda ise 5,6, 2,5 ve 10,6 oranlarinda tespit edilmistir. OHF-333 ve Quince A armut anaclari P. penetrans’a karsi orta dayanikli reaksiyon gostermistir. Ureme oranlari, birinci yil sirasiyla OHF-333 anacinda 1,0 ve Quince A anacinda 0,5 bulunmustur. Ikinci yilda da benzer sonuclar elde edilmistir. Seftali anaclarindan GF-677, P. penetrans’a karsi her iki yilda da orta duyarli reaksiyon gostermistir. Nemaguard, GN (Garnem) ve Myrabolon 29 C anaclari P. penetrans’a karsi dayanikli reaksiyon gostermistir. Denemeye alinan SL-64, Maxma 14 ve Gisela 5 kiraz anaclarinda P. penetrans populasyonunda ureme oranlari meydana gelmemistir. Pratylenchus crenatus, P. thornei ve P. neglectus denemeye alinan elma, armut, kiraz ve seftali meyve anaclarinda gelisme gostermemis ve ureme orani 1 degerinin altinda meydana gelmistir.

Genetic characterization of Meloidogyne incognita isolates from Turkey using sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP)

Southern root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita is the most widespread-species, causing serious yield losses in protected vegetables fields in the West Mediterranean region of Turkey. The knowledge of genetic variation within M. incognita is required for disease management and improvement of resistant varieties by breeding programs. In the present study, the isolates were classified into different groups based on sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) fingerprints. To our knowledge, this is the first study carried out on the characterization of M. incognita isolates using SRAP. The schematic diagram by tested primers to differentiate of M. incognita isolates was formed in discrimination of nematodes as an effective molecular tool since it is cost effective and easiness. Data presents a genetic variation on root-knot nematode species. These selected SRAP markers can be used to follow genetic structure and differentiation on M. incognita isolates in a certain region.

Characterizing races of Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica and M. arenaria in the West Mediterranean region of Turkey

A total of 95 samples of Meloidogyne incognita (60), Meloidogyne javanica (28) and Meloidogyne arenaria (7) collected from West Mediterranean region of Turkey were tested for identifying races of the nematodes using the North Carolina Differential Host Test. Races 2 and 6 of M. incognita were identified in 58 and 2 samples, respectively. Race 1 of M. javanica was identified from all 28 samples. Races 2 and 3 of M. arenaria were identified in 5 and 2 samples, respectively. The results also showed that two races of M. incognita and all races of M. javanica did not attack on pepper cv. California Wonder. These findings may contribute to improving resistant varieties and may also provide basis for developing a cropping system to control root-knot nematodes.

LOQUAT ADAPTATION STUDIES IN WEST MEDITERRANEAN REGION OF TURKEY

LOQUAT ADAPTATION STUDIES IN WEST MEDITERRANEAN REGION OF TURKEY

Definition and Classification of Traditional Agroforestry Practices in the West Mediterranean Region of Turkey*

Definition and Classification of Traditional Agroforestry Practices in the West Mediterranean Region of Turkey*

Occurrence of virulent root-knot nematode populations on tomatoes bearing the Mi gene in protected vegetable-growing areas of Turkey

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.; RKN) are one of the most important pathogens of vegetables in Turkey. Assessing the existing virulent RKN populations is of importance for pathogen mapping in the west Mediterranean region of Turkey. Therefore, 95 populations of RKN were collected from different protected vegetable-growing locations in the region. Pure cultures were obtained and identified by means of species-specific primers. Virulence of the populations against the Mi-1 gene conferring resistance to Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica and M. arenaria was determined according to their egg masses and gall rating on resistant and susceptible tomato varieties. Results showed that seven populations of M. incognita and six populations of M. javanica were able to overcome the resistance controlled by the Mi-1 gene. The frequency of virulent populations of M. incognita and M. javanica collected from different protected-grown vegetables was 11.7% and 21.4%, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report of populations of RKN virulent to the Mi-1 gene in Turkey.

Occurrence of pepper mild mottle virus in greenhouse-grown pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in the West Mediterranean region of Turkey

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the least toxic trichothecenes, however, it is the most prevalent trichothecenes in human foods and its presence is an indicator of the possible incidence of other more toxic trichothecenes. This study aimed to explore the fungal flora along with the DON concentration in the collected wheat samples from Jeddah market to correlate between this flora and the detected DON. Whole grain wheat samples were collected from Jeddah market and this represents imported and locally produced wheat. The results indicated in this study showed high incidence of Aspergilli. The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) chromatogram of the samples showed high DON resolution. DON was detected in a range of 15 to 800 µg/kg in the collected samples although noFusarium species was detected in these samples. The 200 µg/kg DON level (the safe limit for baby foods and young children) was exceeded by 50% of some of the imported samples. The presence of some toxigenic fungi in these samples should set the alarm of possible contamination of these samples with other mycotoxins during storage. However, the level of DON in all wheat samples was within the permissible level of DON in unprocessed wheat which is 1750 µg/kg according to the European Commission. Key words: Mycoflora, mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON), wheat, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici races and their genetic discrimination by molecular markers in West Mediterranean region of Turkey

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL) races and F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis lycopersici (FORL), the causal agents of root rot and crown rot diseases, respectively, cause serious economic losses in tomato greenhouses where production is intensive in the West Mediterranean region of Turkey. The isolates were collected from West Mediterranean region of Turkey and were characterized by specific primers based on three races (r1, r2, r3), besides pathogenicity tests in in vivo conditions Additionally, a scheme was developed using newly tested ISSR and SRAP markers to a genotyping database and to determine the possible origin of these pathogens. The present study provided new information on these pathogens based on their races and their dominant existence in this region that has not been reported before. Genetic diversity detected in the same races of the pathogen may be associated with difficulties in controlling the pathogen and a possible resistance formation effort exerted by the pathogen to chemicals used in plant protection in tomato greenhouses. Molecular analyses indicated genetic diversity in pathogen isolates identified as r3, r2 and FORL, which may be associated with abiotic stress to which the pathogens were exposed.

Changing of Cell Wall Fractions of Kermes Oak (Quercus coccifera L.) in a Vegetation Period and theirs Importance for Pure Hair Goat (Capra hircus L.) Breeding in West Mediterranean Region of Turkey

Changing of Cell Wall Fractions of Kermes Oak (Quercus coccifera L.) in a Vegetation Period and theirs Importance for Pure Hair Goat (Capra hircus L.) Breeding in West Mediterranean Region of Turkey

Regional Flood Frequency Analysis Using L-Moments for the West Mediterranean Region of Turkey

The aim of this study is to investigate and determine hydrologically homogeneous regions and to derive regional flood frequency estimates for 47 gauged sites in the West Mediterranean River Basins in Turkey, using an index flood method with L-moments parameter estimation. Screening of the data of the gauged site is carried out based on a discordancy measure in terms of the L-moments. Initial candidate regions are established by the cluster analysis of first five L-moment statistics, using k-means method. Homogeneity of the basins is tested using simulation with a four-parameter Kappa distribution and an L-moments based heterogeneity measure. Three subregions are defined, namely the Antalya subregion, the Lower West Mediterranean subregion, and the Upper West Mediterranean subregion. Comparative regional flood frequency estimates are made for each subregion using various distributions, namely the generalized logistic, general extreme value, generalized normal, Pearson type III, generalized Pareto, kappa, and Wakeby distributions. Based on an L-moments goodness-of-fit statistic, the Pearson type III distribution is identified as the best-fit distribution for the Antalya and Lower-West Mediterranean subregions, and the Generalized Logistic for the Upper-West Mediterranean subregion. Monte Carlo simulation is used to evaluate the accuracy of the quantile estimates on the basis of the relative root-mean-square error and relative bias.