West Mediterranean Islands Research Articles

On the Posch ratio for irradiance in coastal waters and the high seas

The horizontal irradiance at the sea surface is an informative light pollution indicator to study Artificial Light at Night (ALAN) effects on marine biodiversity (e.g.: zooplankton diel vertical migration). The Posch ratio (PR) for the horizontal irradiance (that is, the ratio of the horizontal irradiance to the zenith radiance) is a useful tool for estimating the irradiance from easily available measurements of the zenith night sky brightness. The PR definition has already been generalized for any pair of linear radiance indicators in any pair of arbitrarily chosen photometric bands, and can also be applied to estimate e.g. the average sky radiance or the radiance at some elevation above the horizon as a function of the radiance in any other direction of the sky. The PR for a single light source depends on the distance from the source, its angular and spectral emission pattern, and the state of the atmosphere. The PR for any set of sources is a linear combination of the individual PRs that each one would produce separately, with weights that can be easily derived from the relative contribution of each source to the zenith radiance. Whereas in populated lands the ALAN PR varies relatively fast from one location to another, due to the particular spatial distribution of lights, in coastal waters and the high seas the light pollution PR is a smooth function of the distance to the shoreline, due to the progressive lack of neighboring sources and the absence of obstacles. In this work we present the fundamental equations of the model and an example of application for the waters surrounding the Iberian Peninsula, North Africa and the West Mediterranean islands.

La flore vasculaire de l’île de Cavallo (archipel des Lavezzi, Corse) : diversité, intérêt biogéographique et conservation

This study provides the first detailed assessment of the vascular flora of the Cavallo Island and its three satellite islands or islets (Corsica, Bouchesde-Bonifacio). It is the Corsican island which has the highest floristic richness with 440 taxa (species and subspecies), all inventories combined. The current flora (i. e. occurring after 1990) includes 426 taxa, of which 371 indigenous and 55 exotic plants, introduced voluntarily or not by man. Of this total, 155 taxa (109 indigenous and 46 exotics) were never been reported on the Lavezzi archipelago. This high floristic richness, compared to other west-Mediterranean islands of similar size, is explained by the area of Cavallo island, the largest of the peri-corsican islands, and to the diversity of environments, including the presence of a permanent lake, the Greco lake. Cavallo Island and its islets contain 70 plant species of importance (i. e. endemic, rare, protected or threatened), eight of which were not currently inventoried. These surveys performed in 2013–2015 highlight the presence of some very rare plants in Corsica (Anacamptis morio subsp. longicornu, Callitriche brutia, Limonium bonifaciense, Limonium strictissimum) and infrequent endemics (Acis rosea, Bryonia marmorata, Crocus minimus, Serapias nurrica, Silene velutina) that were not known to the island. The strong human impact explains the presence of 55 introduced taxa and at least subspontaneous in the «natural environment», of which 50 had not yet been reported on the island. The results of this study are discussed in terms of (1) specific richness compared to other western Mediterranean islands of similar surface, (2) functional diversity (analysis of demographic strategies of Grime), (3) biogeographic originality and conservation issues in order to better preserve in the future this exceptional floristic heritage but for too long unrecognized.

Sardinian Obsidian Circulation and Early Maritime Navigation in the Neolithic as Shown Through Social Network Analysis

ABSTRACTScholars typically argue that cultural interaction between the West Mediterranean islands of Sardinia and Corsica and the European mainland took place through the Tuscan Archipelago, via such intermediary islands as Elba and Pianosa. This path is posited as the prime route in and out of these islands for both people and objects throughout prehistory largely due to the belief that early—pre-sail—seafarers would have wished to avoid more treacherous open-sea voyages. This article tests this hypothesis using social network analysis (SNA) to identify the strengths of inter-site relationships through time based on the relative proportions of West Mediterranean obsidian raw materials at 79 Neolithic sites dating from the sixth to fourth millennia BC. We argue that similar patterns of obsidian consumption reflect similar procurement mechanisms and the likelihood of more frequent interactions between the people of these communities. As such, it becomes possible to reconstruct the relationships that mediated the distribution of obsidian across the landscape. Contrary to previous interpretations highlighting the role of Elba and Pianosa in the exchange of obsidian from the geological sources of Sardinia along the coast to northern Italy and France, our results suggest that obsidian also took a more direct open-sea path upwards of 200 km from Corsica to the coastal regions of Provence and Languedoc in southern France. These results are contextualized within broader patterns of obsidian circulation and use and have important implications for debates surrounding Neolithic obsidian procurement, exchange spheres, and early maritime navigation.

Evidence of Saharan dust in upper Pleistocene reworked palaeosols of North‐west Sardinia, Italy: palaeoenvironmental implications

AbstractA multi‐disciplinary approach was followed to investigate two thick palaeosol strata that alternate with wind‐blown dominated deposits developed along the Alghero coast (North‐west Sardinia, Italy). Optically stimulated luminescence ages reveal that both palaeosols were developed during cooler drier periods: the first one at around 70 ka Marine Isotope Stage 4 and the latter around 50 ka (Marine Isotope Stage 3). In contrast, the pedological features indicate that the palaeosols underwent heavy weathering processes under warm humid to sub‐humid conditions, characteristic of the Sardinian climate during the last interglacial stage (Marine Isotope Stage 5e). To reconcile this apparent data discrepancy, a range of sedimentological and pedological analyses were conducted. These analyses reveal that the palaeosols possess a complex history, with accumulation and weathering occurring during Marine Isotope Stage 5e, and erosion, colluviation and final deposition taking place during the following cold stages. Thus, even if these reddish palaeosols were last formed during the glacial period, the sediments building up these strata probably record the climate of the last interglacial stage (Marine Isotope Stage 5e). Trace element and X‐ray diffraction analyses, together with scanning electron microscope images, reveal the presence of Saharan dust in the parent material of the palaeosols. However, no evidence of any far‐travelled African dust has been observed in the Marine Isotope Stage 4–3 aeolian deposits. It is possible to conclude that in the West Mediterranean islands, Saharan dust input, even if of modest magnitude, is preserved preferentially in soils accumulated and weathered during interglacial stages.

A combined genetic‐morphometric analysis unravels the complex biogeographical history of Polyommatus icarus and Polyommatus celina Common Blue butterflies

Widespread species have the potential to reveal large-scale biogeographical patterns, as well as responses to environmental changes possibly unique to habitat generalists. This study presents a continental-scale phylogeographical analysis of Polyommatus icarus, one of the most common Palaearctic butterflies, and the morphologically and ecologically similar Polyommatus celina, a recently discovered cryptic species. By combining data from mitochondrial [cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI)] and nuclear [internal transcribed spacer (ITS2)] molecular markers with geometric morphometrics, we document a complex phylogeographical history for the two species. Despite morphological similarities, the genetic divergence between these two species is high (more than 5% at COI) and they are not sister species. For the first time, we show that P.celina occurs not only in North Africa but also in Europe, where it inhabits several west Mediterranean islands, as well as large parts of Iberia, where it occurs in parapatry with P.icarus. The two species appear to completely exclude each other on islands, but we provide morphological and molecular evidence that introgression occurred in the Iberian Peninsula. We discovered strongly diverged lineages that seem to represent relict populations produced by past range expansions and contractions: Crete and Iberian isolates for P.icarus, Balearics-Sardinia and Sicily-Lipari for P.celina. This study shows that a combined genetic-morphometric approach can shed light on cryptic diversity while providing the necessary resolution to reconstruct a fine-scale phylogeographical history of species at both spatial and temporal levels.

Predicting distribution of Zygaena moths on West Mediterranean islands. Implications for biogeography and conservation (Lepidoptera Zygaenidae)

In this paper a conservation biogeography approach has been applied to predict distribution and conservation priorities in West Mediterranean Zygaena moths. The presence/absence matrix data for mainland region and for the three largest islands (Sardinia, Corsica and Sicily) has been analyzed. The analyses have been performed on individual species and revealed that species distribution in the Mediterranean mainland can be largely predicted. However, Sardinia and Corsica islands showed highly impoverished faunas while Sicily did not revealed a lower richness than predicted. Logistic regressions at individual species level showed that several taxa, predicted to be present in Sardinia and Corsica are actually absent. For Sicily the opposite trend was obtained and several unpredicted species actually occur on this island. Conversely to butterflies, ecological traits did not differ between predicted and unpredicted Sicilian species, suggesting that ancient and stochastic colonisations are responsible for the occurrence of several species. Due to the very low probabilities that relict populations could re-colonize islands following possible extinctions, they are suggested to deserve particular conservation efforts. In particular, Z. orana from Sardinia, Z. corsica from Corsica and Z. trifolii, Z. purpuralis and Z. carniolica from Sicily showed distinctive biogeographic patterns and/or particular rarity.

Skipper impoverishment on large West Mediterranean islands (Lepidoptera Hesperioidea): deterministic, historical and stochastic factors

Biogeographical analyses are applied to skipper (Hesperioidea) presence/absence data from the Western Mediterranean mainland and the three largest islands (Sardinia, Corsica and Sicily) in order to identify potential conservation issues. The analyses performed on species, both collectively and individually, indicate that regional species richness and occurrence in the Mediterranean zone are largely predicted by latitude and area but that islands have impoverished faunas. Several species, predicted to be present on these islands from logistic regression of their continental distributions, are actually absent. The number of species predicted to be present from logistic regression analyses for each island, closely matched the number of species predicted to occur in regional-focused multiple regression analysis. This suggests that missing species have been identified. When compared with species that occur in Sicily and Corsica, the missing species are shown to differ for ecological traits, mainly those linked to altitudinal tolerance. No ecological distinctions were disclosed for Sardinian skippers suggesting a mainly stochastic colonisation. These results, and those from an analogous study carried out on Papilionoidea, point to Hesperioidea having (i) overall more impoverished faunas on islands and (ii) being subject to stochastic or historical colonisation events more than Papilionoidea. Species not predicted to occur on islands based on their mainland distributions and ecological traits, are foci for conservation attention. However, as many species becoming extinct on the islands may be irreplaceable, all species, in particular the Sardinian ones, deserve to be conserved.

Homozygous deletion of HFE is the common cause of hemochromatosis in Sardinia

We recently characterized an Alu-mediated recombination causing the loss of the complete HFE gene sequence. Here, we describe the case of a novel homozygous patient. We further show that HFE deletion results from a founder effect and that it represents the common cause of hemochromatosis in Sardinia. We recently reported the case of a 47-year old woman with a moderate iron overload due to an Alu-mediated recombination causing the loss of the complete HFE gene sequence.1 The same chromosomal alteration was identified by Pelucchi and co-workers in another woman. Despite a younger age at diagnosis (29 years), their patient showed a more impressive iron overload.2 A third case, a man, came to our attention. At the age of 44 he showed a transferrin saturation level of 80% and a serum ferritin level of 2080 μg/L. He was not genotyped for the p.C282Y and p.H63D variations because of an inability to amplify the HFE exons 2 and 4. We confirmed absence of the HFE gene in this patient but we were also interested in its origins. Indeed, the patient and both previously reported women were of Sardinian descent. The Sardinian population is genetically differentiated from the other Caucasian populations.3 It represents a genetic isolate where the p.C282Y mutation is considered as rare or even absent.4 This led us to assume that the HFE deleted allele was present at the population level and, related to a founder effect, was the common cause of hemochromatosis in this Mediterranean island. To characterize the contribution of the HFE deletion in the Sardinian population, we first established the frequency of this mutation in a sample set of 198 controls who originated from different districts of the island (90% of them were from South Sardinia, while the others originated from central and Northern parts of the island). Genotype analysis was performed using a rearrangement specific PCR, as previously described.1 The HFE deletion was detected at the heterozygous state in 4 subjects, giving a carrier frequency of 2.02% and an estimated homozygous frequency of 0.01% (one person in 10,000). We also looked for the p.C282Y mutation. It was identified at the heterozygous state in one of 193 subjects (0.52%). We next proceeded to analyze polymorphic microsatellite repeat markers flanking HFE. Based on results from the consanguineous family reported in our initial study,1 we selected a set of informative markers and defined a first chromosomal region of 12.049 megabases (Mb). This chromosomal region encompassed two HLA-class I loci which were added to the haplotypes analysis. Final results are summarized in Table 1 and Figure 1. A conserved haplotype of 3.150 Mb was deduced from the consideration of alleles shared by the 2 homozygous cases identified by us (P1, P2), and the 4 mutation carriers (MC 1–4). However, a recombination event could account for differences in HLA-A, HLA-B and D6S273 alleles of one of the study subjects (MC 3 in Table 1). This allowed us to consider a common haplotype of 7,359 Mb. Figure 1. Physical map of the chromosome 6 region flanking HFE. Distance between the D6S1621 and D6S2414 marker is indicated in grey; the arrow marks a possible ancestral haplotype. Distance between the D6S1621 and D6S1022 markers is indicated in black; the arrow ... Table 1. Allelic distribution of markers surrounding HFE. *The parentheses mark differences between the 6 individuals; these differences are probably related to a recombination event on chromosome 6 of the mutation carrier number 3. By their position on the same maritime routes, the histories of the West Mediterranean islands are very similar. Studies based on HLA polymorphisms have confirmed singularity of these populations, and have further revealed a close relationship between the Sardinian and Corsican populations. However, it must be pointed out that the HLA-A*2-B*58 haplotype is frequent in Sardinia (4.9%) and almost absent in the other West Mediterranean islands (Corsica and Balearic Islands). In fact, this haplotype could be of African origin.5 If so, comparing frequency of the HFE deleted allele (2%) to that of the HLA-A*2-B*58 haplotype (4.9%), one may assume that deletion of the HFE gene arose in the Sardinian population after contacts with African populations. But an African ancestry for the HFE deletion cannot be completely excluded. To conclude, we show that HFE deletion results from a founder effect rather than that of a mutational hotspot. We also demonstrate that, with an estimated homozygous frequency of one person in 10,000, HFE deletion is the common cause of hemochromatosis in Sardinia.

The ins and outs of population relationships in west-Mediterranean islands: data from autosomal Alu polymorphisms and Alu/STR compound systems

The islands of the West Mediterranean have played a central role in numerous archaeological, historical and anthropological studies due to their active participation in the history of main Mediterranean civilisations. However, genetic data failed to fit in both their degree of internal differentiation and relationships. A set of 18 Alu markers and three short tandem repeats (STRs) closely linked to the CD4, F13B and DM Alu have been analysed in seven samples from Majorca, Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily to explore some of these issues. Our samples show a high genetic heterogeneity inside and among islands for the Alu data. Global differentiation among islands (F(ST) 2.2%) is slightly higher than that described for Europeans and North Africans. Both the estimated divergence times among samples and the high population heterogeneity revealed by Alu data are compatible with population differences since the first islands' settlement in the Paleolithic period. However, the high within-population diversities and the remarkable homogeneity observed in both STR and Alu/STR haplotype variation indicated that, at least since Neolithic times, gene flow has been acting in west Mediterranean. Genetic drift in west-coast Sardinia and gene flow in west Sicily have contributed to their general differentiation, whereas Corsica, Majorca and east Sicily seem to reflect more recent historical relationships from continental south Europe.

The rare Chrysopidae (Neuroptera) of southwestern Europe

Abstract Quantitative surveys of the chrysopid fauna from southwestern Europe, namely the Iberian and Italian peninsulas, France south of 46° N, and the west-Mediterranean Islands, were analysed. A total of 56 species of Chrysopidae were reported, of which three species were abundant. These, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens, 1836) sensu lato, Dichochrysa prasina (Burmeister, 1839) and D. flavifrons (Brauer, 1850), comprised a large percentage of the specimens. For the rarer species, comments are made on their distributions, the enhanced geographic range of exotic ones, and on levels of endemism and stenotopy.

Late Miocene turnover in the Spanish mammal record in relation to palaeoclimate and the Messinian Salinity Crisis

The latest Miocene and earliest Pliocene is a period of marked changes in geography and climate in the circum-Mediterranean area. Its geographical situation gives Spain a key position, and its fossil mammal record reflects these important geographical and climatic changes particularly well. The Spanish mammal record shows a gradual change of composition towards the typical Pleistocene and recent fauna, marked by several extinction and dispersal events. These events have the effect that northern Eurasian elements increase, while taxa that locally go extinct may live on in tropical areas. Superposed on this large scale trend, there are some events of short lived incursions of animals of African or south Asian origins, which seem to reflect a short reversal of this tendency and temporary geographical changes related to the Messinian Crisis. These latter incursions are detected very well in Spain but also in other parts of southern Europe. The Messinian Salinity Crisis is caused by interplay of tectonics, and global sea level variations which in turn depend on climate. While some of these changes were permanent, causing the replacement of central Italian insular faunas by mainland faunas, others were temporary probably allowing the short lived incursions of African mammals into SW Europe and certainly allowing for mammals to reach the Balearics, Corsica and Sardinia. We document an important event around 6.1 Ma, of mammals adapted to dry or open environments dispersing from Africa and SE Europe to SW Europe. During the Messinian desiccation phase, animals adapted to more humid environments reached some of the west Mediterranean islands, suggesting that, at least during part of the desiccation phase, a part of the former sea bottom was not desertic. Between 6.3 and 5.3 Ma tectonics united the island of Toscany to the European mainland, thereby closing a seaway of some 10 km wide and 100 m deep.

West Mediterranean islands (Corsica, Balearic islands, Sardinia) and the Basque population: contribution of HLA class I molecular markers to their evolutionary history.

The genetic structure of Balearic islands (Corsica and Sardinia), situated on the same trans-Mediterranean maritime routes and having very similar histories, were compared and their position among the neighbouring Caucasian populations was inferred. For this purpose, three HLA loci (HLA-A, -B and -Cw) were typed at the DNA level in these populations and the allelic and haplotypic frequencies were estimated. Because previous studies have shown common genetic features in the Sardinians and Basques, HLA-Cw molecular typing was also performed in a sample of French Basques in order to establish the haplotypic structure of this population for a more accurate comparison with the three others. By its allelic composition, the Corsican population has an intermediate position between the two other islander populations. Its close relationship with the Sardinian population, however, was clearly revealed by the phylogenetic analysis which also suggests a proximity with eastern Mediterranean peoples, whereas the Balearic islands are more narrowly related to Spain and western Europe. Peculiarities were observed in the distributions of some common haplotypes in the populations of the islands that confirm the results of the phylogenetic analysis and could be related to their history. Noteworthy is the presence of the HLA-A30-Cw*0501-B18 haplotype at frequencies approximately 2% in Corsica and the Balearic islands, yet the estimated frequencies of this haplotype are much lower than in the Sardinian and Basque populations.

I chilopodi delle isole circumsarde nel contesto del popolamento insulare dell' area tirrenica s.l.

BIOGEOGHAPHIA « vol. XVIII — 1995 (Pubb/icato i/ 31 ottobre 1995) Le piccole Isole Circumsarde e il Ioro significato Biogeografico I chilopodi delle isole circumsarde nel contesto del popolamento insulate dell’area tirrenica s.l. DONATELLA FODDAI (q‘), ALESSANDRO MINELLI (qq‘) e MARZIO ZAPPAROLI (H) (‘'9 Dipm*z‘z'meIzt0 dz‘ Bzblogzkz, UI2z'z2errz'tc2 tlegli Stutli, Via Trieste, 75 - 35121 Przdowz Dz'ptzrtz'me7zt0 (Ii Protezioize delle Pitmte, Um'vem’tzi della Tuscia, Via S. Ctmzillo de Lellir - 01100 Viterho Key words: centipedes, islands faunas, faunistics, equilibrium biogeograhy. SUMMARY 25 species of centipedes known from 40 circumsardinian islands (cs. i.) are critically discussed, in the context of West Mediterranean islands, from a faunistic and zoogeographic point of view. A maximum of 15 species has been found on one island (La Maddalena), the most characteristic centi~ pedes of the cs, i. being Brzzc/Jy.te/Je/m’_v/zz armzzta, Hydroxc/Jemlylzz 51/lmzzzrimz, Sc/Jezzdyla 721edfz.‘errm1ea and Clrizapader porezdo/zit. The Centipede fauna of the es. i. differs from that of Sardinia because of the poor representation of the Lithobiomorpha (19 species in Sardinia), perhaps on account of the little size of these islands and the lack of suitable habitats like woods and caves. The Centipede fauna of the little isle of Figarolo is peculiar, with 10 species on 0.211 Kmz only, these species include the interesting thyrrenian element Bn1e/Jyrc/Je/m'yla rm)/ata and the halobiont Geo];/Jilm poser- do/123‘. Some species, expected be present here on account of their wide distribution in Sardinia and in the other Western Mediterranean Italian islands (i.e. HiII1flIlfflI'illIIl gabrielix, Lit/70/7z'ur /m'cr0[1: and Geop/Jilzlr mrpap/mgr/X), have not been also found. All species of the cs. i. also occur in Sardinia, so we think that this fauna resulted from recent coloniza- tion events. , a High similarity exists both among the es. i. insisting on the same sector of Sardinia, and among those which insist on different sectors. However, we perceive a filter effect associated with the dimensions of the islands of the different archipelagos. \When comparing the centipedes of the Northeastern sector of Sardinia and those of the island groups insisting here, with those of the Tuscanian Archipelago, we find high similarity between this compartment and the Tuscanian Islands, moderate similarity between the Maddalena Archipelago and the Tuscanian one, and a low and decreasing similarity between the Northeastern Islands and Tavolara, and the Tuscanian Archipelago. _, This gradient is probably determined by the increasing distance between the islands comparedand by the different size of the islands. i For the cs. i. 7 species out of 25 account for the 65% of the species/island presences, similar values were found for the other West-mediterraiiean Italian Islands (34 islands; Corsica, Giraglia, Sicily and Sardinia excluded), where 65 °/o of the presences is accounted for by 15 species out of 56. Five species (Pzzc/Jy/7zerz'zmr ferrz/gz'Izez//71, Scalopemira carziderzr 0rzzm'eIzrz'r, Cryp/opt t)‘i.\'2tfCtltZt.X‘, 5tz'gI7zzzt0gtzi‘ter gmci[z's, Sci/tigerzz coleaptrzzta) are comprised amongst the 7 most commonly occurring ones, both for the cs. i. and for the other \West—Mediterranean Italian islands. 357

River pollution in some Mediterranean Islands

River Pollution is described in seven West Mediterranean Islands, with low treatment of discharges to rivers, Domestic pollution therefore depends on inland population density plus the presence of long‐flowing rivers, being most in Sicily. Industrial pollution is also most in Sicily, from river gravel extraction. Other river‐discharging industry is sparse. Soil erosion is high in Malta and Gozo, while general farming is most intensive in these, Sicily (and lowland Mallorca, where river run‐off, and so pollution, is low).

Antiquarianism and Prehistory in West Mediterranean Islands

In the West Mediterranean islands before the mid-nineteenth century, discoveries of fossil bones, prehistoric deposits in caves and megalithic monuments stimulated ideas about the remote past, as in other parts of Europe where similar phenomena were observed. Many of these ideas were characteristic of a pre-scientific age and their sources are sometimes obscure. Their inspiration can often be traced to the Bible, classical texts, folklore, as well as to advances in palaeontology and direct observation of antiquities. The study of fossils and prehistoric remains progressed gradually, following a similar pattern elsewhere. Two lines of enquiry emerged, one closely linked with progress in the natural sciences and the other concerned with ancient monuments and the background to the classical world.

THE TALAYOTIC MONUMENTS OF MALLORCA: FORMATION PROCESSES AND FUNCTION

Summary. Talayots are stone monuments which were constructed singly, or as part of fortified settlements, in the Balearic islands during the late second and first millennia bc. Along with comparable monuments in Sardinia (‘nuraghi') and Corsica (‘torri'), there has been debate over their function(s) within Bronze and Iron Age societies. In recent intra‐site analyses, the material and faunal remains within such monuments have been contrasted with those found in surrounding, domestic structures. Interpretations of talayots as elite residences, or locations for ceremonial feasting, butchery and storage have been evaluated. Using data from talayot 4 at Son Ferrandell Oleza, the authors argue that an understanding of formation processes is an essential basis for any attempt to make such inferences about functional differentiation within Bronze and Iron Age settlements on West Mediterranean islands.

Dolmens for the dead: megalith-building throughout the world

Northen Europe the British Isles Western France - cradle of Atlantic megalith building? northern and eastern France, and Switzerland southern France, Catalonia, and the Basque country the Iberian peninsula the west Mediterranean islands and south Italy Africa, the Arabian peninsula, and Madagascar the near East - Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan the Caucasus India the Far East - China, Korea, and Japan South America - the huila at San Augustin in Columbia.

The Deya Conference of Prehistory,early settlement in the west mediterranean islands and their peripheral areas.parts i—iv. Edited by W. H. Waldren, R. Chapman, J. Lewthwaite, and R. C. Kennard

The Deya Conference of Prehistory,<scp>early settlement in the west mediterranean islands and their peripheral areas</scp>.<scp>parts i—iv</scp>. Edited by W. H. W<scp>aldren</scp>, R. C<scp>hapman</scp>, J. L<scp>ewthwaite</scp>, and R. C. K<scp>ennard</scp>