Allium Fistulosum Research Articles

Transcriptome and genome-wide analysis of the potential role of SKP1 gene family in the development of floral organs of two related species of Allium fistulosum

Transcriptome and genome-wide analysis of the potential role of SKP1 gene family in the development of floral organs of two related species of Allium fistulosum

Development of scallion (Allium fistulosum L.) in substrate and homeopathic solutions of water hyacinth

Scallion (Allium fistulosum) is a widely appreciated condiment in the Brazilian population, with significant economic and nutritional importance. Organic cultivation alternatives for this crop have been sought. From this perspective, this study aimed to evaluate the development of scallion in a substrate produced from the floating aquatic plant known as Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), combined with soil or without it, with the application of homeopathic solutions. A completely randomized experimental design was used, with five replicates and six treatments, namely: Pure Water Hyacinth Substrate (SAP); Water Hyacinth Substrate with Homeopathic solution (SA+HA); Soil and Water Hyacinth Substrate (S+SA); Soil and Water Hyacinth Substrate with Homeopathic solution (S+SA+HA); Pure Soil (SP), and Soil with Homeopathic solution (S+HA). The following parameters were evaluated 60 days after planting: plant height in centimeters (AP), shoot diameter in millimeters (DP), and the number of shoots (NP). Analysis of variance revealed that plant height (AP) did not exhibit significant differences between substrates with or without the homeopathic solution. In contrast, substrates containing Water Hyacinth exhibited greater shoot diameter and number of shoots. This study showed that the Water Hyacinth substrate and homeopathic solution had promising results in the production of scallion seedlings when combined with soil.

Impact of Metal-Containing Industrial Effluents on Leafy Vegetables and Associated Human Health Risk

One of the primary sources of trace elements in the environment is wastewater used for irrigation. However, the effects of untreated wastewater containing high concentrations of chromium and zinc on vegetables and the potential human health risks associated with their consumption are poorly understood. This pot experiment aimed to address this research gap. The accumulation of chromium and zinc and their effect on the biochemical parameters of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and green onion (Allium fistulosum L.) irrigated with untreated industrial effluents were assessed. The average concentrations of chromium and zinc in the edible parts of the vegetables ranged between 7.36 and 7.58 mg/kg dry weight and 59.8 and 833 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. The irrigation of the lettuce with the effluent containing zinc at a concentration of 2.95 mg/L led to a significant increase in the content of phenols and the antioxidant activity. A significant reduction in the chlorophyll content of the lettuce leaves and the antioxidant activity of the onion leaves was observed when the plants were irrigated with the effluent containing zinc at a concentration of 78 mg/L. No non-carcinogenic health risk from the intake of chromium and zinc was identified through the consumption of lettuce and green onion, primarily due to the fact that a smaller proportion of the total metal content was transferred to their edible parts.

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Six Allium Extracts Using Protein-Based Biomimetic Methods.

Medicinal plants are a valuable reservoir of novel pharmacologically active compounds. ROS and free radicals are primary contributors to oxidative stress, a condition associated with the onset of degenerative diseases such as cancer, coronary heart disease, and vascular disease. In this study, we used different spectrophotometry methods to demonstrate the antioxidant properties of 6 Allium extracts: Allium fistulosum; Allium ursinum; Allium cepa: Arieș red cultivar of A. cepa, and white variety of A. cepa; Allium sativum; and Allium senescens subsp. montanum. HPLC-MS determined the chemical composition of the extracts. Among the tested extracts, the Arieș red cultivar of A. cepa stands out as having the best antioxidant activity, probably due to the high content of polyphenols and alliin (12.67 µg/mL and 3565 ng/mL, respectively). The results obtained in this study show that Allium extracts have antioxidant activity, but also free radical scavenging capabilities. Also, their interactions with cytochrome c and hemoglobin can be the basis of future studies to create treatments for oxidative stress-related diseases.

Optimization of microwave-assisted drying of scallions (Allium fistulosum L.): A comprehensive study on drying kinetics, energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and thermodynamic properties

This study explores the effectiveness of microwave-assisted drying for scallions (Allium fistulosum L.), focusing on drying kinetics, energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and thermodynamic properties. Scallion samples were subjected to different microwave power levels (136 W and 264 W) and varying sample masses (5 g, 10 g, and 20 g) to assess the drying process. The Page model was identified as the most suitable for describing the drying kinetics, providing a precise fit to the experimental data. The study revealed that higher microwave power levels significantly enhanced the drying efficiency by increasing moisture diffusivity, thereby reducing drying time. The thermodynamic analysis indicated that the drying process is endothermic, requiring external energy for moisture removal, with positive enthalpy and Gibbs free energy values confirming the non-spontaneous nature of the process. Entropy analysis suggested a decrease in molecular disorder during drying. In terms of energy consumption and CO2 emissions, the results highlighted that microwave-assisted drying offers a lower environmental impact, with specific energy consumption (SEC) values demonstrating efficient energy use during the drying process. This study supports the viability of microwave-assisted drying as a sustainable and efficient method for processing scallions. The findings provide valuable insights for optimizing drying processes in the food industry, emphasizing the potential for microwave drying technologies to improve energy efficiency and reduce environmental impact.

Microplastic additions modulate intraspecific variability in root traits and mycorrhizal responses across root‐life history strategies

Abstract Microplastics (MP) are recognized as a major pollutant in terrestrial environments, prompting concerns about their effects on plant–soil dynamics. Despite evidence of MP altering soil physicochemical properties, impacts on belowground root traits and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi remain poorly explored. Existing research has mainly centred on a few model plant species, emphasizing root biomass, and often employs single polymer types and addition rates that surpass realistic scenarios. To investigate how environmentally relevant mixtures and concentrations of MPs impact plant growth, root trait expression and AM fungal colonization, we conducted a greenhouse experiment using six plant species chosen for their contrasting root life strategies; three species in the Amaryllidaceae family represented resource conservation root traits (Allium fistulosum (onion), Allium tuberosum (chive), Allium porrum (leek)), and three from the Solanaceae family, represented plants with resource acquisitive root traits (Solanum lycopersicum (tomato), Solanum melongena (eggplant), Capsicum annuum (pepper)). MP treatments consisted of control (0% MP), low (0.1% w/w) and high (1% w/w) MP additions, using an environmentally relevant MP mixture of weathered polymer types and shapes. We measured above and belowground biomass, average root trait expression (specific root length (SRL), average root diameter (D) and root tissue density (RTD)), AM fungal colonization, as well as intraspecific variability across MP addition treatments. We found that responses to environmentally relevant additions of MPs were species specific and not determined by root life‐strategy. MPs increased biomass in leek, eggplant and tomato, while decreasing AM fungal colonization in tomato. MP additions had no discernible impact on average root functional trait expression across species. However, the addition of MPs resulted in altered intraspecific variability in root traits and AM fungal colonization, indicating a mechanism for plant tolerance to MPs. To address the impacts of MPs on plant functioning, research needs to focus on environmentally relevant mixtures of MPs, considering various plant species' capacities to tolerate soil contamination and the potential for tipping points under real‐world conditions. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Productivity and quality parameters of Allium fistulosum L.

ABSTRACT The growing demand for non-traditional plant products encourages research into new plant species and cultivars. Allium fistulosum is the earliest leafy plant cultivated in the open field in Lithuania. Therefore, it is important to study plant cultivars and determine the harvesting time to obtain quality products. The study was conducted in the experimental vegetable field of the Institute of Horticulture of the Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry in 2022–2023. The phenological stages of two different cultivars, morphological characteristics, productivity, and the plant's winter hardiness were observed. Measurements were performed and harvest was done three times: in spring, summer, and autumn. The results showed that genetic origin and harvesting time influenced differences in the morphometric parameters, productivity, and ascorbic acid accumulation of A. fistulosum cultivars. Cultivar ‘Bajkal’ is distinguished with longer and wider foliage, the highest productivity rate, and better adaptivity. This cultivar's most intensive plant growth was determined in autumn, but the highest weight of the plant reaching 0.5 kg was determined in spring. Cultivar ‘Marozka’ is distinguished by the higher ability of ascorbic acid accumulation compared with the cultivar ‘Bajkal’. The content of ascorbic acids reached 34.9 mg g−1 of cultivar ‘Marozka’ during the spring harvesting and up to 8,8 mg g−1 of ‘Bajkal’, respectively. The total sugar amount and weight of dry matter were more intensive in spring for both cultivars. In the cultivars ‘Marozka’ and ‘Bajkal’ leaves were found a higher amount of nitrates at 45.7 and 50.9 mg kg −1 in autumn.

Integrated cytological, physiological, and comparative transcriptome profiling reveals the regulatory network for male sterility in Welsh onion (Allium fistulosum L.)

Welsh onion (Allium fistulosum L.) is a specialty crop with value as a vegetable, condiment, and medicine. However, the molecular mechanisms related to pollen abortion and cytoplasmic male sterility are poorly understood, limiting the heterosis utilization and hybrid production of A. fistulosum. This study investigated the dynamic differences between male-sterile (MS) plants and male-fertile (MF) plants at different anther developmental stages based on integrated cytological, physiological, and transcriptomic analyses. Cytological observations revealed that pollen abortion in the MS plants began during the tetrad stage and was caused by vacuolated microspores, abnormal degradation of the tapetum, and inadequate nutrient supply. The physiological results showed that MS plants exhibited low total soluble sugar and starch contents and decreased antioxidant enzyme activities (peroxidase and catalase). Comparative transcriptome analysis identified 7005 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and functional enrichment analysis indicated that significant transcriptomic differences were related to oxidative phosphorylation, starch and sucrose metabolism, and cutin, suberine, and wax biosynthesis. The relative expression levels of key DEGs in these three important metabolic pathways were determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. On this basis, a core transcriptome-mediated MS network was proposed for MS plants with four functional components: inhibited sucrose synthesis and transport; blocked cutin, suberine, and wax synthesis; accelerated reactive oxygen species generation; and abnormal tapetal programmed cell death. These results provide theoretical guidance for further exploring the molecular mechanisms of male sterility in A. fistulosum.

A Nematode Isolate, Oscheius Tipulae, Exhibiting a Wide Entomopathogenic Spectrum and its Application to Control Dipteran Insect Pests.

An entomopathogenic nematode, Oscheius tipulae, was isolated from a soil sample. The identification of this species was supported by morphological and molecular markers. The nematode isolate exhibited pathogenicity against different target insects including lepidopteran, coleopteran, and dipteran insects. The virulence of this nematode was similar to that of a well-known entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae, against the same insect targets. A comparative metagenomics analysis of these two nematode species predicted the existence of a combined total of 272 bacterial species in their intestines, of which 51 bacterial species were shared between the two nematode species. In particular, the common gut bacteria included several entomopathogenic bacteria including Xenorhabdus nematophila, which is known as a symbiotic bacterium to S. carpocapsae. The nematode virulence of O. tipulae to insects was enhanced by an addition of dexamethasone but suppressed by an addition of arachidonic acid, suggesting that the immune defenses of the target insects against the nematode infection is mediated by eicosanoids, which would be manipulated by the symbiotic bacteria of the nematode. Unlike S. carpocapsae, O. tipulae showed high virulence against dipteran insects including fruit flies, onion flies, and mosquitoes. O. tipulae showed particularly high control efficacies against the onion maggot, Delia platura, infesting the Welsh onion in the rhizosphere in both pot and field assays.

PENGARUH KONSENTRASI PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR LIMBAH SAYUR TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI TANAMAN BAWANG DAUN BUNCHING (Allium fistulosum L.) DENGAN SISTEM SUMBU (WICK SYSTEM)

This research was conducted with the aim of knowing the effect of Effect of Liquid Organic Fertilizer Concentration of Vegetable Waste on the Growth and Production of Onion Bunching Plants (Allium fistulosum L.) With Hydroponic Axis System (Wick System). This study was conducted with the aim of knowing the effect of the best concentration of organic fertilizers in increasing the growth and production of Bunching Onion Plants (Allium fistulosum L.) with a Hydroponic System (Wick System). This research was conducted in Tamamaung Village, Panakukkang District, Makassar City. Which runs from March to June 2022. This study was prepared with a Complete Randomized Design (RAL) consisting of 1 factorial, namely liquid organic fertilizer (POC) and used 4 treatments, namely 10ml / liter of water, 20ml / liter of water, 30 ml / liter of water and 40 ml / liter of water. The parameters observed are 4, namely plant height, number of saplings, root length and fresh weight of the plant. The results showed that the application of various concentrations of liquid organic fertilizer to the growth and production of onion bunching plants had an influence on the parameters of plant height, number of saplings and fresh weight of plants. The concentration of 40ml/liter of water is best in increasing the growth and production of onion plants at plant height of 28.66 cm, the number of saplings is 23 saplings, the root length is 7 cm and the fresh weight of the plant is 39 grams.

Pathogenicity Differentiation of Fusarium spp. Causing Fusarium Basal Rot and Wilt Disease in Allium spp.

Here, 12 Fusarium strains, previously described as F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae (Foc), were examined via multi-locus sequencing of calmodulin (cmdA), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2), and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1), to verify the taxonomic position of Foc in the newly established epitype of F. oxysporum. The strains in this study were divided into two clades: F. nirenbergiae and Fusarium sp. To further determine the host specifications of the strains, inoculation tests were performed on onion bulbs and Welsh onion seedlings as potential hosts. Four strains (AC145, AP117, Ru-13, and TA) isolated from diseased onions commonly possessed the secreted in xylem (SIX)-3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, and 14 genes and were pathogenic and highly aggressive to onion bulbs, whereas all strains except for one strain (AF97) caused significant inhibition of Welsh onion growth. The inoculation test also revealed that the strains harboring the SIX9 gene were highly aggressive to both onion and Welsh onion and the gene was expressed during infection of both onions and Welsh onions, suggesting the important role of the SIX9 gene in pathogenicity. This study provides insights into the evolutionary pathogenicity differentiation of Fusarium strains causing Fusarium basal rot and wilt diseases in Allium species.

Therapeutic use of biologically produced sulfur nanoparticles from Allium fistulosum against antibiotic-resistant foodborne pathogens

Abstract. Saddiqua A, Ullah S, Khan MS, Rehman S, Abubakar AA, Safdar K, Ali S, Javaria S, Kanwal A, Batool SN, Bhatti F, Sucipto TH, Ansori ANM. 2024. Therapeutic use of biologically produced sulfur nanoparticles from Allium fistulosum against antibiotic-resistant foodborne pathogens. Biodiversitas 25: 2348-2354. Food spoilage is a significant issue since foodborne illnesses affect millionsworldwide. The main root cause of food spoilage is the presence of microbes, some of which show resistance to commercially available antibiotic drugs. Therefore, it is essential to search for fresh and effective antibacterial medications. Nanotechnology can give solutions to fight against foodborne pathogens. Sulfur nanoparticles show many beneficial and effective results as antimicrobial agents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of biologically synthesized sulfur nanoparticles from Allium fistulosum to inhibit antibiotic-resistant foodborne pathogens. The green synthesis of sulfur nanoparticles was done by combining plant leaf extract with sodium sulfide. This study used the plant Allium fistulosum to make sulfur nanoparticles. The characterization of SNPs was done through a scanning electron microscope, UV spectrophotometer, fourier transform infrared spectrometer, and nanoparticle tracking analysis. Then, the antimicrobial properties of the bioengineered sulfur-based nanoparticles against foodborne pathogens were checked alone and in combination with market-available antibacterial agents. Aspergillus flavus and Salmonella typhi were among the foodborne pathogens against which SNPs' in-vitro antibacterial activity was tested. Sulfur nanoparticles from Allium fistulosum had 291 nm absorption spectra showing to be almost 100 nm in size and had a spherical shape. The strongest antibacterial efficacy against S. typhi was observed by SNPs (24 mm). Synergistic antibacterial action was seen when nanoparticles were combined with antibiotics of commercial importance. A noticeable antifungal effect against A. flavus was observed by combining SNPs with amphotericin B. The findings of in vitro studies prove that novely designed sulfur nanoparticle have profound impacts on microorganisms. It was also observed that the effect of antibiotics like ampicillin and amphotericin B was enhanced when coupled with nanoparticles.

Efficient removal of allicin from the stalk of Allium fistulosum for dietary fiber production

The stalk of Allium fistulosum contains dietary fibers with complicated monosaccharide composition and glycosidic bond linkages, which renders it a better dietary fiber supplement. However, the unfavorable odor, majorly contributed by allicin, limits its applications. Although many physical and chemical methods have been developed to remove allicin, there is currently no comparison between their efficiencies. Here, we comprehensively compare all these methods of eliminating allicin in the Allium stalk by starting with optimization of the allicin extraction method. Results indicate that incubation of the chopped Allium stalk with water for 20 min and extraction with 75% ethanol reached a maximal extraction yield. Different methods of allicin elimination are examined, and physical removal of allicin by blanching at 100 °C reaches a maximal clearance rate of 73.3%, rendering it the most efficient and effective method eliminating allicin from the stalk of Allium fistulosum for the preparation of a totally green dietary fiber.

Effects of Drought Stress on Abscisic Acid Content and Its Related Transcripts in Allium fistulosum—A. cepa Monosomic Addition Lines

Climate change has resulted in an increased demand for Japanese bunching onions (Allium fistulosum L., genomes FF) with drought resistance. A complete set of alien monosomic addition lines of A. fistulosum with extra chromosomes from shallot (A. cepa L. Aggregatum group, AA), represented as FF + 1A–FF + 8A, displays a variety of phenotypes that significantly differ from those of the recipient species. In this study, we investigated the impact of drought stress on abscisic acid (ABA) and its precursor, β-carotene, utilizing this complete set. In addition, we analyzed the expression levels of genes related to ABA biosynthesis, catabolism, and drought stress signal transduction in FF + 1A and FF + 6A, which show characteristic variations in ABA accumulation. A number of unigenes related to ABA were selected through a database using Allium TDB. Under drought conditions, FF + 1A exhibited significantly higher ABA and β-carotene content compared with FF. Additionally, the expression levels of all ABA-related genes in FF + 1A were higher than those in FF. These results indicate that the addition of chromosome 1A from shallot caused the high expression of ABA biosynthesis genes, leading to increased levels of ABA accumulation. Therefore, it is expected that the introduction of alien genes from the shallot will upwardly modify ABA content, which is directly related to stomatal closure, leading to drought stress tolerance in FF.

Identifying and Controlling Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum Taxa of Welsh Onion in Sanxing, Taiwan.

Leaves of Welsh onion (Allium fistulosum) are subject to various fungal diseases such as anthracnose (Colletotrichum species) and Stemphylium leaf blight (Stemphylium vesicarium). These diseases are the main biotic limitations to Welsh onion production in northern Taiwan. From 2018 to 2020, anthracnose symptoms were observed throughout Welsh onion fields in northern Taiwan, mainly the Sanxing area. In total, 33 strains of Colletotrichum species were isolated from diseased leaves, and major causative agents were identified based on a multilocus phylogenetic analysis using four genomic regions (act, tub2, gapdh, and internal transcribed spacer). Based on this phylogeny, Colletotrichum species causing anthracnose of Welsh onion were identified as C. spaethianum (C. spaethianum species complex) and C. circinans (C. dematium species complex) in the Sanxing area, northern Taiwan. To determine and compare the pathogenicity of each species, representative fungal strains of each species were inoculated on the cultivar 'Siao-Lyu' by spraying spore suspension onto the leaf surface. Welsh onion plants were susceptible to both species, but disease incidence and severity were higher in C. spaethianum. In total, 31 fungicides were tested to determine their efficacy in reducing mycelial growth and conidial germination of representative strains of C. spaethianum and C. circinans under laboratory conditions. Five fungicides-fluazinam, metiram, mancozeb, thiram, and dithianon-effectively reduced mycelial growth and spore germination in both C. spaethianum and C. circinans. In contrast, difenoconazole and trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole, which are commonly used in Welsh onion production in northern Taiwan, mainly the Sanxing area, were ineffective. These results serve as valuable insights for growers, enabling them to identify and address the emergence of anthracnose caused by C. spaethianum and C. circinans of Welsh onion, employing fungicides with diverse modes of action. The findings of this study support sustainable management of anthracnose in Sanxing, northern Taiwan, although further field tests of the fungicides are warranted.

Effects of packaging method and root trimming on quality of green onion (Allium fistulosum L.) during storage

Effects of packaging method and root trimming on quality of green onion (Allium fistulosum L.) during storage

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Metabolite Analysis Combined with Transcriptomics Reveals Genes Involved in Wax Biosynthesis in Allium fistulosum L.

Cuticular waxes are essential for protecting plants from various environmental stresses. Allium fistulosum serves as an excellent model for investigating the regulatory mechanisms underlying cuticular wax synthesis with notable epidermal wax characteristics. A combination of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) metabolite analysis and transcriptomics was used to investigate variations in metabolites and gene expression patterns between the wild type (WT) and glossy mutant type (gl2) of A. fistulosum. The WT surface had a large number of acicular and lamellar waxy crystals, whereas the leaf surface of gl2 was essentially devoid of waxy crystals. And the results revealed a significant decrease in the content of 16-hentriacontanone, the principal component of cuticular wax, in the gl2 mutant. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 3084 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between WT and gl2. Moreover, we identified 12 genes related to fatty acid or wax synthesis. Among these, 10 DEGs were associated with positive regulation of wax synthesis, whereas 2 genes exhibited negative regulatory functions. Furthermore, two of these genes were identified as key regulators through weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Notably, the promoter region of AfisC5G01838 (AfCER1-LIKE1) exhibited a 258-bp insertion upstream of the coding region in gl2 and decreased the transcription of the AfCER1-LIKE1 gene. This study provided insights into the molecular mechanisms governing cuticular wax synthesis in A. fistulosum, laying the foundation for future breeding strategies.

Organic cultivation of Allium fistulosum under concentrations of Bordeaux mixture

Allium fistulosum L., belonging to the botanical family Alliaceae, is one of the most produced and commercialized vegetables in the world. In this scenario, this study aimed to evaluate the control of anthracnose in chives subjected to organic cultivation with different concentrations of Bordeaux mixture and its effects on crop yield. The experiment was conducted in elevated soil beds 10-cm high. Seedlings of the chive cultivar ‘Todo Ano’ were produced from plants previously cultivated in the site. Cultivation was carried out under full sunlight, and irrigation was performed by automatic sprinklers with a daily volume of 6 mm. The experiment was in randomized blocks, with 10 treatments in a 2x5 factorial arrangement. Four concentrations of Bordeaux mixture (0.5%; 1.0%; 1.5%; 2.0%) plus one control (water) were used. The second factor evaluated was the weekly and fortnightly application period. Data on the Total Fresh Mass (MFT), Commercial Fresh Mass (MFC), Sick Fresh Mass (MFR), Number of Commercial Leaves (NFC), Number of Sick Leaves (NFR), Commercial Dry Mass (MSC), and Yield (PTV) were collected. No statistically significant interactions were observed for anthracnose control and chive yield. However, in the 4th week of evaluation, differences were observed between the application periods, with the 2.0% concentration and weekly application performing better than the other treatments. The other evaluations did not result in significant statistical interactions between the variables analyzed. The application of Bordeaux mixture has no effects on the control of anthracnose and on the yield of chives.

Merging the spring onion extract into soft cheese as a rich natural phenolic ingredient to improve its antioxidant, functional, and sensory properties

The dairy industry has added a wide range of useful ingredients to its dairy products in response to consumers’ shifting lifestyles and desire for healthier diets. Despite the extensive usage of preservatives and antioxidants, the dairy industry is coming to understand the demand for natural food items free of synthetic additives. The current study aim to determine the impact of spring onion (Allium fistulosum) extract on the antioxidant, functional, and sensory aspects of ultrafiltration cheese (UF-soft cheese).Spring onion extracts are incorporated into UF-soft cheese at levels of (0.1, 0.3, and 0.5%). HPLC was used to determine the total phenolic compounds and water-soluble vitamin content of spring onion extract samples, using an Agilent 1260 series HPLC. To separate phenolic chemicals, the Eclipse C18 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm ID x 5 m) was employed. Furthermore, chemicals, colors, acetaldehyde and diacetyl components, total phenol, antioxidant content, and sensory qualities were evaluated during one month of cold storage. The chlorogenic (1021.22 µg/g) and gallic acid (915.83 µg/g) levels were found to have the greatest phenolic components in spring onion ethanol extract. Moreover, the extract is very high in some vitamins, particularly vitamin C (771.15 g/g) and vitamin B6 (254.85 g/g). The chemical properties, total phenol content, antioxidant activity, and sensory scores of cheese were improved by the incorporation of spring onion extract compared to control cheese. During storage, the taste and flavor of all cheese treatments were enhanced, with T2 having the best taste and flavor, and the total sensory score is listed in descending order of acceptability for cheese: T2 > T3 > T1 > Control. Therefore, the addition of spring onion extract as a rich source of natural antioxidant agents can provide nutritional value and a unique appealing flavor profile to the cheese, making it more healthy and enjoyable for consumers.

Detection of Volatile Compounds and Their Contribution to the Nutritional Quality of Chinese and Japanese Welsh Onions (Allium fistulosum L.)

Allium vegetables attract attention for their flavor and aroma in Asia, especially in China and Japan. The aim of this experiment was to uncover the differences in the unique flavor compounds of two Welsh onions that are typical cultivars in China and Japan (‘Zhangqiu’ and ‘Tenko’). Chemical methods and solid-phase microextraction–gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were performed to determine the nutritional quality and quantity of volatile compounds of various organs of Welsh onions. The results show that a total of 30, 37, and 28 compounds were detected in the roots, pseudostem, and leaves of ‘Zhangqiu’, respectively, while 21, 27, and 20 compounds were detected in the corresponding organs of ‘Tenko’. The distribution of sulfur compounds in the roots, pseudostem, and leaves of ‘Zhangqiu’ accounted for 72%, 83%, and 26% of the total content, while those of ‘Tenko’ accounted for 55%, 84%, and 57%, respectively. Aldehydes are the second largest class of volatiles in Welsh onions. The distribution of aldehydes in the leaves was notably different: 52% and 27% in ‘Zhangqiu’ and ‘Tenko’, respectively. The contribution of S to the volatile substances was outstanding, and through forward selection, it was found that P, Ca, and Mg contribute to the volatile substances of Welsh onions. The above results indicate that the different genotypes of Welsh onions have various flavors, and mineral elements contribute variously to these flavors. Calcium could be a new topic of interest for our subsequent research on elements and volatiles.