Wells Fargo Bank Research Articles

Bad apples or poisonous tree? Corporate culture’s role in the Wells Fargo scandal

Research methodology This case investigation used firsthand statements, reports, testimony and regulatory records. While widely publicized in the popular press, this case is based on primary documents. On their website, many documents were obtained from Wells Fargo’s Corporate newsroom, such as the internal audit report shared with shareholders and press releases. Most other sources were from US regulatory websites (.gov) or congressional testimony. In a few places, quotes and comments came from reliable journalistic sites that cite their sources and follow a journalist’s code of ethics and conduct, ensuring that the reported remarks and data were verified. Case overview/synopsis Since 2016, Wells Fargo Bank has faced multiple customer mistreatment investigations and resultant fines. Public outcry and distrust resulted from Wells Fargo employees creating hidden accounts and enrolling people in bank services without their knowledge to meet desired levels of sustained shareholder growth. Over the past five years, Wells Fargo has been fined and returned to customers and stockholders over $3bn. Wells Fargo executives spent the first year of the scandal citing improper behavior by employees. Leadership did not take responsibility for setting the organizational goals, which led to employee misbehavior. Even after admitting some culpability in creating the extreme sales culture, executives and the Board of Directors tried to distance themselves from blame for the unethical behavior. They cited the organizations’ decentralized structure as a reason the board was not quicker in seeing and correcting the negative behaviors of these ‘bad apple’ employees. Wells Fargo faced multiple concurrent scandals, such as upselling services to retirees, inappropriately repossessing service members’ vehicles, adding insurance and extra fees to mortgages and other accounts and engaging in securities fraud. As time has passed, the early versions of a handful of “bad apples” seem to be only a part of the overall “poison tree.”The dilemma, in this case, is who is responsible for the misbehavior and the inappropriate sales of products and services (often without the customer’s knowledge)? Is strategic growth year-over-year with no allowances for environmental and economic factors a realistic and reasonable goal for corporations? This case is appropriate for undergraduates and graduate students in finance, human resources, management, accounting and investments. Complexity academic level An active case-based learning pedagogical approach is suggested. The materials include a short podcast, video and other materials to allow the faculty to assign pre-class work or to use in the classroom before a case discussion.

Using the 2017 COSO ERM Framework to Examine Risks at Wells Fargo

Abstract In this assignment, students identify how an organization's culture can affect its strategies, objective setting, performance, and communication in ways that allow risk management and ethics failures to occur. The aggressive sales tactics and toxic environment at Wells Fargo bank documented in the business press from approximately 2009 to 2016 provide the setting. Students use the Enterprise Risk Management Framework of the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO, 2017) to identify specific risk management failures at Wells Fargo. Students also describe how these failures might violate the ethics code of a professional accounting organization. Students conclude with recommendations for improving overall risk management at Wells Fargo. I report evidence that the assignment increases students’ knowledge about and ability to use a risk management framework and a code of professional ethics. The findings also show that students can write detailed, actionable guidance for improving risk management in a realistic setting.

Reviewer Acknowledgements

Applied Economics and Finance (AEF) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether AEF publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 9, Number 1 Abdulaziz Abdulahman, Marmara University, USAAlbert Henry Ntarmah, Jiangsu University, GhanaAli Massoud, Sohag University, EgyptFahri ÖZSUNGUR, Adana Science and Technology University, TurkeyIulia Lupu, Victor Slavescu” Centre for Financial and Monetary Research, Romanian Academy, RomaniaLiao Zhu, Cornell University, USAMagdalena Radulescu, University of Pitesti, RomaniaMahmoud Mohammed Sabra, Al Azhar University-Gaza, PalestineOlena Sokolovska, St. Petersburg State University, RussiaOmer Allagabo Omer Mustafa, Sudan Academy for Banking and Financial Sciences., SudanPayal Chadha, University of Wales Prifysgol Cymru, KuwaitRajeev Rana, APB Govt. P.G. College, IndiaRamona Orastean, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, RomaniaRomeo Victor Ionescu, Dunarea de Jos University, RomaniaShahram Fattahi, Razi University, IranSzabolcs Blazsek, Universidad Francisco Marroquín, GuatemalaY. Saidi, M’sila University, AlgeriaZi-Yi Guo, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., USA Nikki GibbsEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of Applied Economics and FinanceRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAURL: http://aef.redfame.com

Reviewer Acknowledgements

Applied Economics and Finance (AEF) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether AEF publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 8, Number 5 ALI DARUB KASSAR, Univ. of Baghdad, IraqAndrey Kudryavtsev, The Max Stern Yezreel Valley Academic College, IsraelAndualem Ufo Baza, Wolaita Sodo University, EthiopiaIan McFarlane, University of Reading, UKMarco Muscettola, Independent Researcher-Credit Risk Manager, ItalyPayal Chadha, University of Wales Prifysgol Cymru, KuwaitRajeev Rana, APB Govt. P.G. College, IndiaRichard Nguyen, Alliant International University, USASebastian Schich, Organisation for Economic Coopertaion and Development (OECD), FranceVictoria Cociug, Academy of Sciences of Moldova, MoldovaZi-Yi Guo, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., USA Nikki GibbsEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of Applied Economics and FinanceRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAURL: http://aef.redfame.com

Reviewer Acknowledgements

Applied Economics and Finance (AEF) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether AEF publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 7, Number 4 Ali Massoud, Sohag University, EgyptGetamesay Bekele Meshesha, Debre Berhan University, EthiopiaHedieh Shadmani, Fairfield University, USAHichem Maraghni, University of Taibah, TunisiaIan McFarlane, University of Reading, UKIgor Matyushenko, School of Foreign Economic Relations and Touristic Business, UkraineMagdalena Zioło, University of Szczecin, PolandMahmoud Mohammed Sabra, Al Azhar University-Gaza, PalestineMarco Muscettola, Independent Researcher-Credit Risk Manager, ItalyRajeev Rana, APB Govt. P.G. College, IndiaRamona Orastean, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, RomaniaRichard Nguyen, Alliant International University, USARomeo Victor Ionescu, Dunarea de Jos University, RomaniaShahram Fattahi, Razi University, IranSzabolcs Blazsek, Universidad Francisco Marroquín, GuatemalaVictoria Cociug, Academy of Sciences of Moldova, MoldovaZi-Yi Guo, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., USA Nikki GibbsEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of Applied Economics and FinanceRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAURL: http://aef.redfame.com

Reviewer Acknowledgements

Applied Economics and Finance (AEF) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether AEF publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 7, Number 3 Ali Massoud, Sohag University, EgyptAyoub Taha Sidahmed, SIU, SudanFarhat Iqbal, University of Balochistan, PakistanHedieh Shadmani, Fairfield University, USAIulia Lupu, Victor Slavescu” Centre for Financial and Monetary Research, Romanian Academy, RomaniaKaveh Dalvand, University of Delaware, United StatesMagdalena Radulescu, University of Pitesti, RomaniaMagdalena Zioło, University of Szczecin, PolandMamdouh Abdelmoula M. Abdelsalam, Minufiya University, EgyptMohammed Al-Mahish, King Faisal University, Saudi ArabiaNana Rusadze, Akaki Tsereteli State University, GeorgiaNuno Crespo, ISCTE-IUL, PortugalPatrycja Kowalczyk-Rolczynska, Wroclaw University of Economics, PolandRajeev Rana, APB Govt. P.G. College, IndiaRamona Orastean, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, RomaniaRichard Nguyen, Alliant International University, USARomeo Victor Ionescu, Dunarea de Jos University, RomaniaRuhet Genc, Turkish-German University, TurkeyShahram Fattahi, Razi University, IranSzabolcs Blazsek, Universidad Francisco Marroquín, GuatemalaVictoria Cociug, Academy of Sciences of Moldova, MoldovaY. Saidi, M’sila University, AlgeriaZi-Yi Guo, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., USAZuzana Janko, San Francisco State University, USA Nikki GibbsEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of Applied Economics and FinanceRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAURL: http://aef.redfame.com

Reviewer Acknowledgements

Applied Economics and Finance (AEF) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether AEF publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 6, Number 5Ali Massoud, Sohag University, EgyptAndrey Kudryavtsev, The Max Stern Yezreel Valley Academic College, IsraelAyoub Taha Sidahmed, SIU, SudanDyah Wulan Sari, Airlangga University, IndonesiaFarhat Iqbal, University of Balochistan, PakistanGetamesay Bekele Meshesha, Debre Berhan University, EthiopiaHedieh Shadmani, Fairfield University, USAIan McFarlane, University of Reading, UKIulia Lupu, Victor Slavescu” Centre for Financial and Monetary Research, Romanian Academy, RomaniaKembo Bwana, College of Business Education, TanzaniaMagdalena Radulescu, University of Pitesti, RomaniaMagdalena Zioło, University of Szczecin, PolandMahmoud Mohammed Sabra, Al Azhar University-Gaza, PalestineMamdouh Abdelmoula M. Abdelsalam, Minufiya University, EgyptMarco Mele, University of Teramo, ItalyMarco Muscettola, Independent Researcher-Credit Risk Manager, ItalyNicolas Afflatet, University of the Federal Armed Forces, GermanyOltiana Muharremi Pelari, University of Vlora, AlbaniaPatrycja Kowalczyk-Rolczynska, Wroclaw University of Economics, PolandPayal Chadha, University of Wales Prifysgol Cymru, KuwaitRajeev Rana, APB Govt. P.G. College, IndiaRichard Nguyen, Alliant International University, USARomeo Victor Ionescu, Dunarea de Jos University, RomaniaSebastian Schich, Organisation for Economic Coopertaion and Development (OECD), FranceSzabolcs Blazsek, Universidad Francisco Marroquín, GuatemalaWoodrow Clark II, Clark Strategic Partners, United States, USAY. Saidi, M’sila University, AlgeriaZi-Yi Guo, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., USAZuzana Janko, San Francisco State University, USA Nikki GibbsEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of Applied Economics and FinanceRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAURL: http://aef.redfame.com

How Do Discover Bank Debtors Fare in Trial Courts? An Empirical Investigation of Credit Card Collection Litigation in Texas

This research report is the second in a series of empirical studies of sets of 100 cookie-cutter collection cases filed by the same original creditor. The first such pilot study looked a consumer credit card actions filed by Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (WFBNA) in Harris County district courts in 2017. This study examines a sample of like size consisting of credit card collection cases filed by Discover Bank in 2014 in the same local court system, using a different law firm. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF CASE OUTCOMES For the Discover Bank credit card cases in this study, the breakdown by disposition type was as follows: Dismissal on Plaintiff’s Motion or Nonsuit: 39% Default Judgment for Plaintiff: 24% Dismissal for Want of Prosecution: 21% Agreed Judgment for Plaintiff: 10% Summary Judgment for Plaintiff: 3% Bench Trial Judgment for Plaintiff: 2% Bench Trial Judgment for Defendant: 1% Only in one case did the defendant win at a trial. This represents 1% of the entire sample, but would look better relative to contested cases only. In two other cases that went to trial and were won by the Plaintiff, the judge noted on the Bank’s proposed judgment that the defendant did not appear. DEFENDANTS WITH AND WITHOUT ATTORNEY As for representation status, consumer defendants had an attorney of record in 9% of the cases. Several of the pro se defendants indicated in their written answer that they had signed up with a debt settlement company (Freedom Debt Relief), but that organization did not provide them with an attorney. Of the few cases in which the defendant was represented by counsel, three resulted in agreed judgments, another three resulted in dismissals on the Bank’s motion. One was taken to trial and ended in a take-nothing judgment in the Defendant’s favor. In two other cases that went to trial, the Bank won. The number of cases that were actually tried, and the number of cases with counsel, is too small to reach definitive conclusions regarding the role of litigation performance, but the data is not inconsistent with the proposition that attorney representation can make a difference in garden-variety consumer collection cases. All of the default judgments could have been avoided had the defendant filed at least a general denial answer as authorized by the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, which could have be done without an attorney by using a form, or by filing a narrative letter-type answer. This could, at the minimum, have given the Defendants a temporary reprieve, and more time to come up with money for a settlement/payment plan. RESOLUTIONS BY SETTLEMENT In contrast to the findings of the first study in the series, a number of Discover Bank cases contained documents that reveal the terms of settlements (so-called Rule 11 Agreements) and were generally filed in conjunction with agreed judgments. Discover Bank collection cases thus provide more information on settlement outcomes than is true of Wells Fargo cases. This category of information is not comprehensive, however, because a case may settle for a one-time lump sum payment, followed by a dismissal with prejudice on the Plaintiff’s motion. If the settlement has already been consummated, there is no need to recite the settlement terms in a court filing because they can no longer be breached. A dismissal with prejudice will do under such circumstances. LIMITED DISCRETIONARY ROLE OF TRIAL COURTS Because of the prevalence settlement, voluntary dismissal, or dismissal for want of prosecution (DWOP), the role of trial court judges in an adjudicatory capacity is limited to a very small proportion of the caseload.

Reviewer Acknowledgements

Applied Economics and Finance (AEF) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether AEF publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 5, Number 6 Hichem Maraghni, University of Taibah, TunisiaIbrahim Baghdadi, Lebanese University, LebanonLuca Giordano, CONSOB, ItalyMamdouh Abdelmoula M. Abdelsalam, Minufiya University, EgyptMarco Muscettola, Independent Researcher-Credit Risk Manager, ItalyPatrycja Kowalczyk-Rolczynska, Wroclaw University of Economics, PolandRamona Orastean, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, RomaniaRichard Nguyen, Alliant International University, USASajid Mohy Ul Din, Universiti Utara Malaysia, MalaysiaSteven V. Cates, Purdue University-Global, USAY. Saidi, M’sila University, AlgeriaZi-Yi Guo, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., USA Nikki GibbsEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of Applied Economics and FinanceRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAURL: http://aef.redfame.com

Reviewer Acknowledgements

Applied Economics and Finance (AEF) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether AEF publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 5, Number 2Mahmoud Mohammed Sabra, Al Azhar University-Gaza, PalestineWing-Keung Wong, Asia University, TaiwanRamona Orastean, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, RomaniaIgor Matyushenko, School of Foreign Economic Relations and Touristic Business, UkraineSteven V. Cates, Kaplan University, USAMagdalena Zioło, University of Szczecin, PolandIan McFarlane, University of Reading, UKPatrycja Kowalczyk-Rolczynska, Wroclaw University of Economics, PolandMarco Muscettola, Independent Researcher-Credit Risk Manager, ItalyY. Saidi, M’sila University, AlgeriaSzabolcs Blazsek, Universidad Francisco Marroquín, GuatemalaAaron Morey, University of Melbourne, AustraliaHichem Maraghni, University of Taibah, TunisiaAli Massoud, Sohag University, EgyptLuca Giordano, CONSOB, ItalyErdal Gumus, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, TurkeyMojeed Idowu John Odumeso-Jimoh, Noble Integrated Resources & Management, NigeriaZi-Yi Guo, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., USADilshodjon Rakhmonov, Tashkent State University of Economics, UzbekistanMohammed Al-Mahish, King Faisal University, Saudi ArabiaAyoub Taha Sidahmed, SIU, SudanProf. Aloysius Ajab AMIN, Institute for Development Solutions, Inc, USAMagdalena Radulescu, University of Pitesti, RomaniaOlena Sokolovska, Research Institute of Fiscal Policy, State Fiscal Service of Ukraine, UkraineKembo Bwana, College of Business Education, TanzaniaHe Nie, Jinan University, ChinaIbrahim Baghdadi, Lebanese University, Lebanon Nikki GibbsEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of Applied Economics and FinanceRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAURL: http://aef.redfame.com

Reviewer Acknowledgements

Applied Economics and Finance (AEF) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether AEF publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 5, Number 1Aaron Morey, University of Melbourne, AustraliaAli Massoud, Sohag University, EgyptAndrey Kudryavtsev, The Max Stern Yezreel Valley Academic College, IsraelAyoub Taha Sidahmed, SIU, SudanDilshodjon Rakhmonov, Tashkent State University of Economics, UzbekistanDyah Wulan Sari, Airlangga University, IndonesiaErdal Gumus, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, TurkeyHe Nie, Jinan University, ChinaHichem Maraghni, University of Taibah, TunisiaIan McFarlane, University of Reading, UKIbrahim Baghdadi, Lebanese University, LebanonIgor Matyushenko, School of Foreign Economic Relations and Touristic Business, UkraineJolita Vveinhardt, Lithuanian Sports University, LithuaniaKembo Bwana, College of Business Education, TanzaniaLuca Giordano, IOSCO (International Organization of Securities Commissions), ItalyMagdalena Radulescu, University of Pitesti, RomaniaMagdalena Zioło, University of Szczecin, PolandMahmoud Mohammed Sabra, Al Azhar University-Gaza, PalestineMarco Muscettola, Independent Researcher-Credit Risk Manager, ItalyMohammed Al-Mahish, King Faisal University, Saudi ArabiaMojeed Idowu John Odumeso-Jimoh, Noble Integrated Resources & Management, NigeriaNuno Crespo, ISCTE-IUL, PortugalOlena Sokolovska, Research Institute of Fiscal Policy, State Fiscal Service of Ukraine, UkrainePatrycja Kowalczyk-Rolczynska, Wroclaw University of Economics, PolandRamona Orastean, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, RomaniaRomeo Victor Ionescu, Dunarea de Jos University, RomaniaSteven V. Cates, Kaplan University, USASzabolcs Blazsek, Universidad Francisco Marroquín, GuatemalaTaro Abe, Nagoya Gakuin University, JapanVictoria Cociug, Academy of Sciences of Moldova, MoldovaWing-Keung Wong, Asia University, TaiwanY. Saidi, M’sila University, AlgeriaZi-Yi Guo, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., USA

What a Difference a Century Makes

American Entomologist (ISSN 1046–2821) is published quarterly (March, June, September, and December) by the Entomological Society of America, 3 Park Place, Suite 307, Annapolis, MD 21401-3722; Phone: (301) 7314535; FAX (301) 731-4538; esa@entsoc.org. Periodicals postage is paid at Lancaster, PA, and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send change of address forms to American Entomologist, ESA, 3 Park Place, Suite 307, Annapolis, MD 21401-3722. Inquiries regarding content, subscriptions, advertising, back issues, change of address, and general business matters, and manuscripts and other copy should be sent to the Managing Editor, ESA, 3 Park Place, Suite 307, Annapolis, MD 21401-3722. Unsolicited manuscripts are welcome, but ESA can assume no responsibility for them. Manuscripts should be of general interest to entomologists. For information about preparing manuscripts, authors are urged to refer to “Information for Contributors,” which is printed on the inside back cover of most issues, or see the ESA web site (http://www.entsoc.org/ Pubs/Periodicals/AE). Photocopies: Permission to photocopy articles for internal or personal use is granted by the Entomological Society of America provided that a fee of $4.00 per copy is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. Individuals may make a single copy for personal use without charge. This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying, such as that for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works, or for resale. Subscription prices for 2014: members, n/a; nonmember individuals, $62 print or online, $92 print plus online; institutions, $122 print or online, $181 print plus online. To the above add $27 for airmail to Canada, $38 for airmail to all other non-US countries. Send payment to: Entomological Society of America, c/o Wells Fargo Bank, Lockbox #758954, Baltimore, MD 21275-8954. Print back issues can be ordered from ESA or in microform from National Archive Publishing Company, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106.

Insects in Winter

American Entomologist (ISSN 1046–2821) is published quarterly (March, June, September, and December) by the Entomological Society of America, 3 Park Place, Suite 307, Annapolis, MD 21401-3722; Phone: (301) 7314535; FAX (301) 731-4538; esa@entsoc.org. Periodicals postage is paid at Lancaster, PA, and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send change of address forms to American Entomologist, ESA, 3 Park Place, Suite 307, Annapolis, MD 21401-3722. Inquiries regarding content, subscriptions, advertising, back issues, change of address, and general business matters, and manuscripts and other copy should be sent to the Managing Editor, ESA, 3 Park Place, Suite 307, Annapolis, MD 21401-3722. Unsolicited manuscripts are welcome, but ESA can assume no responsibility for them. Manuscripts should be of general interest to entomologists. For information about preparing manuscripts, authors are urged to refer to “Information for Contributors,” which is printed on the inside back cover of most issues, or see the ESA web site (http://www.entsoc.org/ Pubs/Periodicals/AE). Photocopies: Permission to photocopy articles for internal or personal use is granted by the Entomological Society of America provided that a fee of $4.00 per copy is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. Individuals may make a single copy for personal use without charge. This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying, such as that for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works, or for resale. Subscription prices for 2014: members, n/a; nonmember individuals, $62 print or online, $92 print plus online; institutions, $122 print or online, $181 print plus online. To the above add $27 for airmail to Canada, $38 for airmail to all other non-US countries. Send payment to: Entomological Society of America, c/o Wells Fargo Bank, Lockbox #758954, Baltimore, MD 21275-8954. Print back issues can be ordered from ESA or in microform from National Archive Publishing Company, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106.

Reimagining Judaism

Reimagining Judaism

A Summer Without Monarchs

American Entomologist (ISSN 1046–2821) is published quarterly (March, June, September, and December) by the Entomological Society of America, 3 Park Place, Suite 307, Annapolis, MD 21401-3722; Phone: (301) 7314535; FAX (301) 731-4538; esa@entsoc.org. Periodicals postage is paid at Lanham, MD, and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send change of address forms to American Entomologist, ESA, 3 Park Place, Suite 307, Annapolis, MD 21401-3722. Inquiries regarding content, subscriptions, advertising, back issues, change of address, and general business matters, and manuscripts and other copy should be sent to the Managing Editor, ESA, 3 Park Place, Suite 307, Annapolis, MD 21401-3722. Unsolicited manuscripts are welcome, but ESA can assume no responsibility for them. Manuscripts should be of general interest to entomologists. For information about preparing manuscripts, authors are urged to refer to “Information for Contributors,” which is printed on the inside back cover of most issues, or see the ESA web site (http://www.entsoc.org/ Pubs/Periodicals/AE). Photocopies: Permission to photocopy articles for internal or personal use is granted by the Entomological Society of America provided that a fee of $4.00 per copy is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. Individuals may make a single copy for personal use without charge. This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying, such as that for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works, or for resale. Subscription prices for 2011: members, n/a; nonmember individuals, $60 print or online, $89 print plus online; institutions, $118 print or online, $176 print plus online. To the above add $26 for airmail to Canada, $36 for airmail to all other non-US countries. Send payment to: Entomological Society of America, c/o Wells Fargo Bank, Lockbox #758954, Baltimore, MD 21275-8954. Print back issues can be ordered from ESA or in microform from National Archive Publishing Company, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106. Taking note

Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., v. Louis MaynahonahCase No. CV-11-648-D, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 99635 (W.D. Ok., September 2, 2011)

Gaming Law Review and EconomicsVol. 16, No. 1-2 CasesWells Fargo Bank, N.A., v. Louis MaynahonahCase No. CV-11-648-D, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 99635 (W.D. Ok., September 2, 2011)Published Online:10 Feb 2012https://doi.org/10.1089/glre.2011.16112AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB Permissions & CitationsPermissionsDownload CitationsTrack CitationsAdd to favorites Back To Publication ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited byAt a Crossroads: Lessons from the Home Affordable Modification Program (HAMP)SSRN Electronic Journal, Vol. 17 Volume 16Issue 1-2Jan 2012 InformationCopyright 2012, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.To cite this article:Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., v. Louis MaynahonahCase No. CV-11-648-D, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 99635 (W.D. Ok., September 2, 2011).Gaming Law Review and Economics.Jan 2012.53-63.http://doi.org/10.1089/glre.2011.16112Published in Volume: 16 Issue 1-2: February 10, 2012PDF download

Suffering in the Land of Sunshine: A Los Angeles Illness Narrative (review)

Reviewed by: Suffering in the Land of Sunshine: A Los Angeles Illness Narrative Gretchen Krueger Emily K. Abel. Suffering in the Land of Sunshine: A Los Angeles Illness Narrative. Critical Issues in Health and Medicine. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2006. xviii + 176 pp. Ill. $68.00 (cloth, 978-0-8135-3900-3), $24.95 (978-0-8135-3901-0). In the early 1900s, my husband’s great-grandfather moved his entire family across the country from Milwaukee to Los Angeles. He, like many others, sought a tuberculosis cure in the “land of sunshine.” Undoubtedly, his declining health, his deep concern for his family’s survival, and the promise of a better climate must have driven this Russian immigrant to journey west so soon after settling in America. But why did he choose this particular southern California city? In her book, Emily K. Abel illustrates how medical, social, and political factors combined to make this growing city both a haven for health seekers and a place whose leaders and residents had mixed feelings about welcoming all who sought comfort there. At the center of her story is Charles Dwight Willard—a transplant from Chicago, a journalist, a novelist, a city booster, and a near invalid whose experiences Abel uses to personalize her account. As Abel explains in the introduction, focusing the narrative on Willard was serendipitous. Amid her research for a related book, she found Willard’s rich cache of papers and correspondence at the Huntington Library. His frequent letters home to his parents and siblings, his dark stories and biting editorials, and his interactions with noted figures in local, state, and national politics made him a good candidate for a historical study. Moreover, his opinionated prose made him the perfect protagonist. Abel quotes from his writings frequently to outline his personal and professional life in California. We gain a detailed understanding of Willard’s struggle not only to support himself and, eventually, his small family, [End Page 423] but also to achieve a position of status in the bust and boom cycles of this early city. Each achievement, however, is dulled by the threat of a hemorrhage or other health setback. Abel captures Willard’s daily physical and emotional challenges, paying particular attention to the female caregivers—family members, hired servants, and boarders—who alleviated his suffering. As in her previous work, Hearts of Wisdom, she examines the obligations and rewards of lay nursing. Readers will quickly appreciate that Willard is a complex figure worth further investigation. At the outset of his career, he wrote of the health benefits of southern California. Using agricultural metaphors, he promoted the moderate climate as a place in which all things would thrive. However, as his own physical condition deteriorated, he was increasingly outspoken in his condemnation of policies designed to accommodate or welcome those with consumption to the area. Taking great pains to hide his own progressively declining health, he publicly condemned specific at-risk populations and condemned plans to improve or increase facilities for the ill. The pace of the narrative slows at times, as we learn of the day-to-day trials of Willard’s illness. It shines brightest, however, when Abel combines this careful accounting with her artful contextualization of Willard’s life amid the changing late-nineteenth-century California landscape, contemporary medical theories of consumption, and local political debates playing out in the newspapers and institutions Willard fought to join. The secondary literature to which Abel points is not exhaustive, but it provides a starting point for readers interested in the history of health and disease. Suffering in the Land of Sunshine is a rich case study that should be read alongside Abel’s recent book, Tuberculosis and the Politics of Exclusion,1 for a complete understanding of how chronic illness deeply affects the individual, family, community, and nation. Particularly through the voluminous writings of Charles Willard, Abel presents questions that help us reconsider the past and may help us rethink our current public health policies and, if not more important, our attitudes toward the sick. [End Page 424] Gretchen Krueger Wells Fargo Bank, San Francisco Footnotes 1. Emily K. Abel, Tuberculosis and the Politics of...

Webonomics: nine essential principles for growing your business on the World Wide Web

From the Publisher: The World Wide Web has become the most important new communications medium since television, with tens of millions of people now on-line and Web sites springing up at the rate of one per minute. It has also created a digital marketplace where consumers can search for the best deals and services in an instant. While almost everyone agrees that the Web provides excellent marketing opportunities, many businesses don't know how to use it effectively and have been losing millions of dollars because of it. In Webonomics, Evan I. Schwartz shows how the new Web economy mirrors the traditional economy in some ways but also exhibits entirely unique properties of its own. Using numerous case studies of corporations such as IBM, Volvo, Playboy Enterprises, and Wells Fargo bank, as well as smaller companies and web-based start-ups, Schwartz documents both the tremendous failures and successes on the Web in a multitude of industries. Defining nine essential principles for growing your business on the Web, Schwartz challenges the conventional wisdom and shows how using traditional business approaches on the Web can backfire. Why are some products better suited to being sold on the Web than others? Why are certain brand names gaining status and how do you create and then reinforce yours? What are the new patterns of consumer behavior? Webonomics answers these questions and shows how to capture the only scarce commodity on this information-based terrain: the attention of the busy people who are spending time there. Putting the frenetic activity in a context, Schwartz delves into the new economic rules, new forms of currency, new ways to do businessglobally, and shows how to add value to existing products and build customer loyalty. In addition to offering practical wisdom, Webonomics tells a larger story about life in the Information Age. It's about rising new communities, the next phase of capitalism, a shift in the role of government, and surviving amidst accelerating change, where only the most agile and adaptable businesses will thrive.

History inside Business

1. Through my participation in the Public Historical Studies Program at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and my employment, I have met and heard of a number of fellow historians serving the business world. Among the living examples of historians inside business and the variety of work they do are the following people: Corporate Archivists-Edie Hedlin and Harold Anderson, Wells Fargo Bank; Philip Mooney, Coca Cola Company; Douglas A. Balken, Ford Archives; Greg Lennes, International Harvester; and John Donofrio, Bank of America. Corporate Historians (authors and researchers of business histories and other business-related historical literature)-Enid Douglass, Arco; William Heintz, freelance author of historical biographies of California wineries; Philip Cantelon (C & W consultants) on Three Mile Island; Stephen S. Oakford, Hotel Del Coronado; Karen Smith, Salt River Project Company; Mimi Stein, Silicon Valley oral history project; Kathy Lang, Lawry's Foods; and Frank H. H. King, Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank. Policy, Economic, and Regional Analysis-Lawrence Bruser, Mitsui Corporation; Florence Alberts, Bank of America; and Robert W Pomeroy, Inter-American Development Bank.

Needs assessment in depth: Professional training at Wells Fargo Bank

The Assessment of Technical Credit Skills project at Wells Fargo Bank employed a three-phase needs assessment approach that began at the corporate level and ended with job-relevant assessment of individual employees’ skills. This program was developed to identify and assess the lending skills and knowledge that Wells Fargo loan officers require for successful job performance. Tests were designed based on an exhaustive task analysis of lending functions within the bank. A computer-based scoring and reporting system gave test results confidentially to participants, with a complete breakdown of objectives missed and relevant learning resources available. In addition, an unlimited retesting option was made available. The computer system reported overall performance averages and scores by regions and skill categories to bank management. Managers and supervisors at different levels were provided with only those group data relevant to their own decision-making requirements. Follow-up survey results showed acceptance of and general satisfaction with the program.