Well-known Propositions Research Articles

Refining the Semantics of Epistemic Specifications

Answer set programming (ASP) is an efficient problem-solving approach, which has been strongly supported both scientifically and technologically by several solvers, ongoing active research, and implementations in many different fields. However, although researchers acknowledged long ago the necessity of epistemic operators in the language of ASP for better introspective reasoning, this research venue did not attract much attention until recently. Moreover, the existing epistemic extensions of ASP in the literature are not widely approved either, due to the fact that some propose unintended results even for some simple acyclic epistemic programs, new unexpected results may possibly be found, and more importantly, researchers have different reasonings for some critical programs. To that end, Cabalar et al. have recently identified some structural properties of epistemic programs to formally support a possible semantics proposal of such programs and standardise their results. Nonetheless, the soundness of these properties is still under debate, and they are not widely accepted either by the ASP community. Thus, it seems that there is still time to really understand the paradigm, have a mature formalism, and determine the principles providing formal justification of their understandable models. In this paper, we mainly focus on the existing semantics approaches, the criteria that a satisfactory semantics is supposed to satisfy, and the ways to improve them. We also extend some well-known propositions of here-and-there logic (HT) into epistemic HT so as to reveal the real behaviour of programs. Finally, we propose a slightly novel semantics for epistemic ASP, which can be considered as a reflexive extension of Cabalar et al.'s recent formalism called autoepistemic ASP.

Adölesan çağ öğrencilerin diyabet bilgi ve farkındalık düzeylerinin değerlendirilmesi

Amaç: Araştırmada adölesan çağ öğrencilerin diyabet bilgi ve farkındalık düzeylerinin belirlenmesi ve bunları etkileyen faktörlerin saptanması amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı tipteki bu araştırma Aralık 2019- Şubat 2020 tarihleri arasında Kırklareli’nde üç ortaokulda öğrenim gören 10-15 yaş 684 öğrenci ile yürütülmüştür. Veriler literarüre dayalı olarak hazırlanan Anket Formu yardımıyla yüz yüze toplanmıştır. Bulgular: Adölesanların %90,9’u diyabetten haberdardı, %48,2’sini doğru bilgiye sahipti. Diyabet bilgi düzeyi formunda en fazla bilinen önermeler “Şeker hastaları sağlıklı beslenmelidir. (%83,2)” ve “Çocuklar şeker hastası olabilir. (%81,7)” idi. Öğrencilerin yaşı, anne ve baba eğitim durumu, düzenli kahvaltı yapma durumu, öğünlerinde fast-food tercihi, diyabet hastalığından haberdar olma durumu, anne, baba veya kardeşinde diyabet varlığı ile diyabet bilgi düzeyi genel puan ortalamaları arasında anlamlı farklılık saptanmıştır (p 0,05). Sonuç: Öğrencilerin tamamına yakını diyabet hastalığından haberdar olmasına rağmen sadece yarısı diyabet hakkında doğru bilgiye sahipti. Öğrencilerin diyabet bilgi ve farkındalık düzeylerini arttıracak çalışmalara hız verilmesi gereklidir.

The Role of Intermediation in the Global e-Trade Decision-Making System

The objective of this paper is to empirically test the web-marketing version of the propositions for traditional export intermediary firms (EIFs). The systematic and professional paradigms of the globalized cyber market require the background and experience of electronic export intermediary firms (e-EIFs). Based on this reasoning, this paper proposes the well-known traditional propositions about the market and products, as well as the new, but mostly supporting, feature of cyber trust or credibility in terms of the brand proposition. The empirical tests conclude that the greater is an e-EIF’s knowledge of exporting markets and the credibility of its own title with brand, the more it increases purchase intention. However, the knowledge on the products is not accepted as a decision factor to choose the e-EIFs. Among the three factors of e-EIFs, brand power is the most effective in terms of its estimated coefficient and significance in terms of its odds ratio. This implies that the professional support provide d by e-EIFs could reduce psychological as well as practical barriers for most firms to enter the global market.

Specific commodity taxes, output and location decision under free entry oligopoly

This paper examines the impact of a specific commodity tax as a policy device on output per firm, the number of firms, total output and the location decision of undifferentiated oligopolistic firms in the Weber–Moses triangle. It shows that when the distance between the plant location and the output market is held constant, the impact of an increase in the specific commodity tax on output per firm, the number of firms and total output is consistent with the well-known Besley propositions in the non-spatial setting. Furthermore, when the distance between the plant location and the output market is a decision variable, the impact of a specific commodity tax on the output per firm will be consistent with the well-known Besley proposition. However, the impact of a specific commodity tax on the number of firms and total output is significantly different from the Besley propositions. This indicates that distance and firm’s location decision have important influence on the effects of a change in the specific commodity tax on output and location of oligopolistic firms.

Recruitment to the British Appellate Judiciary, 1876-1972: Causal Models

This study seeks to advance understanding about the recruit ment of judges to the appellate courts in Great Britain, the Court of Appeal and the House of Lords, from the ranks of those serving in the higher British judiciary between 1876 and 1972. Beginning with a litera ture search to support theory construction to the topic, it postulates a set of interrelated hypotheses explaining this recruitment and states these hypotheses formally and in a causal model. The model is then empirically estimated against data on the background and attributes of the 317 individuals serving in the higher British judiciary from 1876 to 1972. The model confirms well-known propositions about how one advances within the British judiciary, but also documents surprisingly large effects on recruitment for the judges' family social status.

The Howard G. Roepke Lecture in Economic Geography Modeling the Capitalist Space Economy: Bringing Society and Space Back

Recent theoretical debates in economic geography are not reducible to a dispute between alternative economic theories, but are dominated nonetheless by neoclassical vs Marxist paradigms. Logical foundations of a Marxist model of the capitalist space economy are presented using mathematical models, enabling insight into unsolved theoretical debates and a more trenchant critique of neoclassical propositions. The equilibrium geography of production resulting from full capitalist competition is laid out, but analysis of this reveals both inherent disequilibrium processes disrupting any equilibrating tendencies and the contradictory, conflictual, and inconstant nature of the capitalist space economy. Models of the space economy are inseparable from social theory and social and political processes, and the very incorporation of space into these models challenges some well-known propositions from non-spatial economic theory.

Pour l'histoire des sept premiers nombres parfaits

Until the end of the last century Pietro Cataldi was considered the first mathematician to calculate the 5th, 6th, and 7th perfect numbers. But in two memoirs (1895 and 1899) M. Curtze pointed out that he had found the 5th in Codex Latinus Monacensis 14908, dated 1461, and in Codex Vindobonensis 5203 written by Regiomontanus (1436–1476) during his stay at the University of Vienna. In recent times (1977 and 1980) M. Folkerts pointed out that the young mathematician had calculated the 5th perfect number and also that the 6th is mentioned in the comments of J. Scheybl in his partial edition of Euclid's Elements. We will show that the 5th perfect number was calculated in 1458 by the author of the Codice Palatino 573 of the Biblioteca Nazionale of Florence, which the author himself declares is a copy of a treatise written in his own hand some years before, and that both the 5th and 6th perfect numbers can be found in the Codex Ottobonianus Latinus 3307 of the Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana composed by the same author “l'Allievo del Vaiaio” in 1460. We will also explain the criteria followed by P. Cataldi (1552–1626) in calculating the first seven perfect numbers in 1603 and show, step by step, how he demonstrated the first of the three well-known propositions on perfect numbers communicated in 1640 to P. Mersenne by P. de Fermat.

On Generalizing the Economic Analysis of International Migration: A Note

The author critically examines an article by Kar-Yui Wong concerning "two important, well-known propositions on international factor movements--namely, first, finite international factor movements are beneficial to the nationals of the destination-country but detrimental to those who are left behind in the source-country; and second, marginal movements do not have such welfare implications.... The present paper, by utilizing the indirect trade utility function, derives...results in a manner that is both direct and at once intuitively transparent."

Schliessungss�tze als Eigenschaften von Projektivit�ten

We investigate several series of closure theorems which can be considered as properties of projectivities in general projective planes. Most of them postulate that the projectivity α= [11R213] ... [12n-1R011] (indices modulo 2n) or α2 should be the identity if the lines 1i or the points Rj satisfy special incidence conditions. This way of construction leads to some generalizations of well-known propositions as for example the great and little Desarguesian, the Pappian theorem and some other interesting cases. We prefer the synthetic method to determine the class of planes in which these closure theorems hold. In one case the analytic method only seems to be successful.

Some extensions of a claim of Aumann in an axiomatic model of knowledge

The paper begins by presenting an axiomatic model of simple and iterated knowledge. A formal definition of the intuitive notion of common knowledge is given and shown equivalent to previous characterizations. It is shown that agents have information partitions. The second part generalizes Aumann's ( Ann. Statist. 4 (1976), 1236–1239) well-known propositions about common knowledge between two rational agents of each other's probability assignments. It is shown that: common knowledge of decisions—if these are rational—implies a common decision for like-minded agents; and that a “dialogue” in decisions leads to a common decision. A “no-trade” theorem is given which includes trade under complete uncertainty.

Intermediate goods and the incidence of the corporation income tax

Intermediate goods are introduced into a general equilibrium model of the incidence of the corporation income tax. Several theoretical conclusions about the role of such goods are established. Many well-known propositions about the incidence of the corporation income tax, emanating from models with only final goods, need to be modified. Estimates from U.S. data suggest that if intermediate goods are left out results will be misleading, especially if these goods are a relatively large sector in the economy and possibilities of substituting capital for labor in their production, and of substituting them for other productive factors in the final-good industries, are rather limited.

Kähler manifolds with curvature bounded from above by a decreasing function

Let M be a simply connected complete Kähler manifold. If M has curvature bounded from above by a certain positive decreasing function, then it is a Stein manifold, diffeomorphic to a euclidean space. This fact is a generalization of the well-known propositions for complete manifolds of nonpositive curvature and is shown by the aid of a Rauch comparison theorem for conjugate points together with a comparison theorem of Siu and Yau with respect to the Hessian of distance functions.

Pollution, welfare, and environmental policy in the theory of Comparative Advantage

Within a simple two-sector general equilibrium model it is shown how some well-known propositions of the neoclassical trade theory can be applied to countries with pollution-generating industries. Results are obtained not only under the assumption that the countries do not enforce any environmental policy but also for the case that one or each country implements an environmental price and standard system. In particular, several versions of the Theorem of Comparative Advantage with respect to environmental scarcity are derived, a theorem on welfare losses from trade, and an emission charge equalization theorem.

EFFECTS OF UNCERTAIN INFLATION ON THE INVESTMENT AND FINANCING DECISIONS OF A FIRM

IN THEIR CLASSIC PAPER, Modigliani and Miller 120], assuming the presence of risk classes of firms, first brought out the relationship between the value of shares and the firm's financial decisions without explicitly specifying an equilibrium market valuation model. By use of an arbitrage argument, they derived their three well-known propositions in the financial theory of the firm. Indeed, if value-maximization is an appropriate goal of the firm, the development of any normative theories of the firm's financial policies requires a theoretically sound model of market share valuation. Fortunately, the capital asset pricing models of Sharpe [30], Lintner [13], and Mossin [22] have provided us with theoretically sound valuation equations for risky assets in an equilibrium capital market. The SLM capital asset pricing model has been applied to the problems of capital budgeting and capital structure decisions, and several significant implications for corporate financial decisions have been derived.1 In particular, the cost of capital for an investment project has been shown to depend on its relevant risk and not on the particular firm which undertakes the project. With respect to the problem of a firm's capital structure, it has been demonstrated that the value of a firm is invariant with capital structure if corporate income taxes are not considered. The traditional capital asset pricing models are derived without an explicit consideration of uncertain inflation. Thus, the effects of uncertain inflation upon the firm's investment and financing decisions have not been analyzed within the context of equilibrium market valuation models. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the presence of uncertain inflation might affect a firm's investment and financing decisions. In Section II, assuming a specific preference structure for investors, we will derive and discuss an equilibrium capital asset pricing model under the condition of uncertain inflation. Based upon the derived model, the

Majority History and Post-Biblical Jews

That history is a seamless web, that any scheme of periodization is an arbitrary convenience to suit a point of view, these are wellknown propositions. Yet the most influential of all periodizations, that which divides history before the Incarnation from history after, is as unmodifiable as our sense of historic time itself. It orders the passing years for agnostics and Communists as for Christians. For the Jews the standard is dual, yet the Christian scheme is by far the more influential. If for some members of the majority the Christian ordering is a reflection of God's providence, while for others it is a mere convenience, for many in both camps the Incarnation still corresponds to one real division in history, whether that cesura be seen providentially or secularly. Before the first century A.D. the Hebrews were of great historical importance; thereafter the Jews are of little significance. The reign of a new truth had begun. So deep are the roots of identity that historians whose religion, if any, is well concealed have remained faithful to this element of Christian historiography even when they have abandoned the Christian account of Christianity, the criterion of success having replaced the sanctification of election. After the emergence of Christianity, a reprobation falls on the Jews, and a dark night of ignorance conceals their activities from the historical consciousness of most of western society until Dreyfus, the Balfour declaration, or Hitler once more draws historical attention to the Jews. It may be felt that to put the matter this way is to exaggerate either the importance of Jews to anyone save Jews or the silence of non-Jewish historians about Jews. The first problem may be left until later; the latter may easily be assessed by an honest answer to some simple questions. What understanding of the history of the Jews and of the majority's relations to the Jews will a student graduating from a liberal arts college have to give him intellectual and civic guidance? Will the student who has majored in history differ in this respect from other graduating seniors? Indeed, what of the man who has gained his doctorate in history? The answer in all three cases is, I believe, self-evident, but it would be well to document it and to give some explanation of why the situation is as it is. Assume a student who, for some peculiar reason, became interested in the post-biblical history of the Jews. Since Gooch's history of historical writing is in paperback and happens to be on his bookshelf,

Some Simple Proofs for Well-Known Propositions.

Some Simple Proofs for Well-Known Propositions.