Well-known Phrases Research Articles

Trends in the development of jurisdictional immunity of a foreign state under continental law

The article examines the current trends in legal regulation of relations on granting jurisdictional immunity to a foreign state in the countries of the continental legal family. The author analyzes the regulations in this area and shows the role of judicial practice in this process. A comparative characterization of the application of the concept of limited immunity in Western countries is given.
 The term «immunity of a State as a subject of international law» means that each State is not subject to the jurisdiction of another State and is not subject to any authority (legislative, executive or judicial) of a foreign State. Sovereignty and the fact that all states are equal are the basis of state immunity. Ancient Rome used well-known phrases to define the equality of states: «par in parem pop habet imperium», which means «equal over equal has no power», and «par in parem non habet iurisdictionem», which means «equal over equal has no jurisdiction».
 According to the idea of limited immunity, a foreign state may have jurisdictional immunity when it executes acts of juris imperii. In the same cases, the state can be sued as a private person, and it cannot rely on immunity from foreign jurisdiction, as well as immunity from seizure of property as a means of securing a claim and recovering property. According to the proponents of this idea, the main criterion for determining the sovereignty of state actions is the participation of the state in transactions that are usually carried out by individuals and corporations, and not the ultimate goal of these actions. In this case, the practice of national courts should take into account both the interests of states (uninterrupted performance of their public duties) and the interests of private plaintiffs.

Spontaneous Production Rates in Song and Speech

Many everyday tasks appear to be performed at an optimal rate that differs between individuals but is consistent within individuals. These optimal rates are estimated using a participant's Spontaneous Production Rate (SPR), the rate at which an individual produces sequences of sounds in the absence of external tempo cues. A previous study that measured SPRs in speech and piano production found no association between SPRs across tasks, a result suggesting that domain-specific constraints determine optimal rates. The present study addressed whether this dissociation would remain when music and speech are produced with the same effector system: vocal production. Participants spoke short, well-known phrases and sang familiar children's songs on “da” to avoid memorization of words. SPRs were measured by the mean inter-onset interval (IOI) between successively produced syllables or tones and showed large individual differences. Results showed consistent SPRs within individuals within each domain (speaking or singing) as well as consistent SPRs across the speaking and singing conditions. These results align with theories of optimal rates based on energy efficiency arising from biomechanical constraints rather than domain-specific communication goals.

Humor i satira u modernom pikarskom romanu The bodigard Radivoja Bojičića - od etnopsihološke anegdote do društvene kritike

Starting from Northrop Frye's claim that one of the main characteristics of satire is the element of humor based on the feeling of the grotesque or absurd, but that satire is a critical presentation of social, political and other situations, this paper discusses the elements of humor and satire in the novel The Bodyguard by Radivoje Bojičić, which is already defined in the title as a "pictorial novel". Although pictorial novels in Serbian literature do not have a long and solid tradition, Bojićič's novel about a bodyguard, who as a kind of anti-hero tells about his life's vocation full of temptations and risks, with strong touches of irony, satire and parody, as well as humor that affirms values contrary to those that are recognizable at first glance, enters the ranks of original and self-contained achievements, thus strengthening the humorous-satirical tradition embodied mostly in the work of Branislav Nušić and of Branko Ćopić. The writer achieves a special dimension of the comic in the novel by using the procedure of comic characterization of the main character, the procedure of comic exaggeration (caricatural, hyperbolic, grotesque), the procedure of inserting intertextual sections, in which the main character parodically refers to well-known phrases, platitudes and quotations from domestic literature and culture, and using a linguistic corpus and terminology appropriate to the world in which the main character found himself, but putting in the foreground precisely the language of the main character and highlighting his origin, social status and special dialectal "literacy". Because of all this, it is possible to read this novel not only as a humorous and satirical piece but also as an ethnopsychological anecdote about a primitive, aggressive and naïve man who must be first in everything - especially in heroism.

The Will to Nothingness: An Essay on Nietzsche’s On the Genealogy of Morality

<i>The Will to Nothingness: An Essay on Nietzsche’s On the Genealogy of Morality</i>

‘For Whom the Bell Tolls’, John Donne, and William Perkins

One of the most well-known phrases by Donne may have its origin in an edifying anecdote by William Perkins. In Devotions Upon Emergent Occasions (1624), Donne tells of hearing the passing bell tolling, and wonders if ‘hee for whom this Bell tolls, may bee so ill, as that he knowes not it tolls for him; And perchance I may thinke my selfe so much better than I am, as that they who are about mee, and see my state, may haue caused it to toll for mee, and I know not that’.

Revelation: An Introduction and Commentary by I. Paul

Reviewed by: Revelation: An Introduction and Commentary by I. Paul Izaak J. L. Connoway Paul, I. 2018. Revelation: An Introduction and Commentary. Tyndale New Testament Commentaries. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press. ISBN 978-0830843008. Pp. 387. $20.11. Ian Paul, a freelance theologian and adjunct professor at Fuller Theological Seminary, authored the Revelation volume for the new series of Tyndale New Testament Commentaries. This series has been the flagship of evangelical commentaries for over 60 years, and the starting point for those who want more than a one-volume commentary for Bible studies (vii). It is exegetical in focus (vii) with a homiletical aim, and while it solves no critical issues, it informs readers on major scholarly debates (viii). It has a relative lengthy Introduction (1–51) for its size, with twelve sections. In section 1, "Approaching Revelation," Paul notes that many well-known phrases were borrowed from paganism (4). He comments that Revelation has the most developed Trinitarian theology, but since its authorship was questioned early on, it was excluded from early Trinitarian debates (4). Paul ends with his fourfold approach to Revelation (5–7). In section 2, "Who was John?" (7–11), Paul observes that in antiquity John the apostle was considered to be the author and proceeds to survey views for (8–9) and against (9–11) it. In section 3, "The date of Revelation" (11–16), he acknowledges its importance for the context but gives three warnings against overemphasising this (11–13). In section 4, "The social and historical context" (16–22), Paul notes that Christians came from all strata of society and that this is important for interpreting Revelation (18). He also notes that the imperial cult was a prominent [End Page 532] feature in Asia Minor (20), that cities competed in their show of allegiance to the imperial cult (20), and that persecution might be the context of chapter two and three, although the evidence does not require this (22). Paul seeks to answer the question (section 5), "Did John actually have a vision?" (22–25). He also asks (section 6), "What kind of text is Revelation?" (25–30) and offers three challenges to arriving at a genre for Revelation (27–30) but shows that the text claims to be an apocalypse, a letter and a prophecy (30). He explores (section 7) "Reading Revelation’s imagery" (30–34) and posits that calling Revelation a "symbolic" text" is careless (30). Modern humans prefer literal descriptive language and do not realise the importance of metaphor (31–34). In section 8, "Revelation’s use of numbers" (34–39), Paul identifies, inter alia, the mathematical significance of certain shapes (36–37) and Revelation’s use of isopsephism or gematria (37–39). On "Revelation’s use of the Old Testament" (section 9, 39–41) he notes a profusion of references, at 676 allusions in only 405 verses (39). Regarding "The structure of Revelation" (section 10, 41–45), he observes four features that complicate determining the structure (41–45). On "Revelation’s main theological themes" (section 11, 45–48) Paul notes that the implicit theology contains both the Christus victor motif and an exemplary focus (46) in which atonement is not really emphasised (63). He ends with "Approaches to its interpretation" (section 12, 48–51), summarising four interpretive approaches (48–49) and four approaches to the millennium (49–50). He finds some elements from all four interpretive approaches useful (51). Some features of the commentary should be noted. After this lengthy "Introduction," Paul has an "Analysis" section (53–56) in which he argues for a structural breakdown of the fourteen main sections into which he divides the book. Each of these fourteen sections starts with its own introduction and is further broken down into subsections, most of which have a standard structure. The subsections start with a "Context" section that includes, for example, an indication of how the section relates to the OT (e.g., 71), a historical note, like the rivalry between major cities in Asia Minor (77, 83, 88), a discussion of how the seven trumpets relate (169), or a note on identifying the pivotal chapter in the book (213). Each subsection has a "Comment" section that contains the...

Mapping the use of social science in Australian courts: the example of family law children’s cases

ABSTRACTThis article provides a partial map of the history of the use of social science in children’s cases in Australia’s family courts. The study was conducted by searching for the names of a range of well-known social scientists, research agencies and social science phrases in the published case databases available from the commencement of the Family Court of Australia in 1976 to the end of 2015. The main focus is on judges’ use of social science literature, although the use of unreferenced social science was also rendered visible by the study, as was the use of social science by actors other than judges. The study demonstrates that there is no clear legal principle or doctrine which allows judicial referencing of extrinsic literature in most situations. The results also show that the social science being cited in the courtroom tends to follow what is being discussed in the wider family law community at family law practitioner conferences, at mediation centres and counselling services and in lawyers’ offices. However, examination of a number of selected cases suggests that judges might particularly turn to social science literature when the law does not cover the circumstances of the family before them.

The acquisition of lexical phrases in academic writing: A longitudinal case study

Lexical phrases are both numerous and functionally important in written texts. Despite this, L2 learners often find their use problematic, typically overusing a limited number of well-known phrases, while at the same time lacking a diverse enough phrasal repertoire to employ lexical phrases in a native-like manner. While a number of studies have described learners’ usage of lexical phrases, very few have explored how these phrases are acquired. In this paper we report on a longitudinal case study which followed a Chinese MA student over the course of an academic year. All of her written assignments (8 essays and a dissertation) were analyzed for lexical phrase use, and she was interviewed after each assignment was submitted. It was found that she learned 166 new lexical phrases during her studies, and that she improved in her degree of appropriate usage. She also gained confidence in using the phrases. She successfully drew upon both explicit and implicit sources for this improvement, particularly benefiting from her academic reading. However, she also tended to rely too heavily on a limited range of phrases, sometimes to the point where judges considered the usage non-nativelike. We discuss the relevance of these findings for our current knowledge of L2 writing.

The Origins of Europe

This paper begins with an accusation of theft. 'The fall of the Roman empire' is a common, indeed standard, phrase used to refer to the effects of events such as the sack of Rome in 4io, and the deposing of Emperor Romulus Augus tulus in 476. Yet these events are relevant only to the fall of the western Roman empire. Of course everyone knows this; some authors even using the first formu lation and then changing to the second. What makes this self-deception of 'the fall of the Roman empire' possible, especially as we also all know that the eastern Roman empire continued beyond the fifth century, via Justinian in the sixth, until I453? Part of the answer seems to be that we-or at least those of us writing within the anglophone tradition-obscure the Roman status of the eastern empire by referring to it as the Byzantine empire, a term never as far as I know used by the rulers of that empire themselves. The combined effect of using 'Roman empire' for 'western Roman empire' and 'Byzantine empire' for'eastern Roman empire' is to deprive the eastern Roman empire of its romanitas (the 'theft' of my introduction) and, in turn, to make the West appear the sole inheritor of the Roman tradition. I have introduced the paper with this observation because the end of antiquity in the West is a fulcrum in arguments about the origins of Europe, and because any discussion of those origins involves well-known terms and phrases which may allow more than one meaning. In fact, it is likely that there is not a single concept of any importance in this paper which has not been the subject of debate. This is so not least with the concept of the continent of Europe, since Europe is not a con tinent (in the sense of being separate and contained), but rather a region of Eurasia. Europe is never referred to as a subcontinent, as India is, despite the vastly greater barrier represented by the Himalayas than by the Urals or the Don. Taking Europe to mean the culture identified with Europe for the last few centuries and in the modern world, the most prominent candidates for its origins are the Bronze Age, ancient Greece, the Roman empire, late antiquity in the West, the Carolingian dynasty, the Ottonian dynasty, and finally the Renaissance (or, after prehistory, one might say, the Greeks, the Romans, the barbarians, the Franks, the Saxons, and the Italians). All have been proposed as originators at various points over the last century; deciding between them is not a matter of establishing one right answer and six wrong ones, so much as weighing different criteria against one another. To me the evidence suggests that three criteria in particular are crucial, namely (a) cultural characteristics that are identifiable over an extended length of time; (b) an awareness of the concept of Europe; and (c) signs of a coherent process leading to the culture of present-day Europe.

Editorial

Editorial

Why Do Some Aphasics Show an Advantage on Some Tests of Nonpropositional (Automatic) Speech?

Sixteen aphasic patients were given three pairs of tasks that compared the production of the same items in either propositional or nonpropositional contexts. A nonpropositional number production task involved counting from 1 to 10 while the propositional version of that task involved naming the Arabic numbers 1 to 10 in nonconsecutive order. A nonpropositional picture-naming task involved naming pictures with the aid of familiar phrase cues (e.g., Don't beat around the BUSH) while in the propositional version the cues were novel phrases (e.g., Don't dig behind the BUSH). Finally a nonpropositional phrase repetition task involved repeating well-known phrases while the propositional version involved repeating novel phrases. The group as a whole showed strong nonpropositional advantages for number production and picture naming with a somewhat weaker advantage for phrase repetition. Only 5 of the individual patients showed nonpropositional advantages on all three pairs of tasks: the remaining 11 patients showed a significant nonpropositional advantage on one or two of the pairs of tasks, but not on all three. All of the patients showed a nonpropositional advantage on at least one pair of tasks, and there were no examples of better performance on the propositional than on the nonpropositional version of any task. Contrasting patterns of performance seen in different patients was related to their performance on a battery of cognitive and linguistic tasks that was given to each patient.

A view of the phenomenon of caring in nursing practice.

Care is regularly used as a suffix to nursing, in such well-known phrases as 'total nursing care' and 'holistic nursing care'. While most care is provided by lay persons, there is little nursing research which focuses on the meaning of care, particularly in relation to the United Kingdom. This small-scale study investigates the meaning of care from the experience of six practising staff nurses in a British hospital and leads to a view of this phenomenon. Phenomenology was the chosen methodology, which facilitated the emergence of an essential structure of caring which incorporated four major categories described as 'being supportive', 'communicating', 'pressure' and 'caring ability'. It is suggested that, through gaining perspectives to enhance our understanding of the meaning of care, it will ultimately develop our understanding of nursing itself.

Lavoisier's Conceptual Passage

Previous articleNext article No AccessThe Core of the Revolution: Research Problems and Conceptual InnovationsLavoisier's Conceptual PassageFrederic L. HolmesFrederic L. Holmes Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Osiris Volume 4, Number 11988The Chemical Revolution: Essays in Reinterpretation Published for the History of Science Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/368673 Views: 12Total views on this site Citations: 4Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1988 The History of Science Society, Inc.PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Franklin Jacoby Acids and Rust: A New Perspective on the Chemical Revolution, Perspectives on Science 29, no.22 (Apr 2021): 215–236.https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00366Ku-ming Chang Phlogiston, (Aug 2019): 1–4.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20791-9_482-1 Bibliography, (Jan 2012): 231–247.https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118150634.biblio Stories of Famous Scientists, (Jan 2012): 49–197.https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118150634.ch4

A Few Good Words for Clichés

One language handbook, defining cliches as worn-out expressions, tells college students, Good writers do not use trite, well-known phrases when simple, straightforward language and original expressions would be more effective. But on the next page admits, Nearly every writer uses cliches from time to time, when they suit his purposes. (From time to time?) Another handbook warns: We cannot avoid trite expression entirely, for they sometimes describe a situation accurately. More fundamentally, of course, triteness is a disease of the personality. If people react to situations in stereotyped ways, their writing will reflect this fact. But the writer who burdens

The Rip Word in A Piece of Monologue

In A Piece of Monologue, , Beckett uses the puzzling phrase "Waiting on the rip' word" (p. 4). A number of times throughout this short play he has included unusual words or unusual usages (the archaic term "haught" [p. 41, the medical "nevoid" [p. 31, the remote "spill" [p. 3]), as well as allusions to other literature or to well-known phrases. And often in these various word-plays there lurks a pun. The verbal play around "rip word" gives shape and point to this fluid piece of monologue.

The Structure, Growth and Application of Scientific Knowledge: Reflections on Relevance and the Future of Philosophy of Science

I would like to make it clear at the outset that this paper is not about a problem in the philosophy of science; it is about the philosophy of science itself. Furthermore, the discussion will not be confined to developments internal to philosophy of science but will include considerations of external factors and their possible relations to the philosophy of science. The justification for this departure from standard practice is simply that the issues to be discussed seem to be enough on many peoples’ minds to justify bringing them out into the public arena.There is no need to dwell on the all too familiar external factors labeled by well-known catch phrases such as ‘over-population’, ‘pollution’, ‘violence’, ‘runaway technology’, ‘social disintegration’, etc., etc. Although one may debate their precise nature and speculate on their eventual relative significance, the seriousness of these problems, especially in conjunction, can hardly be doubted.