Well-known Encryption Algorithms Research Articles

Analysis of Cryptography in Information Technology

Cryptography is the practice of securing information through the use of codes, ciphers, and other methods of encryption. It is an essential aspect of modern communication, enabling the secure transmission of data over networks and protecting sensitive information from unauthorized access. Cryptography has been used throughout history to protect messages from interception and decipherment. In ancient times, cryptography was used by military leaders and diplomats to communicate confidential information. Over time, cryptographic techniques have become more sophisticated, and modern cryptography now employs complex algorithms and mathematical principles.Today, cryptography is used in various applications, including online banking, e-commerce, secure messaging, and government communication. Cryptography also plays a critical role in securing sensitive information such as medical records, personal data, and intellectual property.As technology continues to evolve, the importance of cryptography will only increase. Cryptography ensures the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of data, and it is an essential tool for protecting digital assets and maintaining trust in the online world. Literature Review: Cryptography has been a subject of interest in computer science and mathematics for decades. The literature on cryptography is vast and covers a wide range of topics, including encryption algorithms, key management, and protocols for secure communication. One of the earliest and most well-known encryption algorithms is the Caesar cipher, which was used by Julius Caesar to encode his messages. Since then, numerous encryption techniques have been developed, including symmetric-key cryptography and public-key cryptography.Symmetric-key cryptography involves the use of a single key for both encryption and decryption, while public-key cryptography uses two keys, one for encryption and one for decryption.In recent years, research on post-quantum cryptography has gained significant attention due to the potential threat quantum computers pose to current encryption methods. Post- quantum cryptography aims to develop algorithms that are resistant to quantum attacks.

Incorporating the New PRNG in Advance Encryption Standard

This manuscript explores the fusion of two well-known encryption algorithms, the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and the Rivest Cipher (RC4), resulting in a novel encryption algorithm called AES-RC4. AES-RC4 is a block cipher that combines the strengths of AES with a variant of RC4 called RC4-GF, developed by ourselves. RC4-GF incorporates additional steps compared to AES, resulting in a more intricate ciphertext generation process.
 The introduction of AES-RC4 brings forth a highly secure encryption technique with increased complexity in the ciphertext compared to traditional AES. By leveraging the combined capabilities of AES and the modified RC4-GF, AES-RC4 offers enhanced encryption strength and improved resistance against cryptographic attacks.

Rasefiberry: Secure and efficient Raspberry-Pi based gateway for smarthome IoT architecture

Internet-of-Things or IoT technology becomes essential in everyday lives. The risk of security and privacy towards IoT devices, especially smarthomes IoT gateway device, becoming apparent as IoT technology progressed. The need for affordable, secure smarthome gateway device or router that smarthome user prefer. The problem of low-performance smarthome gateways was running security programs on top of smarthome gateway programs. This problem motivates the researcher designing a secure and efficient smarthome gateway using Raspberry Pi hardware as an affordable smarthome gateway device and able to run both smarthome gateways and security programs. In this research, researchers implemented snort as intrusion detection system (IDS), openHab as IoT gateway applications, and well-known encryption algorithms for file encryption in Raspberry PI 3B+ model. The researcher evaluated Snort capability on network attacks and compared each of the well-known encryption algorithm efficiency. From the result, we found Rasefiberry customized snort configuration for Raspberry pi 60 percent of the simulated network attacks. Twofish encryption algorithms were found to have best encryption time, throughput, and power consumption compared to other encryption algorithms in the research. Rasefiberry architecture successfully processes both lightweight security programs and Openhab smarthome gateway programs with a lowperformance computing device such as Raspberry Pi.

Investigation of Cryptography for Secure Communication and Data Privacy Applications

In many applications, secure communication and data privacy are crucially supported by cryptography. The study of cryptography is now essential for creating strong and dependable security systems due to the growing risks to sensitive information in the digital era. The fundamentals of cryptography, its guiding principles, and its useful applications in securing communication channels and preserving data privacy are explored in this research article.Beginning with symmetric and asymmetric encryption techniques, the inquiry first looks at the fundamental ideas of encryption and decryption. It explores the mathematical underpinnings of cryptography, including discrete logarithms, prime numbers, and modular arithmetic, which serve as the foundation for many cryptographic systems.The paper also examines the various cryptographic protocols and algorithms that are frequently used in secure communication systems. It examines well-known encryption algorithms like Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA), and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). To determine whether a given algorithm is appropriate for a given use case, its advantages, disadvantages, and distinguishing characteristics are examined.The inquiry also looks at other cryptographic methods including digital signatures, hashing, and key management in addition to encryption. In secure communication systems, these methods are essential for guaranteeing data integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation.

Formally verified software countermeasures for control-flow integrity of smart card C code

Fault attacks can target smart card programs to disrupt an execution and take control of the data or the embedded functionalities. Among all possible attacks, control-flow attacks aim at disrupting the normal execution flow. Identifying harmful control-flow attacks and designing countermeasures at the software level are tedious and tricky for developers. In this paper, we propose a methodology to detect harmful inter- and intra-procedural jump attacks at the source code level and automatically inject formally proven countermeasures into a C code. The proposed software countermeasures protect the integrity of individual statements at the granularity of single C statements. They support many control-flow constructs of the C language. The countermeasure scheme can detect an attack early either inside a control-flow construct or only at its exit. The secured source code defeats 100% of attacks that jump over at least two C source code statements. Experiments showed that the resulting code is also hardened against unexpected function calls and jump attacks at the assembly code level. Securing a source code automatically and extensively with our scheme degrades the performance. The performance overhead of our countermeasures on three well-known encryption algorithms available in C ranged from +41% to +138% on an x86 platform and from +45% to +217% on an ARM-v7 platform. However, combining code rewriting with hardening of sensitive code regions identified by the weakness detection step enables an application to be fully hardened while limiting the overhead.

A New Watermarking Scheme for Medical Images with Patient’s Details

A brain tumor is a mass of cells in your brain that are not normal.Some brain tumors contain cancer and others don't: Brain tumor include both, benign and malignant forms. Benign brain tumors don't have cancer cells. Malignant brain tumors have cancer cells. Differentiating malignant and benign cases is a hard task even for experienced specialists. This work presents how to extract the characteristics and features of tumor image by general segmentation methods for malignant risk computation and presents the use of digital watermarking for applications of automated tumor image analysis. Here personal information such as name, age, gender, location, ADHAAR number, contact number etc., and tumor information such as tumor types, area of the tumor, severity, and any other useful information are embedded to the tumor image. Encrypting that image with well-known encryption algorithms is also possible to avoid unnecessary nuisance from information hackers.

A Robust Approach for Mixed Technique of Data Encryption Between DES and RC4 Algorithm

In this research, the well-known encryption algorithms in the encryption Systems, namely DES & RC4 and the advantages and disadvantages of each algorithm are reviewed and evaluated. These two algorithms are combined to produce of new algorithm which is more efficient unscrambling due to the increasing of the level of complexity that make it highly resistance to several attacks. The new algorithm is implemented to show its efficiency in term of time complexity, (i.e. Breaking the code will be much more complicated than if it would have been occurring through the use of each algorithm individually), this process can be achieved with a very small time difference
 (approximately neglected in the encryption process(. When this algorithm is applied and tested in practice the following result has been obtained:
 When a block is encrypted using the DES algorithm, the time spent may be (0.000034) milliseconds, but when using the new algorithm to encrypt the same block, the time taken will be about (0.000042) milliseconds. To encrypt 1024 blocks using the DES algorithm, it will take a time of (0.0406),while by using the new algorithm the time taken for encryption is only (0.051). This gives very little increase in time compared to increasing of complexity obtained. Since the new algorithm combining from the two previous, ones allows us to encrypt each block with a key differs from the other one (i.e. each block is encrypted with a different key depending on the preceding block), making it very difficult to break the code leading to an increase in security and information protection against decoding.

A novel image encryption algorithm based on the extracted map of overlapping paths from the secret key

In the digital era, most types of transmitted data over the Internet are images. These images may carry secret information. So, it became necessary to have an effective encryption system to hide information inside these images. The use of random and large-sized key represents the main factors that give the encryption system the required strength and give encrypted data more protection. This paper presents a non-traditional encryption algorithm that uses a large key size (256 bytes) = 2048 bits, to achieve a high degree of protection for the image. First, the algorithm represents the source image as a set of two-dimensional blocks of size 16 × 16 bytes and the secret key as a two-dimensional block of size 16 × 16 bytes. Second, transposition and substitution operations are implemented within each block of the image based on the extracted map of overlapped paths from the secret key block. Successive different keys are generated by using another way of implementation of the substitution and transposition operations in the secret key block. The recorded performance results, from the evaluation tests, have been compared with some well-known encryption algorithms and they proved that the proposed algorithm can be used effectively to protect images.

New Statistical Randomness Tests Based on Length of Runs

Random sequences and random numbers constitute a necessary part of cryptography. Many cryptographic protocols depend on random values. Randomness is measured by statistical tests and hence security evaluation of a cryptographic algorithm deeply depends on statistical randomness tests. In this work we focus on statistical distributions of runs of lengths one, two, and three. Using these distributions we state three new statistical randomness tests. New tests useχ2distribution and, therefore, exact values of probabilities are needed. Probabilities associated runs of lengths one, two, and three are stated. Corresponding probabilities are divided into five subintervals of equal probabilities. Accordingly, three new statistical tests are defined and pseudocodes for these new statistical tests are given. New statistical tests are designed to detect the deviations in the number of runs of various lengths from a random sequence. Together with some other statistical tests, we analyse our tests’ results on outputs of well-known encryption algorithms and on binary expansions ofe,π, and2. Experimental results show the performance and sensitivity of our tests.

Modified data encryption standard encryption algorithm with improved error performance and enhanced security in wireless fading channels

Encryption is becoming a vital process to ensure security over the wireless channel. However, using well-known encryption algorithms to encrypt data in wireless communication results in a catastrophic error because of the avalanche effect, which is an inherited criterion to ensure security. Although this criterion is desirable, these algorithms do not take into account the error characteristics of the wireless channel. Therefore, if an error occurs in the encrypted data over the channel, the decryption process at the receiver results in half the original bits to be in error because of this criterion. Hence, the need for a new secure encryption algorithm that takes into account the error characteristics of the wireless channel becomes necessary. In this paper, we propose a modification to the data encryption standard DES to make it secure and immune to errors caused by the wireless channel. We observe that using the modified algorithm in wireless channels improves the bit error rate performance as well as security compared with DES. We consider an additive white Gaussian noise with fading and evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm in terms of bit error rate. We also show that the proposed algorithm is secure as compared with DES. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A lightweight authenticated encryption algorithm for RFID systems

Security of RFID systems is a very important issue with the increasing of their applications. To achieve secure communications between a reader and a tag in RFID systems, encryption of the communication data is usually performed. However, in case of low-cost RFID tags, it is difficult for them to adopt the well-known encryption algorithms because the tags have very limited resources to implement the encryption algorithms. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a new lightweight authenticated symmetric key encryption algorithm for RFID systems which use low-cost tags. To achieve a secure message authentication in the proposed algorithm, redundant bits are contained in a ciphertext. Even though the proposed algorithm uses very lightweight operations for the encryption/decryption, it provides confidentiality, authentication, and integrity.