Well-being In Early Adulthood Research Articles

성인초기 자녀가 지각한 부모의 심리적 통제와 심리적 안녕감의 관계에서 자아분화 및 고통감내력의 매개효과

Objectives: This study aims to examine the mediating effects of self-differentiation and distress tolerance on the relationship between perceived parental psychological control and psychological well-being in early adulthood. Methods: An online questionnaire survey was conducted with early adult children in their 20s and 30s, from which 281 responses were retrieved and analyzed using SPSS 29.0 and the PROCESS macro. Results: The main findings of this study are as follows: First, self-differentiation mediated the relationship between parental psychological control and psychological well-being. Second, distress tolerance mediated the relationship between parental psychological control and psychological well-being. Conclusions: These results highlight the importance of self-differentiation and distress tolerance in improving the psychological well-being of early adult children who perceive parental psychological control.

CONTROL BELIEFS MEDIATED BY SELF-OBJECTIFICATION IN RELATION TO ADULT WOMEN’S SELF-ESTEEM

Abstract Beliefs about mastery of one’s environment as well as constraints on one’s personal control are predictive of well-being across mid-life and older adulthood. In addition, women’s level of self-objectification is predictive of well-being in early adulthood, but less is known about the role of self-objectification and well-being for mid-life or older women. This study investigated the role of control beliefs (mastery and constraints) and self-objectification in their relationship to the self-esteem of a sample of adult women (rage 48-90, Mean age = 67.83 years). We found that, compared to the mid-life women, older adult women reported higher self-esteem as well as lower constraints and self-objectification, but no age group differences in mastery beliefs. Further, using Hayes’ PROCESS model 4 we show that both mastery and constraints beliefs are mediated in their relationship with women’s self-esteem through self-objectification (R2 = .47 for the model with Mastery and R2= .37 for the model with constraints). Higher mastery predicted lower self-objectification, which, in turn, predicted higher self-esteem, while higher constraints predicted higher self-objectification and lower self-esteem. Additional analyses revealed that age remained a significant independent variable of self-esteem and was not mediated by control beliefs or self-objectification. Results are discussed in light of positive aging and objectification theory.

Hubungan Antara Self Compassion Dan Psychological Well Being Pada Dewasa Awal Pasca Putus Cinta

Breakup is the end of an individual's emotional relationship with his partner. Individuals who experience a breakup can affect the individual's psychological well being. One of the factors that can improve psychological well being is self compassion. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between self compassion and psychological well-being in early adulthood after a breakup. This study uses quantitative methods. This research was conducted on 395 respondents, namely early adults aged 18-40 years who had been post-breakup obtained using accidental sampling. The results of this study indicate that there is a significant positive relationship between self compassion and psychological well being (r = 0.686; p = 0.000). The higher the individual's self compassion, the higher the individual's psychological well being. On the other hand, the lower the self compassion, the lower the psychological well being possessed by early adults after a breakup. The findings in this study have implications for early adulthood to increase self compassion so that they can overcome the negative effects of post-breakup in order to have good psychological well-being.

Associations between trajectories of adolescent conduct problems and psychological well-being in young women.

Despite the clinical relevance, little is known about variability in positive adult outcomes (i.e., flourishing, life satisfaction) of female adolescent conduct problems (CP), or interpersonal factors that promote these types of well-being. We hypothesized differential associations between adolescent CP trajectories and indicators of adult well-being due to level of positive relationships with caregivers during ages 12-17. Data were drawn from participants (N = 1965) of the Pittsburgh Girls Study, a longitudinal study of girls' development. Caregiver reported CP, adolescent reports of parental trust and positive parenting, and adolescent-reported peer delinquency were assessed annually between ages 12-17. Well-being in young adulthood was measured using self-reported flourishing and life satisfaction between ages 18-22. Latent class growth analysis of adolescent CP revealed four trajectories characterized as low stable (20.0%), moderate stable (63.9%), adolescent-onset (8.1%), and high quadratic (8.0%). Main effects of trust and positive relationships with caregivers during adolescence on well-being in early adulthood were found. Positive parenting was found to moderate the association between CP trajectory and flourishing. The magnitude of the negative association between the high quadratic trajectory group and life satisfaction decreased as positive parenting increased. These results support the importance of intervention in adolescence to focus on increasing trusting and positive relationships with caregivers for all females, as this may increase well-being in adulthood regardless of adolescent CP history.

Субъективное благополучие молодежи и его взаимосвязь с психологической дистанцией до объектов социально-психологического пространства личности в условиях пандемии COVID-19

Objective. Study of changes in the young people subjective well-being during the initial period of COVID-19 distribution and its relationship with the subjective distance to the objects of the socio-psychological space of the individual. Background. The COVID-19 pandemic has become one of the global challenges in 2020, creating obstacles to meeting the urgent needs of people. Young people aged 18—24 are one of the most vulnerable groups in terms of psychological well-being, which makes it important to study their reactions during the pandemic. Study design. The study was conducted from April 14 to June 16, 2020 in the Khabarovsk region. Data was collected remotely. To identify changes during the pandemic, the sample data was compared with the results of a study, which had been conducted in February 2019. Participants. Sample 2019: 139 subjects (45 males and 94 females, aged 18—24, M=20). Sample 2020: 130 subjects (40 males and 90 females, aged 18—24, M=19.5). Measurements. The subjective well-being of young people was measured on a scale of global life satisfaction and subjective happiness. To study the psychological distance of social contacts, a modified method of A.B. Kupreichenko was used. Results. The significant increase in life satisfaction among young people was registered. Under the pandemic conditions, increased satisfaction is associated with proximity to a wide range of social groups. Сonclusions. The subjective well-being in early adulthood during the pandemic is associated with focus on social contacts, which creates conditions for the effective use of internal and external resources.

Assessing psychological well-being in early adulthood: Empirical evidence for the structure of daily well-being via network analysis

The transitional years of early adulthood, with key tasks of identity and intimacy development, engender both opportunities and risks for well-being. We propose that the conceptualization and measurement of early adults’ well-being can be improved through (a) an integration of ideas from developmental and psychological science on well-being, (b) the use of short, daily momentary assessments of well-being, and (c) a developmentally-informed examination of the structure of well-being within (and not just across) time. We developed a daily assessment of well-being based on the PERMA model (Seligman, 2011) and used network analysis to gain understanding from this data. Using Ecological Momentary Assessments, we assessed the five PERMA elements in college students’ daily life and their network properties. Consistent with the PERMA model, network analysis showed items clustered around theorized elements and formed a unitary network of well-being. Consistent with developmental theory, we found that having positive relationships and positive emotion were most central to early adults’ daily well-being.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПСИХОЛОГІЧНОГО БЛАГОПОЛУЧЧЯЖІНОК РАННЬОГО ДОРОСЛОГО ВІКУ

Purpose. Рurpose of the article is to carry out a theoretical analysis of the phenomenon of psychological well-being, to describe the features of psychological well-being of the individual. Тo analyze the results of an experimental study of psychological peculiarities of well-being of early adulthood. Methods. Theoretical analysis of domestic and foreign scientific sources, which allowed to identify, summarize and organize the materials on the research problem. The methodical tools were: a method “Scale of psychological well-being” (K. Riff). Results. Theoretical analysis of the phenomenon of psychological well-being in the context of psychology is presented, its features from the point of view of various scientific interpretations have been highlighted. A view on the concept of psychological well-being as a condition for self-realization of personality is revealed. The factors, components of the phenomenon been analyzed. This paper describes the approaches of psychological well-being in modern psychology. The results of the empirical study of the peculiarities of this phenomenon psychological well-being in early adulthood have been analyzed. Conclusions. As a result of the study an empirical analysis of the psychological peculiarities of psychological well-being. It is established that in this group of women of early adulthood in the structure of psychological well-being the most important are the following parameters: “personal growth”, “positive relationship with others”, “self-perception”. Somewhat less pronounced are the parameters “goals in life”, “autonomy”, “environment management”. Practical recommendations for raising the level of psychological well-being of women of early adulthood been developed according to the results of the study.

Socioeconomic well-being in early adulthood among repeat versus one-time teenage mothers.

Teenage mothers are known to be at elevated risk for poor socioeconomic outcomes in adulthood. However, little is known about the socioeconomic outcomes of mothers who bear multiple children during the teenage years (repeat teenage mothers) compared to one-time teenage mothers. This study examines socioeconomic outcomes in the mid- to late 20s of repeat teenage mothers compared to one-time teenage mothers in a national U.S. sample. Repeat teenage mothers were less likely to graduate high school and more likely to receive public assistance and experience material hardship than one-time teenage mothers in their mid- to late- 20s. Lower educational attainment plus the responsibility of caring for multiple children as a young mother may make it difficult for repeat teenage mothers to secure economic stability. Additional supports may be necessary to improve long-term socioeconomic outcomes of repeat teenage mothers.

Facebook user profiles, personality and well-being in early adulthood

IntroductionThe use of social media can have both beneficial and detrimental effects on individuals, and some personal variables have been shown to have a potential impact on this phenomenon. However, very few studies have identified “which individuals” might be positively or negatively affected by social media use. ObjectivesThe present study aimed to (1) identify profiles of social media use among Facebook users, and then (2) compare these profiles with regard to some personality and (both positive and negative) well-being variables. MethodA cluster analysis was performed on a sample of 321 young adults. ResultsThree user profiles were brought out and were found to be differentially related to personality and well-being variables. ConclusionThe results suggest diverse roles of social media use for different types of users.

Health and Well-being of Young People in Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam: Life Course Impacts

Using data from four waves of the Young Lives longitudinal survey, we follow the lives of 3,064 eight-year-old children over 12 years in four developing countries (Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam) to explore the links between children’s lives and their health and wellbeing in early adulthood. We apply a novel combination of sequence analysis with clustering and difference-in-differences estimation techniques to identify links between health and wellbeing outcomes in early adulthood and six distinct clusters grouping similar life course pathways. The latter are characterised by family living conditions, economic status and experience of critical life events (including economic shocks). Our results indicate that there were significant differences in health and wellbeing between children in the most advantaged and less advantaged clusters. These wellbeing gaps all narrowed over time but only completely closed for one cluster. In contrast, only some of the initial health gaps narrowed. These results suggest that policy aimed at improving health and wellbeing outcomes in early adulthood needs to focus on supporting disadvantaged young children.

Peranan Wisdom terhadap Subjective Well-Being pada Dewasa Awal

Subjective well-being is one of the topics of positive psychology studies related to one’s quality of life, while wisdom is the highest ability that one can have from their life experiences. This study aimed to determine the contribution of wisdom on subjective well-being in early adulthood. The hypothesis proposed in this study was wisdom contributes positively toward subjective well-being in early adulthood. Participants of the study (N = 158) were undergraduate students (female = 98, male = 60) who are working on their final project (thesis). Data was collected using Skala Kesejahteraan Subjektif developed by Utami and the adaptation of The Three Dimensional Wisdom Scale (3D-WS). Result showed that wisdom significantly predicted subjective well-being in positive direction.

Family Dynamics and Young Adults' Well-Being: The Mediating Role of Sibling Bullying.

Although a common form of family violence, sibling bullying is often viewed as harmless by families and society. Consequently, it has not received as much attention in research compared with peer bullying or other types of family violence, such as interpartner violence, child abuse, and elder abuse. Considering that sibling relationships have lasting effects on children's development, this retrospective study focused on the antecedents and outcomes of sibling bullying. Grounded in family system theory and social learning theory, it explored whether sibling bullying during childhood and adolescence mediated the relationship between negative family dynamics (i.e., sibling rivalry, interparental hostility, and parental hostility) and young adults' well-being (i.e., sense of competence, internalized problems, self-esteem, and satisfaction with life). Data from 216 respondents were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results revealed that young adults who reported higher levels of sibling rivalry and interparental hostility were more likely to be victims of sibling bullying. In turn, sibling bullying was associated with lower sense of competence, self-esteem, and life satisfaction, as well as more internalized problems. Parents' hostile behaviors toward their children were not associated with sibling bullying but were negatively associated with well-being in early adulthood. Our work underlines the importance of harmonious family dynamics and the need for sibling bullying to be taken more seriously by parents and family members. From a clinical point of view, our findings suggest that clinicians and human service workers should adopt a family-level approach when trying to reduce sibling bullying and its negative outcomes by educating parents about the interdependence of family relationships.

Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adult Well-Being in a Low-income, Urban Cohort.

This study tests the association between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and multidimensional well-being in early adulthood for a low-income, urban cohort, and whether a preschool preventive intervention moderates this association. Follow-up data were analyzed for 1202 low-income, minority participants in the Chicago Longitudinal Study, a prospective investigation of the impact of early experiences on life-course well-being. Born between 1979 and 1980 in high-poverty neighborhoods, individuals retrospectively reported ACEs from birth to adolescence, except in cases of child abuse and neglect. Nearly two-thirds of the study sample experienced ≥1 ACEs by age 18. After controlling for demographic factors and early intervention status, individuals reporting ACEs were significantly more likely to exhibit poor outcomes than those with no ACEs. Those with ≥4 ACEs had significantly reduced likelihood of high school graduation (odds ratio [OR] = 0.37; P < .001), increased risk for depression (OR = 3.9; P < .001), health compromising behaviors (OR = 4.5; P < .001), juvenile arrest (OR = 3.1; P < .001), and felony charges (OR = 2.8; P < .001). They were also less likely to hold skilled jobs (OR = 0.50; P = .001) and to go further in school even for adversity measured by age 5. ACEs consistently predicted a diverse set of adult outcomes in a high-risk, economically disadvantaged sample. Effective and widely available preventive interventions are needed to counteract the long-term consequences of ACEs.

A developmental-contextual approach to understanding mental health and well-being in early adulthood

There is an increasing awareness of the social and economic burden of untreated mental illness. However, the question remains whether the individuals who are not identified as having a mental disorder are mentally healthy and socially functioning. This study aims to examine the sequence of Keyes's (Keyes, C. L. M. (2002). The mental health continuum: from languishing to flourishing in life. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43, 207-222.) mental health categories based on psychological status and well-being, and to identify qualitative differences in these categories by developmental-contextual factors and concurrent physical health status and social functioning. This study uses data from the UK 1958 National Child Development Study. Information was collected on the cohort members from childhood to age 33 years. Psychological distress (measured using the Malaise Inventory) and well-being (self-efficacy and appraisals of life circumstances) were assessed at age 33 years. Multinomial (polytomous) logistic regression models were used to examine the effects of individual characteristics and social contextual factors from childhood through adolescence on cross categorisations of psychological distress and well-being. Our findings suggest that there are similar early life predictors for both poor psychosocial functioning and mental ill-health. Our results also demonstrated a clear gradient of physical health and social functioning across mental health categories, even in the absence of mental disorder. Individual and social contextual factors in early life appear to offer clues as to why the absence of psychological distress does not always imply good mental health or social functioning.

Parents' Discord and Divorce, Parent-Child Relationships and Subjective Well-Being in Early Adulthood: Is Feeling Close to Two Parents Always Better than Feeling Close to One?

We assessed the associations between parents' marital discord and divorce, patterns of parent-child relationships, and adult children's subjective well-being. Parental divorce and marital conflict appeared to increase the odds that children were close to neither parent in adulthood. Parental divorce (but not marital conflict) appeared to increase the odds that children were close to one parent only. Drawing on parental resources and balance perspectives, we tested competing hypotheses about parent-child relationships and offspring subjective well-being. Offspring had the highest level of well-being when they grew up in a low-conflict married family and were close to both parents. In cases of divorce and high levels of marital conflict, however, children were no better off if they were close to both parents than to one parent only.

Early work as a source of developmental discontinuity during the transition to adulthood

From a developmental perspective, work has been considered as both a deleterious and salutary experience. According to one prominent view, part-time work places adolescents at risk because it limits participation in more developmentally beneficial activities and confronts them with stressors for which they are not yet ready. If this were the case, teenage part-time work would be "stress sensitizing," lowering thresholds of reactivity to subsequent stressors and increasing the risk of poor young-adult mental health. As a result, early work experience could interfere with adequate preparation for adulthood. A more optimistic perspective, shared by some social scientists and most parents, is that employment for the young person signifies progress in moving toward adulthood and promotes adaptation to the work environment. Challenges at work are considered to be "steeling," fostering coping resources that alleviate the detrimental effects of subsequent stressors, especially those encountered in the workplace. These processes would promote resilience and psychological well-being in early adulthood. This research examines these alternatives, using data from the Youth Development Study (1988--2000) covering the period from adolescence (age 14-15) to early adulthood (age 26-27). The analysis indicates that the character of their teenage work experience is a source of resilience as young adults make the transition from school to work.

Depressive symptoms in adolescence as predictors of early adulthood depressive disorders and maladjustment.

The authors examined the association between self-reported depressive symptoms in adolescence and mental well-being in early adulthood. A questionnaire assessing psychosocial well-being was given to a group of subjects (N=651) in their last 3 years of high school (mean age=16.8 years) and again when these subjects reached early adulthood (mean age=21.8 years). Diagnostic interview data were obtained from a subgroup of the young adults (N=245). Adolescents' depressive symptoms were analyzed in relation to their early adulthood mental health outcome data. Depressive symptoms in adolescence predicted early adulthood depressive disorders (major depression and dysthymia), comorbidity, psychosocial impairment, and problem drinking. Depressive symptoms in adolescence deserve attention as a potential risk for early adulthood mental disorders.

The Effects of Divorce and Marital Discord on Adult Children's Psychological Well-Being

Previous research has demonstrated associations between exposure to parental divorce and marital discord while growing up and children's psychological distress in adulthood. Few studies, however, have attempted to explain these associations. Three pathways are evaluated through which family disruption and discord may affect offspring's well-being: children's socioeconomic attainment, children's marital and relationship stability, and the quality of children's relations with parents. Using 17-year longitudinal data from two generations, results show that divorce and marital discord predict lower levels of psychological well-being in adulthood. Parentchild relationships mediate most of the associations between parents' marital discord and divorce and children's subsequent psychological outcomes. Marital discord appears to erode children's emotional bonds with mothers, whereas both divorce and marital discord appear to erode children's emotional bonds with fathers. The results highlight the continuing importance of parent-child ties for children's well-being in early adulthood.

The Effects of Divorce and Marital Discord on Adult Children's Psychological Well-being

Previous research has demonstrated associations between exposure to parental divorce and marital discord while growing up and children's psychological distress in adulthood. Few studies, however, have attempted to explain these associations. Three pathways are evaluated through which family disruption and discord may affect offspring's well-being: children's socioeconomic attainment, children's marital and relationship stability, and the quality of children's relations with parents. Using 17-year longitudinal data from two generations, results show that divorce and marital discord predict lower levels of psychological well-being in adulthood. Parent-child relationships mediate most of the associations between parents’ marital discord and divorce and children's subsequent psychological outcomes. Marital discord appears to erode children's emotional bonds with mothers, whereas both divorce and marital discord appear to erode children's emotional bonds with fathers. The results highlight the continuing importance of parent-child ties for children's well-being in early adulthood.

Father-Child Relations, Mother-Child Relations, and Offspring Psychological Well-Being in Early Adulthood

Two major social changes have focused attention on the role of fathers. First, the massive movement of married women into the paid labor force disrupted the traditional division of labor within the nuclear family. With 67% of married mothers with children under 18 in the paid labor force, mothers now share the breadwinning role with their husbands (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1992, Table 621). Correspondingly, many people now believe that fathers should be more involved in providing care to their children, especially when mothers are employed full-time (Thornton, 1989). The belief that fathers should be more involved with children is based on two reasons: (a) It is more equitable to mothers, and (b) it benefits the children (Hochschild, 1989). In spite of these shifts in attitudes, time budget studies show that fathers still spend relatively little time in child care and rarely take sole responsibility for their children (Lamb, 1987; Pleck, 1985). Even when mothers are employed full-time, they spend twice as much time in housework and child care as do fathers (Hochschild, 1989; Pleck, 1985).The second major change has been a decline in the prevalence of the nuclear family and a corresponding increase in mother-only families, due to a rise in both divorces and nonmarital births. Currently, the majority of children in the United States will spend some portion of time in single-parent families, usually with their mothers (Norton & Glick, 1986). This trend has problematic implications for relations between fathers and children. Many nonresident fathers have relatively little contact with children and either fail to pay child support or pay less than they should (Furstenberg, Nord, Peterson, Zill, 1983; Seltzer & Bianchi, 1988). Furthermore, Eggebeen and Uhlenberg (1985) demonstrated that the postponement of marriage, the decline in fertility, and the increase in divorce have resulted in men spending decreasing proportions of their lives coresiding with children.Changes in gender roles and attitudes, and the growing divergence in the lives of men and children, lead to questions about the significance of fathers in children's lives. Available evidence regarding the importance of fathers (reviewed below) is surprisingly ambiguous. This article contributes new data on the significance of the father-child relationship, in particular the contributions fathers make to the psychological well-being of young adult children. In particular, I address whether the father-child relationship is associated with offspring well-being independently of the mother-child relationship. I also examine whether the salience of fathers is moderated by offspring gender, parental divorce, marital status, parenthood, or employment. Finally, I consider whether relations with stepfathers are related to offspring well-being.LITERATURE REVIEWTwo positions can be constructed from available research. The first holds that fathers are key figures in the lives of most children. In contrast, the second position holds that fathers are peripheral figures in the lives of most children.FATHERS ARE IMPORTANTSeveral types of research support the notion that fathers are important. One cluster of studies examines correlations between father involvement and child outcomes. This research, reviewed by Lamb (1987), Radin and Russell(1983), and Snarey (1993, Chapter 6), is generally supportive of the role of fathers. Father involvement and nurturance are positively associated with children's intellectual development; this is particularly true when fathers are interested in children's academic outcomes, assist with homework, and have high educational expectations for their children. In addition, father involvement and nurturance are positively associated with children's social competence, internal locus of control, and the ability to empathize. More generally, authoritative parenting (involving warmth and a moderate degree of control) by both parents is associated with psychological and social adjustment among children (Rollins & Thomas, 1979). …