Weishan Lake Research Articles

Rapid Identification of the Geographical Origin of the Chinese Mitten Crab (Eriocheir sinensis) Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy.

The Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) is highly valued by consumers for its delicious taste and high nutritional content, including proteins and trace elements, giving it significant economic value. However, variations in taste and nutritional value among crabs from different regions lead to considerable price differences, fueling the prevalence of counterfeit crabs in the market. Currently, there are no rapid detection methods to verify the origin of Chinese mitten crabs, making it crucial to develop fast and accurate detection techniques to protect consumer rights. This study focused on Chinese mitten crabs from different regions, specifically Hongze Lake, Tuo Lake, and Weishan Lake, by collecting near-infrared (NIR) diffuse reflectance spectral data from both the abdomen and carapace regions of the crabs. To eliminate noise from the spectral data, pretreatment was performed using Savitzky-Golay (SG) smoothing, Standard Normal Variate (SNV) transformation, and Multiplicative Scatter Correction (MSC). Key wavelengths reflecting the origin of Chinese mitten crabs were selected using Competitive Adaptive Reweighted Sampling (CARS), Bootstrap Soft Shrinkage (BOSS), and Uninformative Variable Elimination (UVE) algorithms. Finally, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), and Back Propagation Neural Network (BP) models were developed for rapid detection of crab origin. The results demonstrated that MSC provided the best preprocessing performance for NIR spectral data from both the abdomen and back of the crabs. For abdomen data, the SVM model developed using feature wavelengths selected by the CARS algorithm after MSC preprocessing achieved the highest accuracy (Acc) of 90.00%, with precision (P), recall (R), and F1-score for crabs from Weishan Lake at 89.29%, 86.21%, and 87.72%, respectively; for crabs from Tuo Lake at 86.96%, 95.24%, and 90.91%; and for crabs from Hongze Lake at 90.00%, 93.10%, and 91.53%. For carapace data, the SVM model based on wavelengths selected by the BOSS algorithm after MSC pretreatment achieved the best performance, with an Acc of 87.50%, and P, R, and F1 for crabs from Weishan Lake at 77.14%, 93.10%, and 84.38%; for Tuo Lake crabs at 100%, 90.47%, and 95.00%; and for Hongze Lake crabs at 92.31%, 80.00%, and 85.71%. In conclusion, NIR spectroscopy can effectively detect the origin of Chinese mitten crabs, providing technical support for developing rapid detection instruments and thereby safeguarding consumer rights.

Spatial characteristics of surface-deposited diatoms in Weishan Lake and their relationship with the water environment (Shandong Province, China)

The Weishan Lake serves as a crucial reservoir and regulating lake in the Eastern Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project and the ecological health of its lake ecosystem directly impacts the water quality for water diversion. Diatoms are particularly sensitive to changes in water environments, and the composition of diatom communities serves as a significant indicator of the health of aquatic ecosystems. To understand the composition of diatom communities in Weishan Lake and their relationship with environmental factors, thereby providing scientific grounds for the protection of the lake’s ecological environment, surface sediment diatoms, water samples, and sediments were collected and analyzed. The study revealed that there are 64 species from 19 genera of diatoms in Weishan Lake, predominantly comprising epiphytic and planktonic species. Dominant species include Fragilaria brevistriata, Achnanthes minutissima, and Stephanodiscus parvus, indicating an overall meso-eutrophic status. According to the diatom composition and biodiversity index, the diatom community was divided into three combination zones. Redundancy analysis (RDA) results indicated that the water environmental factors influencing the composition and distribution of diatom communities in Weishan Lake are TP, TOC, DO, NO2 −–N, and Ca2+, collectively explaining 35.60% of the variation in diatom community composition. Due to the influence of agricultural and industrial wastewater runoff, domestic sewage discharge, and cage aquaculture, Weishan Lake is in a mesotrophic eutrophication state. Therefore, it is recommended that strict control over inappropriate human activities in the lake area be implemented in the future to ensure the safety of water quality for water diversion.

Antibiotic resistance genes profile in the surface sediments of typical aquaculture areas across 15 major lakes in China

Aquatic farming is considered as a major source of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) for the natural environment of the lakes. ARB and ARGs in the natural environment have increased quickly because of the human activities. Here, we have profiled the diversity and abundance of ARGs in sediments from the typical aquaculture areas around 15 major lakes in China using PCR and qPCR, and further assessed the risk factor shaping the occurrence and distribution of ARGs. And class 1, 2 and 3 integrons were initially detected by PCR with specific primers. ARGs were widely distributed in the lakes: Weishan Lake and Poyang Lake showed high diversity of ARGs, followed by Dongting Lake, Chao Lake and Tai Lake. Generally, the ARGs in the Middle-Lower Yangtze Plain were more abundant than those in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Tetracycline resistance genes (tet(C), tet(A) &tet(M)) were prominent in sediments, and the next was AmpC β-lactamase gene group BIL/LAT/CMY, and the last was the genes resistance to aminoglycoside (strA-strB). Partial least squares path modeling analysis (PLS-PMA) revealed that livestock had a significant direct effect on the distribution of ARGs in lakes, and population might indirectly influence the profiles of ARGs by affecting the scale of livestock and aquaculture. The detectable rate of class 1, 2 and 3 integrons were 80%, 100% and 46.67%, respectively. The prevalence of integrons might play a key role in promoting more frequent horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events, resulting in the environmental mobilization and dissemination of ARGs between bacteria.

Remote sensing retrieval and driving analysis of phytoplankton density in the large storage freshwater lake: A study based on random forest and Landsat-8 OLI

Remote sensing monitoring of seasonal changes in phytoplankton density and analyses of the driving factors of phytoplankton densities are necessary for assessing the health of aquatic ecosystems, controlling lake eutrophication, and formulating ecological restoration policies. Building upon the satellite-ground synchronization experiment that involves the in situ aquatic ecological monitoring conducted in Nansi Lake, which is the largest storage lake situated along the eastern route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, we developed a phytoplankton density retrieval model utilizing the random forest (RF) method and Landsat-8 OLI data. On this basis, we mapped the seasonal fluctuations and spatial disparities in the phytoplankton densities from 2013 to 2023. Subsequently, we conducted a detailed analysis of the driving factors and considered both the natural and anthropogenic aspects. The results indicate that (1) the RF model, when utilizing three band combinations, yielded favorable results with R2, RMSE and MAE values of 0.67, 1.31 × 106 cells/L and 1.18 × 106 cells/L, respectively. (2) The phytoplankton densities exhibited both seasonal and spatial variations, with higher concentrations in summer and autumn than in spring and winter. Significantly, the northwestern region of Zhaoyang Lake and the southeastern region of Weishan Lake had substantially greater phytoplankton densities than did the other areas. Furthermore, overarching upward trends were observed from 2013 to 2023, reflecting an annual rate of increase of 3.32%. (3) An analysis of the causal factors indicated that temperatures and gross agricultural production levels are the primary drivers influencing the seasonal variations and distributions of phytoplankton densities. In the future, we will delve into the potential of deep learning and utilize various satellite sensors to explore the intricacies of phytoplankton monitoring, as well as the complex mechanisms that influence aquatic ecological health.

Time and Space Distribution of Zooplankton Community Structure and Driving Factors Analysis in Weishan Lake

Time and Space Distribution of Zooplankton Community Structure and Driving Factors Analysis in Weishan Lake

Research on the Path of Integrating Weishan Lake Culture into College Students’ Ideological and Political Education under the Theory of Cultural “Two Innovations”

Research on the Path of Integrating Weishan Lake Culture into College Students’ Ideological and Political Education under the Theory of Cultural “Two Innovations”

Water quality assessment and pollution evaluation of surface water sources: The case of Weishan and Luoma Lakes, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China

Water pollution is a pressing concern in China as well as in other countries around the world. Despite escalating the water quality issues associated with the water sources of Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China—namely Weishan and Luoma Lakes—a dearth of scientific and systematic guidance regarding water environmental management remains. This study investigated the water quality and potential pollution sources of Weishan and Luoma Lakes through hydrochemical analysis, correlation analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), as well as analyses of the Water Quality Index (WQI) and pollution evaluation index (PEI). Results showed that the average values of some components, such as turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), total nitrogen (TN), total hardness (TH), and alkalinity (ALK), were higher than the standard limits. The CA results revealed heterogeneity in the sources and pathways of the pollutants and ions. PCA was used to identify five key water quality indicators for Weishan and Luoma Lakes, explaining a cumulative variance of 85.26–86.64% and 83.56–85.64%, respectively. In Weishan Lake, anthropogenic and industrial sources were the primary contributors to water pollution, whereas in Luoma Lake, anthropogenic and natural sources were the primary pollution source, followed by agricultural sources. In general, the WQI and PEI values indicated that the water quality in Weishan Lake and Luoma Lake was classified as “good” during the study period, despite the deterioration of water quality in both lakes. Overall, implementing a robust management plan for maintaining the aquatic environment in these two lake areas is necessary.

The Hydrodynamic Impact of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project on the Lower-reach Lake of Nansi Lake

In order to study the changes in hydrodynamic characteristics of the lower-reach lake of Nansi Lake, this paper established a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model of the lower-reach lake of Nansi Lake based on topography, like rainfall, evaporation, and wind field of the lower-reach lake of Nansi Lake, and carried out water level verification, which is representative and can reflect the process of water level and flow velocity changes of the lower-reach lake of Nansi Lake before and after the South-to-North Water Transfer. The model results show that, before the Nansi Lake was connected to water, the lake area of Zhaoyang Lake in the north was long and narrow and the water level was high. The overall flow velocity of Weishan Lake was low, and the stagnant water area and low flow velocity area accounted for a large proportion. After the opening of the southern four lakes, the high-water level area is concentrated in the wide Weishan Lake area, the water level in the Zhaoyang Lake area is reduced, and the changes between different water level gradients tend to be gentler, and the mobility of the water body is greatly improved.

Application of high-resolution techniques in the assessment of the mobility of Cr, Mo, and W at the sediment-water interface of Nansi Lake, China.

There are few studies on the simultaneous behavior of chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), and tungsten (W) belonging to group VIB of the periodic table. Herein, based on high-resolution dialysis (HR-Peeper) and diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technology, the vertical distribution characteristics of DGT-labile and soluble Cr, Mo, and W in two lakes of Nansi Lake (Weishan Lake and Dushan Lake) were analyzed. In addition, the net diffusion fluxes and R-value (CDGT/Csol) were used to evaluate the mobility and release risk of metals at the sediment-water interface. The results showed that the DGT-labile concentrations of the three metal elements (Cr, Mo, and W) in Weishan Lake were higher than those in Dushan Lake, both in overlying water and sediment. This is mainly due to the dredging of the Dushan Lake area, which can permanently remove the polluted sediment in the lake. Meanwhile, the exogenous input is relatively high near the tourist area of Weishan Island. The net diffusion fluxes indicate that the W has a potential release risk of diffusion to the overlying water in Dushan Lake. The release of Cr, Mo, and W is thought to be related to the reductive dissolution of Fe/Mn (hydr)oxides based on Pearson correlation coefficients. The R-values of Cr and W indicate that Cr and W belong to the partial continuity case. The R-value of Mo was lower than the minimum value, meaning that Mo belongs to the single diffusion type and it is difficult for Mo sediments to supply pore water.

Detection and diversity of human enteroviruses from domestic sewage in Weishan Lake region, eastern China, 2018-2019.

Next generation sequencing (NGS) technology has been widely used in monitoring and identifying microbiomes in sewage. We aimed to evaluate the ability of NGS analysis in directly detecting enterovirus (EV) in sewage and to understand the diversity of EVs circulated in the residents in Weishan Lake region. Fourteen sewage samples were collected in Jining, Shandong Province, China from 2018 to 2019 and were parallelly investigated by the P1 amplicon-based NGS method and cell culture method. The results showed that 20 different serotypes belonging to species Enterovirus A (EV-A) (n=5), EV-B (n=13), and EV-C (n=2) were identified by NGS in the sewage concentrates, which exceeded the number of types detected by cell culture method (n=9). Echovirus 11 (E11), Coxsackievirus (CV) B5 and CVA9 were the most detected types in those sewage concentrates. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that E11 sequences obtained in this study belonged to genogroup D5 and had close genetic relationship with clinical sequences. Various EV serotypes circulated in populations near Weishan Lake. The combination of NGS technology into environmental surveillance will greatly contribute to improving our knowledge about EV circulation patterns in the population.

东方白鹳在山东省适宜栖息地的分布预测

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 东方白鹳在山东省适宜栖息地的分布预测 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202009052308 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 云南省基础研究计划项目(20210AT070040,2019FD0070) Prediction of the suitable habitat distribution of Oriental White Stork in Shandong Province Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:东方白鹳(Ciconia boyciana) 隶属鹳形目(Ciconiiformes)鹳科(Cioniidae)鹳属(Ciconia),被IUCN濒危物种红色名录列为濒危(EN),主要繁殖于俄罗斯远东地区与中国东北三江平原,在长江中下游鄱阳湖等沿海内陆湖泊越冬。山东省从2003年开始有东方白鹳繁殖记录,黄河三角洲为该物种在山东省的主要繁殖地。以在黄河三角洲自然保护区收集到的位点数据、物种分布数据库(GBIF)提取的位点数据和山东省环境气候因子为基础数据,基于最大熵(Maxent)模型和地理信息系统(ArcGIS)技术平台,预测东方白鹳在山东省的潜在适生区。结果表明在该物种在黄河三角洲及附近地区存在较集中的高适宜区,庙岛群岛和微山湖地区存在少量高适宜区,高适宜区总面积为1359.27km2;北至河北边界,南至微山县,沿黄河支流至西到达聊城市、菏泽市,存在1893.82km2较适宜区和3955.63km2低适宜区。潜在适宜生境总和为7208.72km2,占比为研究区域的0.89%。新出现的较为集中的较适宜区在微山湖周围地区,此地目前并无该物种出现的记录。通过对环境因子分析得知,东方白鹳选择适宜栖息地时更倾向于选择的植被类型是灌丛和草甸,土地利用类型是沼泽地、滩涂与河渠,远离道路,显著影响东方白鹳选择适宜区的气候因子是最暖季度降雨量和最干月份降雨量。研究旨在探究何种环境因子影响东方白鹳对适宜栖息地的选择,为该物种的栖息地管理和保护区建立提供科学依据,进而促进该物种种群和栖息地保护。 Abstract:The Oriental White Stork (Ciconia boyciana) belongs to the Ciconiiformes Stork family (Cioniidae) and the Stork genus (Ciconia). It is an endangered (EN) species on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List and is the national first-level protected wildlife. They mainly breed in the Far East of Russia and the Sanjiang Plain in Northeast China and overwinter in coastal inland lakes such as Poyang Lake in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Shandong Province has recorded the reproduction of the Oriental White Stork since 2003. The Yellow River Delta is the main breeding ground for this species in Shandong Province. The purpose of this study is to explore what environmental factors affect the selection of suitable habitats for the Oriental White Stork. This article uses the site data collected in the Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve, the site data extracted from the Species Distribution Database (GBIF) and the environmental and climate factors of Shandong Province as the basic data, based on the Maximum Entropy (Maxent) model and geographic information system (ArcGIS), and predicts the potential suitable area of the Oriental White Stork in Shandong Province. The results show that the most suitable habitat for the species is concentrated in the Yellow River Delta and nearby areas. From the border of Hebei in the north of Shandong Province to Weishan County in the south, along the tributaries of the Yellow River to the west to Liaocheng City and Heze City, there are 3955.63 km2 low suitable areas and 1893.82 km2 more suitable area. The total potential suitable habitat is 7208.72 km2, of which the most suitable area is 1359.27 km2, accounting for 0.89% of the study area. The newly emerged more concentrated and more suitable patches are in the area around Weishan Lake, where there is currently no record of this species. Through the analysis of environmental factors, it is known that the vegetation types that the Oriental White Stork prefers to choose when choosing suitable habitats are shrubs and meadows, and the land use types are swamps, tidal flats and canals far away from roads. The climatic factors that significantly affect the Oriental White Stork's selection of suitable areas are the warmest quarter rainfall and the driest month rainfall. The results provide basic scientific evidence for the habitat management and establishment of the protected areas for this species, and promote the protection of the species' population and habitat. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Razvitie glavnoj rechnoj sistemy Kitaya v transgranichnyh bassejnah s tochki zreniya konceptual'noj istorii

The implementation of the river chief system (RCS) in China is a key move to solve its complex water problems and sustain healthy rivers and lakes. The article considers the Weishan Lake project as an innovative way to develop RCS in transboundary basins: it draws on the underlying international practice experience in transboundary river/lake water environment governance.

Distribution and model prediction of antibiotic resistance genes in Weishan Lake based on the indication of Chironomidae larvae

The widespread contamination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in freshwater environment are becoming a serious challenge to human health and ecological safety. Rapid and efficient monitoring of ARGs pollution is of great significance to ARGs control. Water, bottom mud, and fish have all been used to indicate ARG contamination in aquatic environments. However, it is unclear whether macrobenthic invertebrates in the food chain of aquatic environments can be indicators of ARG contamination. In this study, we demonstrated that ARGs including tetA gene, sul2 gene, and km gene were distributed in Chironomidae larvae in Weishan Lake. The ARG distribution was related to animal species, body parts, sampling sites, time, urban environment, animal farming, south-to-north water diversion, food chain, antibiotics, and water storage. Mathematical model predictions of ARG contamination in Weishan Lake were constructed based on the structural equation model (SEM) and the distribution of ARG sul2 in Chironomidae larvae. Influencing factors such as water storage, metal elements, antibiotic, and temperature were found to be closely related to the prediction of ARG contamination. This study provided a new indicator for ARG contamination in freshwater environments and a method to predict ARGs contamination.

Comparison of genetic diversity and population structure of eight Macrobrachium nipponense populations in China based on D-loop sequences

This study was performed by using D-loop region sequences to investigate genetic diversity and population structure across eight representative groups of M. nipponense from south to north China. Eight populations comprising a total of 144 individuals were from Songhua River (SHJ), Yellow River (HH), Yangtze River (YZ), Pearl River (ZJ), Weishan Lake (WSH), Taihu Lake (TH), Bosten Lake (BH) and Wanquan River (WQH). The 1130-bp D-loop region exhibited a higher content of A + T (79.04%) than C + G (20.95%). In addition, 239 variable sites and 73 haplotypes were detected. The population haplotype diversity (h) were ranked as follows: WQH (0.9810) > YZ (0.9571) > WSH (0.9429) > ZJ (0.8901) > SHJ (0.8791) > HH (0.8693) > TH (0.8667) > BH (0.3684); the nucleotide diversity (π) were ranked as: WQH (0.0607) > YZ (0.0299) > SHJ(0.0236) > WSH(0.0221) > TH(0.0132) > ZJ(0.0131) > HH(0.0118) > BH(0.0011). The pairwise FST values reached highly significant level (P < 0.01). The gene flow (Nm) results revealed abundant gene exchange between WSH and TH (11.057), HH (7.226) and ZJ (6.255). The maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree showed that 73 haplotypes were divided into two main branches. Only the haplotypes of the BH population clustered together, indicating the low genetic diversity of this population, whereas a high diversity was observed in other populations. Network results were consistent with phylogenetic tree results. The analysis of mismatch distribution showed that all eight populations presented multimodal distribution. Fu’s Fs test and Tajima’s D tests were applied to determine the population expansion. All eight populations showed non-significant negative values, which suggests that the M. nipponense population in China did not experience population expansion.

Assessment of heavy metal content, distribution, and sources in Nansi Lake sediments, China.

Much attention has been paid to the heavy metal contamination of lake sediments in rapidly developing regions. In this study, heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Mn, Pb, As, Cu, and Zn) concentrations in sediment surface samples and cores from the Nansi Lake were investigated to ascertain the potential sources and environmental risks of heavy metals. The average concentration of heavy metals was 0.16-16.04 times background concentrations. The enrichment factor, Tomlinson pollution load index, geo accumulation index, positive definite matrix factor analysis (PMF), and potential ecological risk index were used to assess heavy metal concentrations and explore the evolution of heavy metal sources, and result indicated that Cd reached moderate pollution levels, which is the most polluted heavy metal in the history and present, while the remaining heavy metals are at low or no pollution levels. The contribution of Cd to RI exceeded 76%, which is the decisive factor in the ecological risk of Nansi Lake. The result of ecological risk showed that the risk level for most of Nansi Lake is medium, and some areas of Zhaoyang Lake and Weishan Lake reach high levels. The PMF results showed that there are four main factors influencing heavy metal concentrations in Nansi Lake sediments, including industrial sources, fertilizers, and herbicides used in agricultural production, traffic-related emissions, and mineral mining. Among these factors, industrial and mineral mining sources were found to be the most important, and the highest contribution rate occurred in the -10cm (1960s). Although the contribution of fertilizers and herbicides is lower than that of other sources, increasing trend should be a warning sign that Cd has reached a high ecological risk level in Nansi Lake sediments.

Study on temporal and spatial distribution Law of Chlorophyll-a Concentration in Nansi Lake

In order to investigate the Nansi Lake chlorophyll-a concentration spatial distribution, to better cope with the lake eutrophication of lake water and water quality threat, and to ensure the function of the water transport channel and the storage reservoir in the east line project of the south to North Water Transfer in the lake area. By using the correlation analysis and regression analysis in statistical analysis, the best band of chlorophyll-a retrieval is the combined band of blue band, green band and red band, based on the relationship between measured chlorophyll-a concentration and Landsat 8 the reflection values of each band. On the basis of this, the regression fitting equation is constructed. Through the accuracy analysis, the inversion error is smaller and the fitting degree is 0.7, which has good applicability. In 2015, the results show that the chlorophyll-a concentration in Nansi Lake in January was as high as 10mg/m3. The concentration of chlorophyll-a in the lake coast is much higher than the central of the lake area. And the concentration of the Weishan Lake in the lower Lake area is higher than that of the other lake areas.

Research on the Inheritance Status and Countermeasures of Weishan Fisherman Hutou Clothing in Shandong Province

Weishan Fishman Hutou clothing is a kind of fabric that spreads around Weishan Lake, which is the inheritance and development of ancient tiger culture. Weishan Fishman Hutou clothing is a traditional handicraft that integrates folk painting, embroidery, paper-cutting, pasting, digging and mending. Its making technique is complex and has high practical value and artistic value. It has special ideological connotation and shows unique folk art style. In 2009, Weishan fisherman hutou clothing was listed in the upgrading intangible cultural heritage list project by Shandong Provincial People's Government. In this paper, the inheritance status and countermeasures of hutou clothing, a fisherman, are studied, with a view to making beneficial exploration on the inheritance and development of excellent traditional culture.

Macroinvertebrate Communities in a Lake of an Inter-Basin Water Transfer Project and Its Implications for Sustainable Management

In the present study, we choose the Weishan Lake, one of important water transfer and storage lakes on the eastern route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWD) in China, to clarify how the community structure and assemblage-environment relationships of macroinvertebrates varied across three typical habitats (the River Mouth, Canal and Lake regions) over the four seasons in 2012. A total of 72 taxa belonging to 3 phyla, 9 classes and 24 families were recorded, with tolerant oligochaetes and chironomids as the dominant taxa. The environmental conditions and macroinvertebrate assemblages were clearly separated at spatial and temporal scales. Assemblage structure showed both significant but larger spatial than seasonal variations, with a clear separation of sites from three regions in an ordination plot. Compared to the temporal scale, more indicator species were retained to be responsible for the regional differences according to the two-way cluster analysis. Different environmental variables were significant for distinguishing macroinvertebrate assemblages among four seasons, and among them, pH was the only variable which was retained in all models. Our study provided useful background information of environmental characteristics and macroinvertebrate communities in a typical water transfer and storage lake before the water transfer of the SNWD. After the operation of SNWD, we envisage inter-basin water transfer (IBWT), which is usually accompanied by water level rise, nutrient pattern change and biota succession, will seriously affect recipient basins. Therefore, we propose several management strategies for SNWD: (1) target and detailed data should be collected on a timely basis; (2) government should prevent water pollution and adopt effective measures to protect the water environment; (3) the environmental assessments and other aspects of IBWT planning should be coordinated; (4) an overall consideration of different basins should be given to achieve a greater range of water resources planning, scheduling, and allocation; and (5) the migration and invasion of species should be of concern during the operation of the project.

The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE) and the principal component analysis (PCA) model simulation and its applications in water quality assessment of Nansi Lake Basin, China

The Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation (FCE) and the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were simulated to assess water quality of the Nansi Lake Basin, China. The membership functions were established via the Nor-Half Sinusoidal Distribution Method, and the weight was calculated via the Exceeding Standard Multiple Method. To enhance the efficiency of extracting principal pollutant, the eigenequation was solved through the Jacobi Method, and the principal components were extracted based on eigenvalue, contribution ratio, accumulating contribution ratio, principal component loading and score. Water quality classification based on “National Surface Water Environmental Quality Standards of China (GB3838-2002) was used to assess the water quality. Considering the difference of the temporal and spatial distribution in average, water quality of Level I was 28.9%, 28.1%, 25.1%, 25.6%, respectively in spring, summer, autumn, and winter, which suggested that water quality in spring and summer was better than in autumn and winter. The order of water quality was Zhaoyang Lake (Level I) &gt; Nanyang Lake (Level I) &gt; Dushan Lake (Level III) &gt; Weishan Lake (Level III and IV). There were four extracted principal components that can replace the fourteen pollutant indexes for assessing water quality. According to the annual mean data of the 1st principal components, the most important pollutions were heavy metals, including As (0.933), Hg (0.931), Cd (0.929), Cr(VI) (0.926), Pb (0.925), and Cu (0.534). It is proved that the combined FCE-PCA model could provide valuable information in the water quality assessment for the Nansi Lake Basin.

Leading small groups in China's inter-city governmental cooperation

PurposeOver the past several decades, there has been an increasing trend towards inter-city cooperation, which is an efficient policy option to deal with the challenges from globalization, regionalization and the externalities resulting from urban entrepreneurialism. Specific to China, the city governments, which mainly refer to prefecture-level and county-level governments, have also made many attempts to cooperate with respect to their local economic development and public affairs. Nevertheless, the results of these initiations to cooperate vary to a great extent. Based on a review of regional pollution governance in the Xiaoqing River area, tourism cooperation initiatives at Weishan Lake and transport integration between Jinan and Laiwu. The findings demonstrate that China's idiosyncratic institutional background has a significant impact on the shaping of inter-city cooperation. For the most part, leading small groups (LSGs) and their leadership property tend to determine the effectiveness of inter-city cooperation.Design/methodology/approachTo examine the effect of the LSGs, we categorize them into three types, groups with strong leadership, weak leadership and self-forming leadership. Through reviewing regional pollution governance in the Xiaoqing River area, tourism cooperation initiatives at Weishan Lake and transport integration between Jinan and Laiwu, we try to probe the role of leading groups in the settlement of cross-administrative border issues.FindingsBased on these three cases, the conclusion can be drawn that the leadership type of the LSG can exert an important influence on the efficiency of inter-city cooperation. If there is a leader with a higher administrative rank or authority, the cooperation can be quite efficient. Otherwise, the cooperative ending might be very negative. In terms of the operation principle, we can infer that even though the cities are always self-development oriented, the leader with higher authority or a strong coordinating capacity can convince and persuade the city leaders to overcome their self-centered behavior template and boost the cooperation to March on smoothly. Also, it means that the LSG is constrained by its personalistic characteristic. Key command derives from the person who chairs the LSG other than specific rules and norms. If the lead of the LSG leaves his position, the cooperation might just become paralyzed. From this point of view, the lack of legal basis remains to be the LSGs' significant deficiency and the future reform should attach more importance to the legalization of the LSGs so the operation of LSGs can be more standard and stable.Originality/valueMany scholars have proposed their own theoretical models to explain the reason some cities successfully and effectively form cooperative relations, while the other cities do not. However, their models do not consider the idiosyncratic context of China or, how and to which extent LSGs can promote cooperation. Therefore, this paper seeks to probe which path in the context of China cities usually follows in the formation of joint efforts, and what role LSGs play in enabling cities to cooperate.