Weight Training Research Articles

Assessment of rotator cuff tears among bodybuilders in Lahore

Background: The current was performed on bodybuilders to see the shoulder rotator cuff injuries among them. A bodybuilder is a person who strengthens and enlarges the muscles of their body through strenuous exercise. The chances of injury in shoulder is much more than any other region of body because of excessive workout of upper body shoulder and chest than lower region. Objective: To determine the Assessment of rotator cuff tears among bodybuilders in Lahore. Methodology: It was the cross-sectional study. Data was collected by 161 bodybuilders on basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Convenient sampling technique was used in this study. Oxford shoulder score questionnaire along with manual physical testing for assessing the rotator cuff injury was used in this study. Data was analyzed by using SPSS. Results: In current study the mean age of respondents was 30.12 with SD 5.85. Minimum age was 20 and maximum age was 45 years.72.6% of the bodybuilders had right side dominant and 27.3 had left side dominant. 22.98% had 1-3 years of experience, 49.68 had 4-6 years of experience and 27.3 had 7-10 years of experience.31.67 had discomfort in their right shoulder and 58.3% had discomfort in left shoulder and 9.93 % had discomfort in both shoulders. 18.51% of the bodybuilders had positive lift of test for subscapularis injury, 40.71 positive drop arm test for supraspinatus and infraspinatus injury, 9.87% had positive horn blower test for teres minor and 30.86% of the bodybuilder had all the rotator cuff tests were negative its mean the other type of shoulder injury rather than rotator cuff. Conclusion: From current study, it was concluded that rotator cuff injury was the commonest injury among all the shoulder injuries. Among the rotator cuff the supraspinatus and infraspinatus was the commonest injured muscle. There should be proper trainer for muscle building so that injury can be prevented. As there was much high prevalence of rotator cuff injury was found in current study. Clinicians and strength and conditioning professionals should consider the biomechanical stresses and adaptations associated with weight training when prescribing upper extremity exercises. Keywords: Rotator cuff, Injury, Oxford shoulder score.

Kiloh-Nevin syndrome: an unusual cause of forearm pain.

The popularity of weight training, bodybuilding and general physical conditioning has led to an increased rate of musculoskeletal injuries, such as nerve compression caused by muscle hypertrophy and, stretching of nerves peripherally. We present a case of anterior interosseous nerve (AIN) entrapment syndrome/neuropathy otherwise known as Kiloh-Nevin syndrome in a 22-year-old weightlifter. Knowledge of this injury is paramount for practitioners to increase awareness among athletes and bodybuilders.

Study on Aspects of Bodybuilding and Fitness Practitioners’ Motivation and Weight Training Routine

Study on Aspects of Bodybuilding and Fitness Practitioners’ Motivation and Weight Training Routine

“He trusts me”: navigating the male weight room: emotions and reflective practice of a young, female strength and conditioning coach

ABSTRACT This autoethnographic account illuminates the integration of emotions, emotional labour (EL), and reflective practice (RP) of a young, female strength and conditioning coach as she worked to resolve an interpersonal problem with a male athlete during the American football season. The lead author referred to her reflective journal from this season and engaged in retrospective reflection-on-action by writing analytical memos. She collaborated with the co-authors to develop an analytic and evocative account of her strength and conditioning coaching stories integrated with theoretical concepts. We draw upon the works of Goffman (1959) and Hochschild (1983) to depict the emotions and EL of the lead author during her front stage and backstage coaching performances. Furthermore, we can see the integration of emotions and EL throughout Schön’s reflective practice cycle. With this new knowledge, coaches and coach developers may mitigate the negative effects from EL associated with experiencing and resolving interpersonal coaching problems.

A pilot study of a modification EAT-26 questionnaire for screening pathological eating behavior in competitive athletes.

This study deals with pathological forms of eating behavior and disorders of athletes with the aim to verify a newly created questionnaire method focused on their screening. First, a detailed analysis of one of the most frequently used methods, EAT-26, was carried out, which was subsequently reworked into a newly created questionnaire that should meet the criteria for application to a group of competitive athletes. This new questionnaire was then verified on a group of athletes in risky sports disciplines. It was distributed among athletes of aesthetic sports, specifically among aerobics (gymnastic, sport, and fitness), gymnastics (modern and sport), professional dance, figure skating, and bodybuilding/fitness (classic bodybuilding, bikini fitness, and men's physique). In total, 100 respondents, 79 women and 21 men, with 20 persons from each sport branch, aged 16-26, participated in the research. The main results of the research investigation were determined using factor analysis, which yielded positive results. Five strong factors (dietary control, body weight control, training obsession, appetite, and calorie counting) were identified, which can be defined as common and well-known characteristics in the eating and training regime of competitive athletes. At the same time, the factors found can be defined as essential factors influencing the emergence of disturbed eating behavior or the later development of an eating disorder. Compared to the original EAT-26, the point score was adjusted, and its critical value was determined at 57 points. Of the respondents, 33%, i.e., 33 out of a possible 100, achieved this value or above. Respondents with a point score of 57 and above were found in every sport tested. Of the 33 respondents reaching this point limit, 6% were in aerobics, 24% in gymnastics, 15% in professional dance, 27% in figure skating, and 27% in bodybuilding/fitness. Respondents from the bodybuilding and fitness sports sector achieved the highest number of points on average and those were the only ones who exceeded the threshold of 57 points on average. The results of the work correspond with the opinion of many experts that the sports environment is ideal for covering up disturbed eating behavior or eating disorders, and diagnosis in this environment is difficult.

Quadriceps Neuromuscular Function During and After Exercise-Induced Fatigue in Patients With Patellofemoral Pain.

Exercise-induced fatigue reduces muscle force production and motoneuron pool excitability. However, it is unclear if patients with patellofemoral pain (PFP) experience further loss in quadriceps neuromuscular function due to fatigue during exercise and postexercise. To observe how quadriceps maximal strength, activation, and force-generating capacity change during and after repetitive bouts of isokinetic knee-extension exercise in patients with PFP. Cross-sectional study. Laboratory. Twenty-two patients with PFP (visual analog scale mean pain severity = 4.2 of 10 cm, mean symptom duration = 38.6 months) and 19 healthy control individuals matched on age and body mass index. Quadriceps peak torque (PT), central activation ratio (CAR), and rate of torque development (RTD) were assessed at baseline and immediately after every 5 sets of knee-extension exercise (times 1-5). Participants continued knee-extension exercises until the baseline quadriceps PT dropped below 50% for 3 consecutive contractions. No group-by-time interaction was observed for quadriceps PT (F5,195 = 1.03, P = .40). However, group-by-time interactions were detected for quadriceps CAR (F5,195 = 2.63, P= .03) and RTD (F5,195 = 3.85, P = .002). Quadriceps CAR (-3.6%, P = .04, Cohen d = 0.53) and RTD (-18.9%, P = .0008, Cohen d = 1.02) decreased between baseline and time 1 in patients with PFP but not in their healthy counterparts (CAR -1.9%, P = .86; RTD -9.8%, P = .22). Quadriceps RTD also decreased between times 4 and 5 in patients with PFP (-24.9%, P = .002, Cohen d = 0.89) but not in the healthy group (-0.9%, P = .99). Patients with PFP appeared to experience an additional reduction in quadriceps activation, force-generating capacity, or both during the early and late stages of exercise compared with healthy individuals. Clinicians should be aware of such possible acute changes during exercise and postexercise and use fatigue-resistant rehabilitation programs for patients with PFP.

Body weight training intervention towards weight loss of adolescent with obesity problem during COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought attention to the rising issue of sedentary behavior, which can lead to obesity. Obesity affects individuals of all ages, including children, adults, and the elderly. Obesity can have negative effects on adolescent body image. Several interventions, such as body weight training, have been shown to help obese adolescents lose weight. This paper proposes an investigation into the effectiveness of body weight training interventions as implemented by community nurses for weight loss in obese adolescents. The intervention involved three sessions per week over the course of four weeks and was administered to several obese adolescents. The results indicated that there was a weight loss of 3.7 kg for the first participant and 3.8 kg for the second participant over the four-week period. Statistical analysis using a paired t-test showed a p-value less than 0.005, indicating a significant effect of the body weight training intervention on weight loss in obese adolescents. It is hoped that community nurses can utilize body weight training as a useful intervention in helping obese adolescents achieve a healthy weight.

Ubiquinol Short-Term Supplementation Prior to Strenuous Exercise Improves Physical Performance and Diminishes Muscle Damage.

The benefits of physical exercise on health are diminished when it is non-planned, strenuous, or vigorous, which causes an increase in oxygen consumption and production of free radicals, particularly serious at the muscular level. Ubiquinol could help achieve an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and ergogenic effect. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether a supplementation of ubiquinol during a short period could have a positive effect on muscle aggression, physical performance, and fatigue perception in non-elite athletes after high intensity circuit weight training. One hundred healthy and well-trained men, (firemen of the Fire Department of Granada) were enrolled in a placebo-controlled, double-blinded, and randomized study, and separated into two groups: the placebo group (PG, n = 50); and the ubiquinol group (UG, n = 50), supplemented with an oral dose. Before and after the intervention, data related to the number of repetitions, muscle strength, and perceived exertion, as well as blood samples were collected. An increase was observed in the UG regarding average load and repetitions, revealing an improvement in muscle performance. Ubiquinol supplementation also reduced muscle damage markers, showing a protective effect on muscle fibers. Therefore, this study provides evidence that ubiquinol supplementation improves muscle performance and prevents muscle damage after strenuous exercise in a population of well-trained individuals who are not elite athletes.

Pengukuran Komponen Fisik Atlet PON Cabang Olahraga Dayung Sulawesi Selatan

Based on the results of observations and monitoring carried out during the exercise of the physical condition of the rowing athletes, there are still many who do not properly follow the instructions and directions from the trainer how to do quality physical condition exercises in accordance with the components and principles of the exercise. This partnership program provides solutions on how to carry out good and correct tests and measurements of the main physical components in rowing, an explanation of how to implement a physical condition training program using weight training. Tests and measurements of the physical components carried out on rowing athletes in this partnership program are: (1) Arm muscle endurance using the push up method, abdominal muscle endurance using the sit up method and leg muscle endurance using the half squat jump method (2) Flexibility using the flexometer method (3) Eye and hand coordination by throwing the ball against the wall (4) Arm power using the medicine ball method and (5) General endurance using the bleep test method (multi stage fitness test). The results of the tests and measurements found that there were no athletes who entered the perfect category, only 1 person (6.25%) was in the Very Good category, as many as 9 people (56.25%) were in the Good category, 6 people (37.50%) were in the Enough category and none were into the Less category. The conclusion is that the physical components of the South Sulawesi rowing athletes who are prepared to take part in the XX National Sports Week in Papua are still in the Good category.

Integrative medicine, naturopathic and complementary medicine in the treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome : An overview against the background of clinical experiences from routine treatment

Fibromyalgia syndrome is classified as afunctional somatic syndrome. There are typical but not clearly defined symptom clusters, such as chronic widespread pain, non-restorative sleep, and atendency to physical and/or mental exhaustion. The core principle of treatment in the S3guidelines is amultimodal treatment, especially for severe forms of the disease. Complementary, naturopathic and integrative forms of treatment have an established place in the guidelines. Strong treatment recommendations with ahigh consensus exist for endurance, weight and functional training. Meditative forms of movement, such as yoga or qigong should also be used. In addition to alack of physical activity, obesity is also accepted as an associated lifestyle factor and addressed in nutritional therapy and regulation therapy. The central aim is the activation and rediscovery of self-efficacy. Heat applications, such as warm baths/showers, saunas, infrared cabins or exercise in warm thermal water are in accordance with the guidelines. Acurrent field of research is whole-body hyperthermia with water-filtered infrared A radiation. Other self-help strategies are dry brushing according to Kneipp or massaging with rosemary oil, mallow oil or the Aconite pain oil. Taking into account the patients preference, phytotherapeutic agents can also be used as herbal pain treatment (ash bark/trembling poplar bark/goldenrod herb), for sleep disorders in the form of sleep-inducing wraps (lavender heart compress) and internally (valerian, lavender oil capsules, lemon balm). Acupuncture treatment (either ear or body acupuncture) are accepted as part of amultimodal concept. The Clinic for Integrative Medicine and Naturopathy at the Hospital in Bamberg offers the three different formats of inpatient, day clinic and outpatient service covered by the health insurance.

An Evaluation Study of a New Designed Oscillating Hydraulic Trainer of Neck.

In view of the importance of neck strength training and the lack of adequate training equipment, this study designed a new oscillating hydraulic trainer (OHT) of neck based on oscillating hydraulic damper. We used surface electromyography (sEMG) and subjective ratings to evaluate the neck OHT and compared the results with a simple hat trainer (HATT) and traditional weight trainer (TWT) to verify the feasibility and validity of the OHT. Under similar exercise conditions, 12 subjects performed a set of neck flexion and extension exercise with these 3 trainers. The sEMG signals of targeted muscles were collected in real time, and subjects were asked to complete subjective evaluations of product usability after exercise. The results showed that the root mean square (RMS%) of sEMG indicated that the OHT could provide two-way resistance and train the flexors and extensors simultaneously. The overall degree of muscle activation with OHT was higher than that with the other two trainers in one movement cycle. In terms of resistance characteristics exhibited by the sEMG waveform, duration (D) with OHT was significantly longer than HATT and TWT when exercising at a high speed, while Peak Timing (PT) was later. The ratings of product usability and performing usability of OHT were remarkably higher than that of HATT and TWT. Based on the above results, the OHT was proved to be more suitable for strength training, such as neck muscles, which were getting more attention gradually, but lacked mature and special training equipment.

Non-Traditional Physical Education Classes Improve High School Students' Movement Competency and Fitness: A Mixed-Methods Program Evaluation Study.

Non-traditional physical education (PE) programs may facilitate functional movement patterns and develop fitness and work capacity to facilitate long-term physical activity. This program evaluation study compared changes in body composition, movement competency, work capacity, and fitness for high school students in CrossFit or weight training PE; both classes were hypothesized to improve each area, with greater improvements in the CrossFit class. Students participated in 57 min classes 4 days per week for 9 months. Measures including body composition, movement competencies (squat, lunge, push-up, pull-up, hinge, and brace), work capacity (two CrossFit workouts), and fitness (air squats, push-ups, inverted row, plank hold, horizontal and vertical jumps, 5 rep max back squat and press, 500 m bike, and 12 min run) were taken at baseline, midpoint, and post-test. Focus groups to assess students' experiences and outcomes were conducted at post-test. Students significantly improved in movement competencies (ps = 0.034 to <0.001), work capacity (ps < 0.001), and all fitness tests (ps = 0.036 to <0.001). The CrossFit class was only superior on the 500 m bike. Four themes were identified from the focus groups: (1) increased self-confidence, (2) health improvements, (3) newfound community, and (4) translational sports improvements. Future research should examine changes using an experimental design.

The mechanical loading of the spine in physical activities

PurposeTo summarize the mechanical loading of the spine in different activities of daily living and sports.MethodsSince the direct measurement is not feasible in sports activities, a mathematical model was applied to quantify spinal loading of more than 600 physical tasks in more than 200 athletes from several sports disciplines. The outcome is compression and torque (normalized to body weight/mass) at L4/L5.ResultsThe data demonstrate high compressive forces on the lumbar spine in sport-related activities, which are much higher than forces reported in normal daily activities and work tasks. Especially ballistic jumping and landing skills yield high estimated compression at L4/L5 of more than ten times body weight. Jumping, landing, heavy lifting and weight training in sports demonstrate compression forces significantly higher than guideline recommendations for working tasks.ConclusionThese results may help to identify acute and long-term risks of low back pain and, thus, may guide the development of preventive interventions for low back pain or injury in athletes.

The development of bi-directionally coupled self-organizing neurovascular networks captures orientation-selective neural and hemodynamic cortical responses.

Networks of neurons are the primary substrate of information processing. Conversely, blood vessels in the brain are generally viewed to have physiological functions unrelated to information processing, such as the timely supply of oxygen, and other nutrients to the neural tissue. However, recent studies have shown that cerebral microvessels, like neurons, exhibit tuned responses to sensory stimuli. Tuned neural responses to sensory stimuli may be enhanced with experience-dependent Hebbian plasticity and other forms of learning. Hence, it is possible that the microvascular network might also be subject to some form of competitive learning rules during early postnatal development such that its fine-scale structure becomes optimized for metabolic delivery to a given neural micro-architecture. To explore the possibility of adaptive lateral interactions and tuned responses in cerebral microvessels, we modelled the cortical neurovascular network by interconnecting two laterally connected self-organizing networks. The afferent and lateral connections of the neural and vascular networks were defined by trainable weights. By varying the topology of lateral connectivity in the vascular network layer, we observed that the partial correspondence of feature selectivity between neural and hemodynamic responses could be explained by lateral coupling across local blood vessels such that the central domain receives an excitatory drive of more blood flow and a distal surrounding region where blood flow is reduced. Critically, our simulations suggest a new role for feedback from the vascular to the neural network because the radius of vascular perfusion determines whether the cortical neural map develops into a clustered vs. salt-and-pepper organization.

Improved Myelination following Camp Leg Power, a Selective Motor Control Intervention for Children with Spastic Bilateral Cerebral Palsy: A Diffusion Tensor MRI Study.

Children with spastic cerebral palsy have motor deficits associated with periventricular leukomalacia indicating WM damage to the corticospinal tracts. We investigated whether practice of skilled lower extremity selective motor control movements would elicit neuroplasticity. Twelve children with spastic bilateral cerebral palsy and periventricular leukomalacia born preterm (mean age, 11.5 years; age range, 7.3-16.6 years) participated in a lower extremity selective motor control intervention, Camp Leg Power. Activities promoted isolated joint movement including isokinetic knee exercises, ankle-controlled gaming, gait training, and sensorimotor activities (3 hours/day, 15 sessions, 1 month). DWI scans were collected pre- and postintervention. Tract-Based Spatial Statistics was used to analyze changes in fractional anisotropy, radial diffusivity, axial diffusivity, and mean diffusivity. Significantly reduced radial diffusivity (P < . 05) was found within corticospinal tract ROIs, including 28.4% of the left and 3.6% of the right posterior limb of the internal capsule and 14.1% of the left superior corona radiata. Reduced mean diffusivity was found within the same ROIs (13.3%, 11.6%, and 6.6%, respectively). Additionally, decreased radial diffusivity was observed in the left primary motor cortex. Additional WM tracts had decreased radial diffusivity and mean diffusivity, including the anterior limb of the internal capsule, external capsule, anterior corona radiata, and corpus callosum body and genu. Myelination of the corticospinal tracts improved following Camp Leg Power. Neighboring WM changes suggest recruitment of additional tracts involved in regulating neuroplasticity of the motor regions. Intensive practice of skilled lower extremity selective motor control movements promotes neuroplasticity in children with spastic bilateral cerebral palsy.

Effects of free weight and body mass-based resistance training on thigh muscle size, strength and intramuscular fat in healthy young and middle-aged individuals.

What is the central question of this study? How do free weight resistance training (RT) and body mass-based RT for 8weeks compare for isometric muscular strength, muscle size and intramuscular fat (IMF) content in the quadriceps femoris? What is the main finding and its importance? Free weight and body mass-based RTs could induce muscle hypertrophy; however, decreased IMF content was observed following the body mass-based RT alone. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of free weight and body mass-based resistance training (RT) on muscle size and thigh intramuscular fat (IMF) in young and middle-aged individuals. Healthy individuals (aged 30-64years) were assigned to either a free weight RT group (n=21) or a body mass-based RT group (n=16). Both groups performed whole-body resistance exercise twice a week for 8weeks. Free weight resistance exercises (squats, bench press, deadlift, dumbbell rows and back range) involved 70% one repetition maximum, with three sets of 8-12 repetitions per exercise. The nine body mass-based resistance exercises (leg raise, squats, rear raise, overhead shoulder mobility exercise, rowing, dips, lunge, single-leg Romanian deadlifts and push-ups) included the maximum possible repetitions per session, which were performed in one or two sets. Mid-thigh magnetic resonance images using the two-point Dixon method were taken pre- and post-training. The muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and IMF content in the quadriceps femoris were measured from the images. Both the groups showed significantly increased muscle CSA post-training (free weight RT group, P=0.001; body mass-based RT group, P=0.002). IMF content in the body mass-based RT group significantly decreased (P=0.036) but did not significantly change in the free weight RT group (P=0.076). These results suggest that the free weight and body mass-based RTs could induce muscle hypertrophy; however, in healthy young and middle-aged individuals, decreased IMF content was induced following the body mass-based RT alone.

Evaluation of Different Robot-Assisted Ankle Muscle Strength Training Modes Based on Angle/Torque and sEMG Characteristics

Muscle strength training is to reduce muscle atrophy and increase muscle strength. For ankle joint, we developed six robot-assisted muscle strength training modes, namely, continuous passive motion (CPM), isotonic, isometric, isokinetic, centripetal and centrifugal exercise. The paper aims to evaluate the performance of different robot-assisted training modes based on angle/torque and surface electromyography (sEMG) characteristics. The sEMG characteristics were used to extract the features of the degree of muscle activation, while the angle/torque information were used to calculate the endurance ratio (ER), peak torque (PT) and torque acceleration energy (TAE). Experimental results showed that the level of the degree of muscle activation, PT and TAE in CPM were low, and ER was about 1. For isotonic exercise, isometric exercise and isokinetic exercise, most of the evaluation indexes including the degree of muscle activation, PT and TAE increased significantly compared with CPM (For isotonic exercise, ER is 1.09±0.25, r(LG) is 0.0538±0.0171, r(MG) is 0.0430±0.0116, r(SO) is 0.0642±0.0178; For isometric exercise, PT is 0.72±0.16, TAE is 2.15±0.51, r(TA) is 0.0532±0.0256; For isokinetic exercise, PT is 0.72±0.16, TAE is 1.99±0.82). The results reveal the different performances among different modes, thus lay a foundation for exploring subject-specific adaptive ankle muscle strength training strategies.

Mental Fatigue: The Cost of Cognitive Loading on Weight Lifting, Resistance Training, and Cycling Performance.

Mental fatigue (MF) can impair physical performance in sport. We tested the hypothesis that cognitive load alone, and intermixed with standard resistance training, would induce MF, increase rating of perceived exertion (RPE), alter perception of weight lifting and training, and impair cycling time-trial performance. This 2-part study employed a within-participant design. In part 1, after establishing leg-extension 1-repetition maximum(1RM), 16 participants lifted and briefly held weights at 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% of 1RM. RPE and electromyography (EMG) were measured for each lift. During the testing sessions, participants completed cognitive tasks (MF condition) or watched neutral videos (control condition) for 90minutes before lifting the weights. In part 2, they completed submaximal resistance training comprising 6 weight training exercises followed by a 20-minute cycling time trial. In the MF condition, they completed cognitive tasks before and between weight training exercises. In the control condition, they watched neutral videos. Mood (Brunel Mood Scale), workload (National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index), MF-visual analogue scale (MF-VAS), RPE, psychomotor vigilance, distance cycled, power output, heart rate, and blood lactate were measured. In part 1, the cognitive task increased lift-induced RPE (P = .011), increased MF-VAS (P = .002), and altered mood (P < .001) compared with control. EMG did not differ between conditions. In part 2, the cognitive tasks increased RPE (P < .001), MF-VAS (P < .001), and mental workload (P < .001), but reduced cycling time-trial power (P = .032) and distance (P = .023) compared with control. Heart rate and blood lactate did not differ between conditions. A state of MF induced by cognitive load, alone or intermixed with physical load, increased RPE during weight lifting and training and impaired subsequent cycling performance.

Event-driven non-intrusive load monitoring algorithm based on targeted mining multidimensional load characteristics

Nowadays, the advancement of nonintrusive load monitoring (NILM) has been hastened by the ever-increasing requirements for the reasonable use of electricity by users and demand side management. Although existing researches have tried their best to extract a wide variety of load features based on transient or steady state of electrical appliances, it is still very difficult for their algorithm to model the load decomposition problem of different electrical appliance types in a targeted manner to jointly mine their proposed features. This paper presents a very effective event-driven NILM solution, which aims to separately model different appliance types to mine the unique characteristics of appliances from multi-dimensional features, so that all electrical appliances can achieve the best classification performance. First, we convert the multi-classification problem into a serial multiple binary classification problem through a pre-sort model to simplify the original problem. Then, ConTrastive Loss K-Nearest Neighbour (CTLKNN) model with trainable weights is proposed to targeted mine appliance load characteristics. The simulation results show the effectiveness and stability of the proposed algorithm. Compared with existing algorithms, the proposed algorithm has improved the identification performance of all electrical appliance types.

Suspension training versus free weight training: effects on explosive power, dynamic balance, and discus throwers performance

Background and Study Aim. This paper aims to compare the effects of two types of resistance training programs (suspension training and free weight training) on the explosive power, dynamic balance, and discus throwers performance. Material and Methods. Twenty-four male discus throwers (with an average age: 19.17 ± 0.99 years; body mass: 99.87 ± 3.63 kg; height: 177.23 ± 3.16 cm) were assigned into three groups (eight subjects in each group); suspension training (STG), free weight training (FWTG) and control (CG). For eight weeks, subjects underwent training consisting of three sessions a week. Prior to and after the training period, explosive power, dynamic balance, and discus throwing distance variables were measured. The explosive power was measured using the medicine ball throw (SLJT) and standing long jump (MBTT) tests. The dynamic balance was measured using the Y excursion balance test (YBT). The discus throwing distance was measured according to the IAAF rules (DTT). Results. The results showed that both experimental groups had a significant effect on MBTT, SLJT, and DTT compared to the control group. There was a significant difference in YBT favoring STG when compared to the FWTG and CG, and also, favoring FWTG when compared to CG in the three directions (anterior, posterolateral, and posteromedial). All three groups improved the tests from pre- to post-test. Conclusions. We can conclude that suspension training and free weight training have created almost the same improvements in explosive power. Also, suspension training was more effective than free weight training for improving dynamic balance.