Weight Reduction Research Articles

Real-world Impact of 3 and 4.5 mg Doses of Dulaglutide on Weight and Hemoglobin A1c in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Limited real-world data on the benefits and risks associated with 3 and 4.5 mg doses of dulaglutide currently exists, making it difficult to determine the impact of dose titration for patients currently managed with dulaglutide 1.5 mg weekly. To determine the impact of dulaglutide 3 and 4.5 mg doses on weight and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), in clinical practice. Retrospective, observational study of adult T2DM patients receiving dulaglutide 3 or 4.5 mg weekly within a large, university-affiliated, primary care network. The primary outcome was change in weight and HbA1c from baseline to 24 weeks. Secondary outcomes included incremental changes in weight and HbA1c, and describing trends related to dose reductions. Ninety-five patients were included, 62 in the dulaglutide 3 mg group and 33 in the dulaglutide 4.5 mg group. After 24 weeks, the mean changes in weight and HbA1c from baseline were -1.8 kg (P < 0.01) and -0.4% (P < 0.01) in the 3 mg group, and -4.2 kg (P < 0.01) and -0.4% (P = 0.119) in the 4.5 mg group. Incremental change in weight and HbA1c among patients who were titrated from dulaglutide 3 to 4.5 mg weekly were -2.6 kg (P < 0.01) and -0.2% (P = 0.04), respectively. Titration from dulaglutide 1.5 to 3 mg resulted in significant reductions in weight and HbA1c after 24 weeks. Additional, statistically significant, reductions in weight and HbA1c were seen when patients were further titrated to dulaglutide 4.5 mg weekly.

Safety and efficacy of semaglutide in post kidney transplant patients with type 2 diabetes or Post-Transplant diabetes

ObjectiveType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) are common in renal transplant recipients. Semaglutide has demonstrated efficacy and safety in patients with T2DM. To date, only a limited number of studies have investigated its use in renal transplant patients. This study assessed the safety and efficacy of semaglutide in post-renal transplant patients. MethodsA retrospective study was conducted at. The subjects of the study were adults and adolescents (>14 years) who had undergone a kidney transplant and had pre-existing T2DM or PTDM. The study subjects were given semaglutide during the study period, from January 2018 to July 2022. The data were collected over a period of 18 months. ResultsA total of 39 patients were included, 29 (74 %) of whom were male. A significant decrease in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was observed during the follow-up period when compared to baseline (8.4 %±1.3 % at baseline vs. 7.4 %±1.0 % at 13–18 months (p < 0.001). A significant reduction in weight was also noted at follow-up as compared to baseline (99.5 kg ± 17.7 vs 90.7 kg ± 16.8 at 13–18 months (p < 0.001). No significant changes were found in renal graft function markers. ConclusionSemaglutide was found to significantly reduce HbA1c levels and weight in post renal transplant patients with diabetes. No significant changes in markers of renal graft function were observed.

Effect of aloe-vera coating on the quality of mechanically damaged zucchini during long-term storage

Zucchini is susceptible to mechanical damage, which can occur during postharvest operations and leads to produce quality reduction. Bruising is the most common type of mechanical damage that could result in economic losses due to its effect on the appearance and shelf life of produce. This study aims to examine the effect of bruising and coating on the quality parameters of zucchini. Zucchini was bruised through the drop impact test which produced mechanical damage with an impact energy of 0.353 J. Other zucchini samples were not bruised and set as control. Half of the samples were coated with aloe vera gel. The samples were kept at 5, 10, and 22 °C for 24 days. The effect of impact bruising, storage conditions, and coating on the bruising size and other quality attributes (weight, color, firmness, pH, and total soluble solids) was investigated. The results showed that bruising parameters were dependent on storage duration and coating. At all tested storage conditions, coating with aloe vera helped regulate the weight and yellowness changes in zucchini samples during the storage period. Storage at 10 °C showed the least reduction in weight on all treated and control samples compared to other storage conditions. The redness and greenness (a* value) color changes in all tested zucchini samples were steadily increasing at 22 °C. Coated, non-bruised zucchinis showed a gradual increment in total soluble solids and were highly maintained at 10 °C storage condition. A reduction in the firmness of zucchini was significantly observed due to storage duration. Meanwhile, pH increased but was not significantly affected by any of the tested factors. Moreover, this study indicated the importance of both aloe vera coating and storage management in preserving zucchini quality parameters and extending its shelf life. Hence, coating zucchini should be considered when attempting to increase its shelf life. Moreover, the findings of the study can provide baseline data to understand the mechanism of mechanical damage on the quality of zucchini.

Nutritional and Herbal Supplements for Weight Loss Management: A Review

Abstract: Millions of dollars have been spent on nutritional and herbal supplements, which are used by many overweight people to lose weight. However, there are concerns about the effectiveness and safety of several supplements. By boosting energy expenditure, satiety, fat oxidation, inhibiting dietary fat absorption, moderating carbohydrate metabolism, raising fat excretion, increasing water elimination, and improving mood, supplements are thought to aid in weight reduction. This study provides an overview of the present status of the research on a few particular dietary supplements, herbal combinations, and combination products, as this field is evolving quickly. More studies on numerous supplements are required to verify their efficacy because they have not been examined in randomised controlled trials. Nutritionists and medical experts should go through dietary supplement use with patients and notify the FDA of any negative side effects. Additional rules would be required for the manufacture, sale, and marketing of these supplements.

Glycemic Control and Body Weight Reduction with Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Colombian Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: Findings from the COLIBRI Study.

Type 2 diabetes is a prevalent condition. The change in glucose control and body weight with the use of once-weekly semaglutide was evaluated in individuals with Type 2 diabetes in Colombia. This was a real-world, multi-centre, single-arm study involving adults in Colombia with Type 2 diabetes treated with once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide for approximately 26 weeks. The primary endpoint assessed the change in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) from baseline to end of study. Secondary endpoints included changes in body weight from baseline to end of study. The study also explored the proportion of participants achieving predefined HbA1c targets and weight-loss responses at the end of the study. Data from 225 patients across 11 centers were collected. Most patients were women (65%), and the mean age of the population was 57 years with a median HbA1c of 7.6% and a median body weight of 86 kg. After approximately 26 weeks, semaglutide was associated with a significant reduction in HbA1c of -0.88 and a body weight reduction of -4.04kg. The proportion of patients with HbA1c < 7% increased from 32 to 66% at end of study. Patients treated with once-weekly semaglutide experienced a clinically significant reduction in HbA1c and body weight. These results are in line with previous clinical trials.

Implementing an evidence-based behavioral weight-loss program in community mental health centers: A randomized pilot study.

Obesity is a leading cause of preventable death among individuals with serious mental illness (SMI). A prior randomized controlled trial demonstrated the efficacy of a lifestyle style intervention tailored to this population; however, such interventions need to be adapted and tested for real-world settings. This study evaluated implementation interventions to support community mental health program staff to deliver an evidence-based lifestyle intervention to clients with obesity and SMI. In this cluster-randomized pilot trial, the standard arm combined multimodal training with organizational strategy meetings and the enhanced arm included all standard strategies plus performance coaching. Staff-coaches delivered a 6-month group-based lifestyle intervention to clients with SMI. Primary outcomes were changes in staff knowledge, self-efficacy, and fidelity scores for lifestyle intervention delivery. Linear mixed-effects modeling was used to analyze outcomes, addressing within-site clustering and within-participant longitudinal correlation of outcomes. Three sites were in the standard arm (7 staff-coaches); 5 sites in the enhanced arm (11 staff-coaches). All sites delivered all 26 modules of the lifestyle intervention. Staff-coaches highly rated the training strategy's acceptability, feasibility and appropriateness. Overall, mean knowledge score significantly increased pre-post by 5.5 (95% CI: 3.9, 7.1) and self-efficacy was unchanged; neither significantly differed between arms. Fidelity ratings remained stable over time and did not differ between arms. Clients with SMI achieved a mean 6-month weight loss of 3.8 kg (95% CI: 1.6, 6.1). Mental health staff delivering a lifestyle intervention was feasible using multicomponent implementation interventions, and preliminary results show weight reduction among clients with SMI. The addition of performance coaching did not significantly change outcomes. Future studies are needed to definitively determine the effect on client health outcomes.

Optimization and Analysis of 4-Wheeler Connecting Rod for Weight Reduction and Performance Enhancement

Abstract: Composite materials are now a day widely used in the engineering field. The general characteristics possessed by the composite materials are found to be the reason for using it in the automotive applications. The connecting rod is a major link inside of combustion engine. It connects the piston to the crankshaft and is responsible for transferring power from the piston to the crankshaft. It must work on high RPM because of which it has to bear severe stresses which make its design vital for internal combustion engine. In this project, design, &amp; analysis of the 4wheeler connecting rod is done. The CATIA V5 R21 software has been used for designing the connecting rod 3D model and then the designed connecting rod model is imported into the ANSYS software in which the design is meshed and analyzed by using the Finite Element Method (FEM) and the result is manipulated. Static analysis of existing and composite connecting rod will be performed. Results of the analysis are also validated by using UTM testin

A phase 1, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial investigating the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and tolerability of oral semaglutide in healthy Chinese subjects.

The trial (NCT04016974) investigated the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and tolerability of oral semaglutide, the first orally administered glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue for type 2 diabetes, in healthy Chinese subjects. This single-centre, multiple-dose, placebo-controlled trial randomized 32 healthy Chinese adults to once-daily oral semaglutide (3 mg escalating to 14 mg) or placebo for 12 weeks. Blood samples were collected regularly during treatment and follow-up. The primary endpoint was the area under the semaglutide concentration-time curve over a dosing interval (0-24 h) at steady state (AUC0-24h,sema,SS). Secondary pharmacokinetic endpoints included the maximum observed semaglutide plasma concentration at steady state (Cmax,sema,SS). Supportive secondary pharmacodynamics endpoints included changes in body weight and fasting plasma glucose. Treatment with all oral semaglutide doses showed dose-dependent increases in semaglutide exposure in healthy Chinese subjects at steady state, determined by AUC0-24h,sema,SS (233, 552 and 1288 h·nmol/L for 3, 7 and 14 mg of oral semaglutide, respectively) and Cmax,sema,SS. Oral semaglutide treatment was associated with significant reductions in body weight (p = .0001) and fasting plasma glucose (p = .0011) versus placebo at the end of treatment. The safety and tolerability of oral semaglutide were consistent with the known profile of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, with no severe or blood-glucose-confirmed symptomatic hypoglycaemic events, serious adverse events or deaths. The most frequent adverse events were gastrointestinal disorders. At steady state, oral semaglutide exposure was dose dependent and close to dose proportionality in healthy Chinese subjects. This is consistent with previous clinical pharmacology results for oral semaglutide.

Numerical and Experimental Evaluation of Structured Material for Use in Multiscale Topology Optimization

Multiscale topology optimization is a powerful tool for engineers seeking a design with minimum weight and maximum stiffness, using a structured material in the form of a lattice structure. Furthermore, the current trend is to combine multiple lattice topologies in one component to achieve the best possible response to local loading conditions while minimizing weight. Therefore, herein, a numerical and experimental evaluation by compression tests in two directions is performed for six basic lattice topologies and two hypotheses are tested. The first hypothesis states that an additional weight saving of more than 30% can be achieved by a better choice of lattice topology. The second hypothesis is based on the manufacturing limitations of the laser powder bed fusion technology and the assumption that a favorable loading direction parallel to the building direction exists. The first hypothesis is only confirmed for loading in the direction parallel to the building direction and the second only for two lattice topologies. When both hypotheses are combined, the additional weight reduction of the multiscale topology optimization result is 44.5% according to the numerical results and 32.7% according to the experimental verification.

Novel Aluminum Alloy Tailored for Additive Manufacturing: Structural Characterization and Qualification Perspectives

The recent advances achieved in additive manufacturing (AM) technology demonstrate the potential to realize customized metal components, ensuring weight reduction opportunities. These benefits make AM attractive for high-cost aerospace applications, especially where high geometric complexity is required. In the context of an EU research scenario, the H2020 MANUELA (Additive Manufacturing Using Metal Pilot Line) project promotes the development of new technologies for design optimization by enabling the application of novel materials in AM. This paper illustrates recent advances in a new aluminum alloy (Al-HS1) with high strength emphasizing all of the characterization steps at the coupon level. This material has been employed in the re-engineering of a conventional hydraulic manifold using a powder bed fusion-laser beam (PBF-LB) process. Both the simulations and structural tests allowed for proving its compliance and technological maturity with industrial standards and applicable airworthiness requirements.

Prevalence and risk factors for chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology (CKDu) among industrial workers

Objectives Industrial workers are facing an occurrence of high risk factors. Exploring the frequency of CKDu and associated risk factors in industrial workers is needed. This study examined the CKDu prevalence and associated risk factors in industrial workers. Design: Cross section study. Material and Methods We enrolled 134 (83 male and 41 female) industrial workers. Modifying diet in renal disease (MDRD) equation was used to determine the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The CKDu stages 1–5 were assessed using Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KIDGO) guidelines. Results The mean eGFR was reported to be 99.2 for male workers and 85.2 ml/min per 1.73 m2 for female workers. The average eGFR among male workers was higher than female workers. 43.3% of workers had normal eGFR (&gt; 90), while 52.2% of workers had a mild reduction (89–60), and 4.5% of workers had a moderate loss (59–45). No cases of severe loss and kidney failure (&lt; 15) were noted. CKDu stage 2 was significantly higher in female workers than male workers. The increased odd ratio (OR) of CKDu stage 3 (&lt; 60) was noted among male workers, with an increase in age, overweight, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, habits of smoking, and alcohol consumption. Conclusion The present study noted a lower eGFR and a higher OR of CKDu in industrial workers with risk factors. To avoid the progression from moderate severe loss and kidney failure, suggested weight reduction, avoiding smoking and alcohol consumption, and controlling diabetes and hypertension.

Evaluating the impact of exercise on intermediate disease markers in overweight and obese individuals through a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of exercise on intermediate disease markers in populations with overweight and obesity, providing evidence-based recommendations for clinicians to utilize these markers in developing exercise prescriptions for this group. The study was conducted by retrieving data from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and CNKI and only including Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) to examine the effect of different exercise interventions on intermediate disease markers in overweight and obese people. The quality of the included studies was evaluated using the Cochrane Bias Risk Assessment tool and the data was analyzed using Stata 15.1 data analysis software. The RCTs were collected from January 2017 to March 2024. A total of 56 RCTs were included and the results of 10 outcomes were analyzed using random effects meta-analysis. The total sample size used in the study was 3193 The results showed that resistance training significantly reduced total cholesterol (SUCRA: 99.9%), triglycerides (SUCRA: 100.0%), low-density lipoprotein (SUCRA: 100.0%), systolic pressure (SUCRA: 92.5%), and increased high-density lipoprotein (SUCRA: 100.0%). Aerobic exercise significantly reduced insulin (SUCRA: 89.1%) and HbA1c (SUCRA: 95.3%). Concurrent training significantly reduced HOMA-IR (SUCRA: 93.8%), diastolic blood pressure (SUCRA: 71.2%) and Glucose (SUCRA: 87.6%). Exercise has a significant impact on intermediate disease markers in populations with overweight and obese. Compared with no exercise, exercise lowers total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, HOMA-IR, insulin, and HbA1c, and increases HDL in people with overweight and obese. These findings provide evidence-based recommendations for exercise interventions aimed at weight reduction and the prevention of chronic diseases in individuals with overweight and obese.

Development and mechanism research of hydrophobic associative polymer drag reducing agents

ABSTRACT The challenge of insufficient proppant transportation capacity in slick water remains unresolved. To tackle this concern, a hydrophobically associating water-soluble polymer (HAWP), characterized by a low molecular weight (MW) of 8.11 × 105 g/mol, was successfully synthesized via a photo-initiation method. The drag reduction mechanism of the material was characterized through nuclear magnetic resonance and rheological performance testing. The drag reduction mechanism of the material was characterized through nuclear magnetic resonance and rheological performance testing. The results show that in comparison to conventional drag reducers in slick water with an average MW of approximately 1 × 107 g/mol, HAWP demonstrates significantly reduced MW. The rheological test results indicate that upon addition of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDS, 200 mg/L) to the HAWP solution (0.3 wt%), the storage modulus experienced a substantial increase from 0.14 Pa to 7.42 Pa, demonstrating enhanced mechanical properties. Meanwhile, drag reduction (DR) tests showed that the efficiency of drag reduction achieved by the polymer system (PS) drag reducer was comparable to that of conventional linear polymers. This research achievement effectively addresses the challenges of low molecular weight and resistance reduction encountered in previous endeavors.

Female rats require greater energy deficit for body weight reduction than males

Female rats require greater energy deficit for body weight reduction than males

Effects of rapid or slow body weight reduction on glucose tolerance during equivalent weight loss in rats fed high-fat diet

Effects of rapid or slow body weight reduction on glucose tolerance during equivalent weight loss in rats fed high-fat diet

Effect of Cabergoline on weight and glucose metabolism in patients with acromegaly.

Cabergoline (CAB) has shown to have benefic effects on the metabolism in different clinical settings but its metabolic role in acromegaly disease has not been studied yet. Aim of our study was to evaluate the impact of CAB on glucose metabolism and weight in patients with acromegaly. All patients with acromegaly undergoing continuous treatment with CAB for at least 6months were retrospectively screened. Exclusion criteria were discontinuation of CAB for more than one month, change of antidiabetic or other therapy for acromegaly, concomitant untreated hormonal deficiency, initiation of pregnancy and/or breastfeeding. All patients were evaluated in terms of biochemical disease control, glucose metabolism and weight at baseline (T0) and after the introduction of CAB therapy at 6 (T6) and 12months (T12). Twenty-six patients (15 females and 11 males) were evaluated at T0 and T6 and 19 patients (12 females and 7 males) were also evaluated at T12. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and prolactin (PRL) levels were significantly lower at T6 and T12 compared to baseline (p < 0.001 for IGF-I, p < 0.05 for PRL) even if no further differences were observed between T12 and T6. Considering the entire cohort, no differences were appreciated regarding the metabolic parameters but a significant reduction in weight and body mass index (BMI) was observed at both T6 (p = 0.009 for weight, p = 0.021 for BMI) and T12 (p = 0.014 for weight, p = 0.017 for BMI) compared to baseline. Our results confirm the efficacy of CAB in providing a significant improvement in the biochemical disease control but do not demonstrate a marked benefit on glucose metabolism of acromegaly patients. In such patients, CAB appears to have a rapid effect on weight and BMI, with significant changes noticeable as early as 6months and persisting for at least 12months.

Die Casting of Lightweight Thin Fin Heat Sink Using Al-25%Si

The demand for lightweight and cost-effective heat sinks is increasing. A typical method for economically manufacturing complex-shape heat sinks is die casting. To reduce the weight of the die-cast heat sinks, thinning the fins and base is common practice. We experimented with casting heat sinks using Al-25%Si in a conventional die casting machine with the aim of economically producing thinner fins and bases. Compared with the aluminum alloy used in conventional die casting, Al-25%Si has superior fluidity, which is proven to be very useful for reducing the thickness of the fins and base. As a result, we successfully reduced the heat sink weight using Al-25%Si and a conventional die casting machine. To investigate the properties of the produced Al-25%Si thin fin heat sink, we compared the effects of fin thickness, fin height, number of fins, and base thickness on heat dissipation and weight reduction. Additionally, we compared the weight and heat dissipation properties with those of a commercial heat sink and found that our Al-25%Si heat sink maintains the same heat dissipation performance but for 35% lower weight.

The giving tree: impacts of deforestation on birth outcomes in Mexico

ABSTRACT Deforestation adversely impacts human health through mechanisms such as increased air pollution, shifts in disease vector distributions, and changes in local climate. Although the influence of deforestation on human health is recognized, its effects on infant health outcomes have been insufficiently studied. This paper examines the effects of deforestation on infant health by analysing birth certificate data from 2011 to 2021 across Mexican municipalities, combined with satellite-derived annual deforestation rates. We show that increased deforestation leads to decreased birth weight, higher rates of low birth weight (LBW), and reduced Apgar scores. Specifically, an increase of one standard deviation in deforestation results in a reduction of average birth weight by 19 grams, an increase in the probability of LBW by 0.43% points, and an increase in the probability of a low Apgar score by 4.7% points. These effects are consistently observed even after controlling for different definitions of forest cover, excluding data during the COVID-19 pandemic, and limiting the analysis to municipalities with at least 2% forest coverage. This study provides critical evidence that deforestation directly impairs newborn health in Mexico, highlighting a significant and underappreciated environmental cost with long-term implications for human capital.

Ovine KRT81 Variants and Their Influence on Selected Wool Traits of Commercial Value

Keratins are the main structural protein components of wool fibres, and variation in them and their genes (KRTs) is thought to influence wool structure and characteristics. The PCR–single strand conformation polymorphism technique has been used previously to investigate genetic variation in selected coding and intron regions of the type II sheep keratin gene KRT81, but no variation was identified. In this study, we used the same technique to explore the 5′ untranslated region of KRT81 and detected three sequence variants (A, B and C) that contain four single nucleotide polymorphisms. Among the 389 Merino × Southdown cross sheep investigated, variant B was linked to a reduction in clean fleece weight, while C was associated with an increase in both greasy fleece weight and clean fleece weight. No discernible effects on staple length or mean-fibre-diameter-related traits were observed. These findings suggest that variation in ovine KRT81 might influence wool growth by changing the density of wool follicles in the skin, the density of individual fibres, or the area of the skin producing fibre, as opposed to changing the rate of extrusion of fibres or their diameter.

Procedural and outcome impact of body mass index on pulsed field ablation of atrial fibrillation: insights from the EU-PORIA Registry

Abstract Introduction Pulsed field ablation (PFA) is a "single-shot" non thermal ablation modality for atrial fibrillation (AF). In general, obesity is associated with increased risk of AF recurrence after catheter ablation with thermal energy sources. Purpose We aimed to assess the impact of body mass index (BMI) on procedural characteristics, safety, acute efficacy and long-term outcomes of PFA for symptomatic AF. Methods Of 1233 subjects enrolled in the EU-PORIA registry, in our subanalysis we included 1055 patients undergoing de novo pulmonary vein isolation (PVI)-only ablation procedure for symptomatic AF using the pentaspline PFA catheter from March 2021 until May 2022 at seven high-volume European centers. Patients were divided into two groups based on BMI: normal weight (nW, &amp;lt; 25 kg/m2) and overweight (oW, ≥ 25 kg/m2). Overweight patients were further categorized into three subgroups: pre-obesity (pOb, 25-29.9 kg/m2), obesity (Ob, 30-34.9 kg/m2) and severe obesity (sOb, ≥ 35 kg/m2). Clinical and procedural characteristics, complications and follow up data were collected. Results A total of 1055 patients (39% female, mean age 65,7±10,9 years, 65% paroxysmal AF) were enrolled. 32% of patients were normal weight (nW) and 68% overweight (oW). Among oW group, 438 subjects (41%) were assigned to pOb group, 204 (19%) to Ob, and 71 (7%) to sOb. Acute PVI was achieved in 100% of cases. The median skin-to-skin procedure and the median fluoroscopy time were similar between nW and oW and in all investigational subgroups, but radiation exposure increased in line with BMI (p&amp;lt;0.001). Periprocedural complications were 5% in nW, 1.6% in pOb, 3.9% in Ob, and 2.8% in sOb (p=0.06). The Kaplan-Meier estimate of arrhythmia-free survival was 80.2% in nW and 71.9% in oW (p=0.017). Each unit increment in BMI was associated with 4.2% increase in risk of AF/AT recurrence. Severe obese patients presented the highest 1-year AT/AF recurrence rate (37.2%). In the sOb group the rate of recurrence was not influenced by the type of AF (PAF 65.7% vs. pers AF 59.4%; p=0.484). Conclusion Overweight patients seem to experience more AF recurrences even after PFA PVI, mainly driven by a higher recurrence rate for BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2. Weight reduction programs remain crucial, nevertheless, reduced procedural times, good safety profile and acceptable 1-year observed AF/AT freedom make PFA a feasible strategy for AF rhythm control in patients with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2.Freedom from AF/AT recurrence