Weight-height Ratio Research Articles

Morphofunctional indicators of the body students of the medical university

Introduction. The period of adolescence accounts for the completion of the growth processes of the body, and the beginning of stabilization of functional indicators, which, as more plastic factors, are more sensitive to environmental conditions. Measuring, evaluating, and predicting morphofunctional parameters of the body of medical university students, taking into account regional standards of physical development, is one of the priorities of modern medicine and scientific research in general.The aim of the study is to study the features of anthropometric and functional characteristics, vegetotype of medical university students in comparison with the current regional standard.Materials and methods. Anthropometric and functional parameters were measured in 300 medical students (77 males, 223 females), aged 19,1±0,88 years.Results. It is shown that anthropometric characteristics of students significantly exceed the regional standard, in boys it is body length (p<0,01), and weight-height ratio (p<0,05), in girls it is body length, chest circumference and weight-height ratio (p<0,01). Cardiointervalography parameters revealed 4,01 % vagotonics, 88,33 % eutonics and 7,62 % sympathotonics, a significant difference (p<0,01) was also found in linear cardiointervalogram parameters in cohorts of these vegetotypes. Functional indices in absolute terms revealed compliance with the regional standard only in vital capacity of lungs, carpal dynamometry is significantly lower than the standard, in girls (p<0,01), boys (p<0,05), haemodynamics in terms of diastolic blood pressure and heart rate significantly (p<0,01) exceeds the reference values. Integral functional indices: vital index, vegetative index, minute volume of respiration differ significantly by sex (p<0,05); Kerdo index, minute volume of blood circulation showed a significant difference by vegetotype (p<0,05); pulse pressure showed a significant difference by sex and vegetotype (p<0,01).Conclusion. The studies showed statistically significant excesses relative to the regional standard in young men in body length (p<0,01) and mass-height ratio (p<0,05), in chest circumference in girls (p<0,01); in diastolic blood pressure and heart rate in boys and girls (p<0,01). Absolute and integral indices of cardio-respiratory system are significantly higher in sympathotonics than in vagotonics. Young men, relative to girls, demonstrate higher absolute, linear values of cardiointervalogram (p<0,01), in the whole population these indices are within the range of norm of the regional standard. Among students the majority 88,33 % have normotonic type of ANS. The obtained results, in our opinion, show the need for systematic monitoring of objective morphofunctional state of modern youth.

Plasma Antioxidant Capacity Is Related to Dietary Intake, Body Composition, and Stage of Reproductive Aging in Women.

women aging is a normal process of life; however, hormonal changes create an imbalance between prooxidants and antioxidants and could be measured as the antioxidant capability (AC) of an organism. to find the association between plasma AC levels, dietary intakes, and body composition in 18-64-year-old women living in the northeast of Mexico. A total of n = 514 women (18-64 years old) were grouped according to STRAW criteria as reproductive, menopausal transition, and postmenopausal. Anthropometrics, body mass index (BMI), weight-hip ratio (WHR), and weight-height ratio WHtR were determined, and percentage of body fat was analyzed by bioelectrical impedance. Dietary intake of macronutrients and vitamins A, E, and C were analyzed by a 3-day food recall. The AC status in plasma was analyzed by the ORACFL assay. Plasma AC levels were higher in postmenopausal women (815 µmol TE/L), and menopausal transition women (806 µmol TE/L) than in reproductive women (633 µmol TE/L). BMI was overweight (>25 kg/m2) in all three groups. WHtR and WHR are above the healthy limit of 0.5 and 0.8, respectively for both menopausal transition and postmenopausal women. In reproductive women, negative relationships were calculated between plasma AC and age (Rho = -0.250, p = 0.007), BMI (Rho = -0.473, p < 0.001), WHtR (Rho = -0.563, p < 0.001), WHR (Rho = -0.499, p < 0.001), and % body fat (Rho = -0.396, p < 0.001). A negative association was determined between plasma AC and WHtR in reproductive women (B = -2.718, p = 0.026). No association resulted for those in menopausal transition, and a positive association was obtained between plasma AC and protein (B = 0.001, p = 0.024) and vitamin E (B = 0.003, p = 0.013) intakes in postmenopausal women. the antioxidant capability (AC) in plasma was lower in reproductive women, and anthropometric parameters marking decreased physical fitness were associated with decreased AC.

PS-C15-10: ASSOCIATION OF BODY MASS INDEX, WAIST-TO-HEIGHT RATIO AND DURATION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS WITH DIABETIC RETINOPATHY IN WOMEN

Objective: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). It is a leading cause of visual impairment and blindness worldwide, reducing the quality of life of patients. Clear evidence of association between anthropometric measurements and DR risk is lacking in Nigerian females with type 2 DM (T2DM). Design and Methods: A cross-sectional study of 57 female participants with physician-diagnosed T2DM with or without systemic hypertension. Anthropometric measurements were taken. Fasting blood samples were drawn for laboratory analysis. All patients underwent dilated fundoscopy by a single Ophthalmologist and diabetic retinopathy was graded based on the worse eye. Results: The mean age of the participants was 60.8 ± 11.0 years with no significant age difference between the DR and Non-DR groups. Of the 57 participants, 36 had varying degrees of DR while 21 had no features of DR. Among the patients with DR, 26 were hypertensive diabetic while 10 were only diabetic. The hypertensive diabetic were older than the diabetic. The mean weight and body mass index (BMI) were higher in the non-DR group compared to the DR group. The DR group had significantly longer disease duration for both diabetes and hypertension. The hypertensive diabetic had significantly higher systolic blood pressure (SBP), pulse pressure (PP), total cholesterol-high density lipid ratio (TC:HDL) and serum triglyceride (TG) than the diabetic. BMI was negatively correlated with presence of DR, while weight, TyG-BMI, weight-height ratio (WHt), hip circumference (HC) and DM duration were positively correlated. BMI, WHt and TyG-BMI were negatively correlated with severity of DR while DM duration showed positive correlation. Linear regression showed that the independent determinant of the presence of DR in hypertensive diabetic were WHt and DM duration, while for severity of DR, DM duration, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and HbA1c status were predictors. When adjusted for DM duration, presence of DR was predicted by WHt while severity was predicted by BMI. The curve of the receiver operating characteristic was also plotted to establish the relevance of each of the factors predicting DR and their area under the curve (AUC) was compared. The results showed that DM duration, HbA1c status, NLR, HTN duration, BMI, WHt were predictors. Conclusions: BMI, waist-to-height ratio and DM duration and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio are associated with the occurrence and severity of DR in female hypertensive diabetic.

Analyze of obesity indicators and effect of fertility preservation treatment in patients with endometrial atypical hyperplasia and early endometrial cancer

Objective: To investigate the clinical features of obesity indicators in patients with endometrial atypical hyperplasia (EAH) and early endometrial cancer (EC) and analyze the relationship between these indexes and effect of fertility preservation therapy. Methods: The clinical data of patients with EAH, EC and endometrial benign lesions treated in Peking University People's Hospital from January 1, 2018 to June 30, 2021 who required fertility-sparing treatment were collected, and obesity indicators were calculated and analyzed retrospectively. Results: (1) Obesity indicators: the obesity [body mass index (BMI) ≥28 kg/m2] rate of patients with fertility preservation treatment was 40% (32/80), and abdominal obesity [waist circumference (WC) ≥80 cm] rate was 79% (63/80), and obesity indicators [BMI, WC, waist-hip ratio (WHR), weight height ratio (WHTR), body roundness index (BRI), lipid accumulation index (LAP), visceral adiposity index (VAI)] were higher than those with endometrial benign lesions (all P<0.001). (2) Related factors affecting the efficacy of fertility preservation treatment and their predictive value: EC, higher BMI, WC, WHR, WHTR and BRI were risk factors for lower complete remission rate after nine months' treatment (all P<0.05). The predictive values of BRI and WHTR combined with pathological type were superior to other indicators [area under the curve (AUC)=0.716; AUC=0.714]. (3) Relation of obesity indicators and glucolipid indicators:BMI, WC, WHR, WHTR, BRI, LAP and VAI were positively correlated with homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index, glycosylated hemoglobin, and triacylglycerol (all P<0.05); while VAI was negatively correlated with high density lipoprotein cholesterol (P<0.001). Conclusions: For patients with EAH and EC treated with fertility preservation therapy, abnormal obesity indexes affect the treatment effect. BRI and WHTR combined pathology have good predictive value for effect of fertility preservation treatment. In clinical practice, appropriate indicators could be selected to evaluate body shape, glucolipid metabolism and predict efficacy.

The Association between Altitude and Waist-Height Ratio in Peruvian Adults: A Cross-Sectional Data Analysis of a Population-Based Survey.

To evaluate the association between altitude and cardiometabolic risk calculated with the weight–height ratio (WHtR) in the Peruvian adult population via the cross-sectional data analysis of the Peruvian Demographic and Health Survey 2021. A total of 26,117 adults from 18 to 64 years of age were included in the analysis. The dependent variable was cardiometabolic risk, defined as “Yes” if the WHtR was ≥0.5 and “No” if the WHtR was <0.5. Exposure was altitude of residence categorized as: <1500 meters above sea level (masl); 1500 to 2499 masl; 2500 to 3499 masl; and ≥3500 masl. Crude and adjusted Poisson regression models were used to calculate prevalence ratios (PR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The mean WHtR in the population was 0.59 (standard deviation: 0.08), and 87.6% (95% CI: 86.9–88.2) were classified as at risk. After adjusting for sex, age, education level, well-being index, and area of residence, living at altitudes between 2500 and 3499 masl (aPR: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.96–1.00) and ≥3500 masl (aPR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.93–0.97) were associated with lower cardiometabolic risk in comparison with living at <1500 masl. An inverse association was identified between living at a higher altitude and the proportion of cardiometabolic risk in the Peruvian adult population. However, at least 8 out of 10 people were identified as at risk in all categories of altitude.

Hypertension: Is it a concern only among the overweight and obese Garo women of Kamrup district, Assam?

Hypertension is among the most important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. It was found that subjects who do vigorous physical activity, have brought down mortality and lowered the danger of cardiovascular sicknesses and are termed to be physically fit. The present study estimates the blood pressure level among all the physically active Garo women who have self-claimed to be physically fit. The aim of this paper is to see whether the prevalence of hypertension is found among the physically fit individuals or is only confined to unfit individuals among the study population. Data for the present cross - sectional study involving 862 plain Garo women of 18-70 years were collected from villages in the district of Kamrup in Assam, India. Anthropometric measurements, including Height, Weight, circumferences (arm, chest, waist, hip, calf) and indices like body mass index, waist to height ratio, waist to hip ratio, conicity index, body adiposity index and Physiometric measures including blood pressure (Systolic/diastolic) were measured. The blood pressure (systolic/diastolic) correlated positively with age. There was a high prevalence of systolic (43.8%) and diastolic blood (43.75%) pressure in the age group 50 – 54 years. Height was found to have a significant negative correlation with systolic/diastolic blood pressure. The highest prevalence of hypertension [Systolic: 33.03% (BMI) and 36.95% (BAI); diastolic: 39.14%(BMI) and 42.86%(BAI)] was found in the overweight/obese category. Among the underweight and normal categories more than 15% and 20% prevalence respectively were seen. The results of the CCA indicate that the present model explained around 0.9031 proportion of variance of the physiometric measures from anthropometric variables. The model also depicts that the most significant predictors of physiometric measures were Body Adiposity Index, Weight Height Ratio and Waist Circumference. The Garo women despite being absolutely fit physically are still wrangled by the triple burden of underweight, overweight and hypertension.

Use of homeopathic formula in malnourished children

The present intervention study sought to assess the results of homeopathic treatment in malnourished children aged 1-19 years old below the 3th percentile in the weight-height ratio at San Juan Policlinic, Ranchuelo County, Cuba, between November 2004 and December 2005. A total of 99 children were randomly allocated by Mathcad in two groups, one (n=50) was given homeopathic treatment, and the control group (n=49) that did not. Administration of medication was defined by clinical criteria. Inclusion, exclusion and exit criteria were defined. Variables were identified and operationalized, and the information collected from both groups was interpreted. After one-year follow-up, 42 out of 50 children (84%) treated with homeopathy attained normal weight, whereas only 15 out of 49 (30%) of the children in the control group attained normal weight.

Inflammatory markers and lipid profiles in obese children

Background Over 340 million children and adolescents aged 5-19 were overweight or obese in the year 2016. Individuals with obesity are at risk for metabolic disorders and lipid abnormalities. Adipose tissue is a major source of pro-inflammatory cytokines.&#x0D; Objective To evaluate possible correlations between inflammatory markers IL-6, TNFa, and hs-CRP with lipid profiles between obese and non obese children.&#x0D; Methods Eighty children, aged 13 to 15 years, were enrolled in this study (40 normoweight and 40 obese). All participants’s ( obese and normoweight children) total plasma cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, as well as circulating levels of inflammatory factors, such as TNF-α, IL-6, and high sensitivity-C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level were measured.&#x0D; Results Obese children had significantly higher triglycerides (TG) and cholesterol, as well as lower HDL than normoweight subjects. Mean LDL levels were not significantly different between groups. The IL-6, TNFa, hs-CRP levels were significantly positively correlated with waist circumference. Analysis of the 4 blood lipid parameters and 3 inflammatory markers revealed significant positive correlations of triglycerides to TNFa and hs-CRP. In addition, HDL had significant negative correlations to both TNFa and hs-CRP. No correlations were found between IL-6 and the 4 lipid parameters, nor between TNFa or hs-CRP to LDL and cholesterol. Multivariate regression analysis revealed a significant association between weight-height ratio with hs-CRP (R2 0.118; 95%CI 1.65 to 191; P=0.046). Obesity is associated with adverse lipid and inflammations markers in children.&#x0D; Conclusion Obesity was associated with higher TG, cholesterol, TNF, and hs-CRP levels, as well as lower HDL.

Palmitoleic and Dihomo-γ-Linolenic Acids Are Positively Associated With Abdominal Obesity and Increased Metabolic Risk in Children.

Background: The impact of abdominal obesity (AO) on plasma fatty acid changes and cardiometabolic risk in children who are obese and overweight has rarely been investigated. This study determined whether plasma fatty acid composition differed between children with AO and those without AO and its relationship with metabolic risk, particularly in the obese and overweight groups.Methods: A total of 181 schoolchildren (aged 7–18 years) were included. Anthropometric and biochemical data and plasma fatty acid profiles were analyzed, and the indices of desaturase activity were estimated. Children were categorized based on their body weight and AO status. A continuous metabolic risk score was calculated using the sum of the z-scores of metabolic variables. A one-way analysis of variance test was used to compare the composition ratio of fatty acids between children with and without AO in the obese and overweight groups and normal-weight controls. Pearson analysis was also used to explore significant fatty acid and desaturase indicators associated with metabolic abnormalities.Results: Children who were obese and overweight (N = 126) displayed higher dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (20:3n-6) and γ-linolenic acid (18:3n-6) proportions than normal-weight controls (N = 55), but lower heptadecanoic acid (17:0) proportion, regardless of the AO status of each individual. Obese and overweight children with AO (N = 89), but not their non-AO counterparts (N = 37), exhibited a significantly higher proportion of palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7) than the remaining study groups. Pearson analysis showed that high proportions of palmitoleic acid and dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, as well as increased stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase-1(16) and delta-6 desaturase and decreased delta-5 desaturase activities, are strongly correlated with weight-height ratio, homeostasis model of assessment values for insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, and continuous metabolic risk scores.Conclusion: Higher palmitoleic acid and dihomo-γ-linolenic acid proportions, as well as increased stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase-1(16) and delta-6 desaturase and decreased delta-5 desaturase activities are associated with AO and increased metabolic risk in children who are obese and overweight.

A Paediatric Case Study Report of Cholera in an Endemic Area of Cebu Province of Philippines

ZD, 2 years old male child from Cebu city Philippines with chief complaint of loose watery stools was admitted by his mother to a tertiary hospital. Five days prior to the admission, onset of the disease with three episodes (approximately 100 ml each) of non-foul smelling loose watery (yellow) stools was observed with moderately severe dehydration. However, it was observed that the patient was playful and with a good appetite. He was given 1 pack per day Vivalyte rehydration solution hence, the episode reduced to one time. One night prior to admission, an increase in bowel movement frequency was noted. The stool colour changed to yellowish to greenish with mucus. The patient turned anorexic and weak with sunken eyeballs. In the morning of the admission, the patient had another 2 episodes of the stools with formed particles. Patient also had 3 episodes of non-projectile vomiting (approximately 30 ml/ episode) irrelevant to the food intake timings.&#x0D; At the Emergency Room, the patient was treated with IV Fluids of Normal Saline Solution (60 cc/ kg/ day); CBC showed thrombocytosis with neutrophilic predominance, serum electrolytes revealed hyponatremia and hypokalaemia. Stool Culture was done. Medications started were Zinc Sulphate at 20 mg per day and Oral rehydration solution. The patient was referred to an infectious specialist care with a primary impression or consideration of Cholera thus Erythromycin was started at 50 mg/kg/day (3 doses/ day).&#x0D; Since the patient was under developed or did not match with the normal developmental milestones like no teething, open anterior fontanel, and deviation in the weight height ratio had developed as significant deviation in head circumference, chest circumference and abdominal girth due to the infused fluid volume overload. There might be chances of making wrong clinical diagnosis like viral diarrhoea complicated to give rise meningitis by primary care givers in absence of a confirmed laboratory results, an immediate initiation of an empirical treatment with fluid resuscitation and antibiotics undertaken, hence, the patient was referred to the care of a specialist of the infectious diseases for further evaluation and treatment.&#x0D; At ward, the patient was observed awakened, irritable, without respiratory distress and tachycardia, with moderate dehydration and a positive fluid balance of 210 ml. Stool exam results showed 55-65 WBC per high power field. Intra Venous (IV) Fluid to correct the imbalance of electrolytes and medications were continued. Following days, the patient had 4 episodes of loose watery stools amounting to 100 - 200 ml per episode with passage of Ascaris. Patient was slightly irritable, with still sunken eyeballs, otherwise with good turgor, mobility and strong pulses. IV Hydration was continued. Albendazole (400 mg/ tab) single dose was given. Electrolyte imbalance was already corrected. However, the stool culture was positive for Vibrio cholerae. On the fifth hospital day, the patient got normal for all the symptoms and signs. Erythromycin was prescribed for 3 days at the rate of 50 mg/ kg/ day (3 doses/ day). Further, Zinc Sulphate tablets (20 mg/ tab) twice a day was also prescribed and then the Patient was discharged.&#x0D; In absence of teething, Doxycycline as the drug of choice for the Cholera treatment might have been prescribed for a fast recovery. However, doxycycline is contraindicated in children less than 8 years of age due to the risk of yellow tooth discolouration and dental enamel hypoplasia. Generally, V. cholerae often becomes drug-resistant against multiple antibiotics through its enzymatic functions (HGT) that modify antibiotics chemically. Hence changing the antibiotic regimen remains the best strategy to get the best prognosis if the previously administered antibiotic doesn’t work properly. Another, before discharging, the condition of the patient might also have confirmed as normal through the required laboratory exams even if the patient was tolerating orally well. Moreover, the patient might have been referred to a paediatrician or called for an early follow up to reassess him and prescribe probiotics and other growth regulatory supplements for complete well-being of the patient.

Association of Nutritional Status and Physical Activity Level with Pneumonia in Indonesian Urban Area

The study aimed to overview and analyze the relationship between nutritional status, physical activity and pneumonia in a community in South Jakarta. We analyzed the secondary data from the 2016‒2018. The Programme of Knock on Doors and Serve with Heart (Ketuk Pintu Layani Dengan Hati) (KPLDH) census for the Tebet District in South Jakarta. The census involved 58,627 samples, which were divided into three age groups: children <5 years old, adolescents, and adults. We measured the nutritional status of children <5 years old using the Weight/Height Ratio (WHR) category (z-score), adolescents with Body Mass Index (BMI)/age (z-score) and adults with BMI (kg/m2). Physical activity was measured for adults and adolescent only and categorized as “routine” and “non-routine”. The highest prevalence of pneumonia was found in samples with non-routine physical activity and in adults. Most of the adults who had pneumonia were also had normal nutritional status. Adults with Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) and Severe CED (S-CED) had a higher risk of having pneumonia OR=8.465; CI 95%=5.478‒13.081 for S-CED and OR=3.210; p<0.05; CI 95%=1.895‒5.438 for CED respectively compared to those with normal weight. Adults and adolescents with routine physical activity had a lower risk of having pneumonia (OR=0.496; 95% CI: 0.320‒0.767). Further studies are also needed concerning the relationship of pneumonia with other determinants such as socio-economic status, environmental issues, and nutritent intake.

Intravenous iron sucrose in malnourished children with iron deficiency anemia.

Objectives: To compare the mean hemoglobin level before and six weeks after giving intravenous iron sucrose therapy in malnourished children having iron deficiency anemia. Study Design: Quasi Experimental Study. Setting: Nutritional Stabilization Centre, Children Hospital and Institute of Child Health, Multan. Period: From July 2018 to December 2018. Material &amp; Methods: A total of 80 patients were enrolled in the study. Hemoglobin level at baseline was recorded. IV iron sucrose therapy was divided into 3 equal doses and administered on 3 consecutive days. After 6 weeks of administration of iron sucrose, hemoglobin level was noted. Independent sample T-test was applied to compare Hb level before and after therapy with p-value≤0.05 as significant. Results: Overall, mean age was 13.39±6.11months. There were 54 (67.5%) males and 28 (32.5%) females. The mean weight of patients was 5.06±1.45kg and mean height was 64.59±8.72cm. The weight for height ratio was &lt;-3SD in all patients (100%). The mean hemoglobin level of patients at baseline was 7.37±0.44g/dl, which was improved to 9.47±0.47g/dl after 6 weeks treatment. This was significant improvement (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Thus intravenous iron sucrose therapy can significantly improve the condition of child and rectify the IDA.

Validity of anthropometric indices in predicting high blood pressure risk factors in Iranian children and adolescents: CASPIAN-V study.

Anthropometric indices have been used as indicators for predicting hypertension (HTN) in children and adolescents but it is not clear which anthropometric measures are a better index for identifying elevated blood pressure (EBP) risk factors in pediatric population. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), weight-height ratio (WHR), a body shape index (ABSI) and blood pressure were measured in 14008 children and adolescents aged 7-18years in a national school-aged survey CASPIN V. Hypertension (HTN) was defined according to the 2017 American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines, using the 95th percentile. The predictive power of anthropometric indices for HTN risk factors was examined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to compare areas under ROC curves (AUCs) among the four anthropometric indices. BMI, WC, WHR, and ABSI were significantly higher in adolescents than in children. EBP was more prevalent in boys (7.2%) than girls (5.5%), whereas the prevalence of HTN was higher in girls (11.3%) than boys 10.4%. Prevalence odds ratio was around 2 for BMI, WC, and WHR with AUCs scores of nearly 0.6 to predict EBP in both children and adolescents of both sexes. Thus, the ability of BMI z-score, WC, WHR or ASBI to identify Iranian children and adolescents at higher risk of EBP was week. WC, WHR or ASBI in combination with BMI did not improve predictive power to identify subjects at higher risk of EBP.

Experiences of racial discrimination and cardiometabolic risk among Australian children

Cardiometabolic disease is a leading cause of adult morbidity and mortality globally. There is considerable evidence that childhood adversity is associated with markers of cardiometabolic disease risk in childhood, including obesity, blood pressure trajectories, and chronic inflammation. Experiences of racial discrimination may be an important, yet under explored, form of childhood adversity influencing childhood cardiometabolic risk. This study aimed to examine associations between self-reported racial discrimination and cardiometabolic risk markers among children. A total of 124 children (73 female) aged 11.4 years (SD 0.71) participated in the study. Most children (n = 79) identified as being from an Indigenous or an ethnic minority background. Markers of cardiometabolic risk were BMI, waist circumference, weight height ratio, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and five inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein (CRP), Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α). Results showed that two or more reported experiences of racial discrimination were associated with increased BMI z-score (Beta 0.58, 95% CI 0.18, 0.99), waist circumference (Beta 4.91 cm, 95% CI 0.71, 9.1), systolic blood pressure (Beta 2.07 mmHg, 95% CI 0.43, 3.71) and IL-6 (Beta 0.13, 95% CI 0.00, 0.27) and marginally associated with TNF-α (Beta 0.22, 95% CI −0.09, 0.54) after adjusting for socio-demographic covariates. Findings from this study suggest the need to address racism and racial discrimination as important social determinants of cardiometabolic risk and of the inequitable burden of cardiometabolic disease experienced by those from Indigenous and minoritized ethnic backgrounds.

An epidemiological evaluation of predictors of overweight and obesity in Garhwal region of Uttarakhand.

SummaryIntroductionNow a day, obesity has become a chronic disorder affecting the larger population than any other disease in the world, which made its presence felt first in the Northern Hemisphere, and has now taken a pandemic look affecting practically almost all the countries of the globe.MethodA cross sectional study with a sample size of 632 was carried out. Multistage stratified random sampling and “Kish” method was applied for selection of study area and selection of study subjects (21-60 years). WHO STEPS for NCD Risk Factor Surveillance, was used to gather the necessary data. Percentage, Chi square, & logistic regression analysis was done and significant level was taken at p < 0.05.ResultsAs per Asia Pacific classification 16.0% & 33.4% of subjects while as per WHO classification 24.5% & 8.9% of subjects were found to be overweight and obese respectively. It was nearly 2 times higher in urban males. Central obesity was more commonly observed in urban subjects as compared to rural. At risk Waist hip ratio was recorded in 55.9% and high Weight height ratio was recorded in 66.8% of total subjects. All the predictors showed higher percentages in females of urban area and increased with the rise in age.ConclusionThe present study reveals that, there is high prevalence of overweight and obesity in the study population. Certainly, there has been a considerable shift in their dietary and lifestyle profile. there appears to be an urgent need to develop suitable health strategies as well as intervention programmes for combating the prevalence of overweight and obesity.

Testing the influence of digestate from biogas on growth and volatile compounds of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.) in hydroponics

In this study, a digestate was evaluated for the first time as a sustainable alternative to the conventional growing medium and the nutrient solution in the hydroponic production of aromatic species. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.) were assessed at crop vegetative stage with five fully expanded leaves. Four combinations, i.e. agriperlite (AG) + standard solution (SS), AG + liquid digestate (LD), solid digestate (SD) + SS and SD + LD, were compared. The SD used as the growing medium increased all the investigated agronomical traits, apart the harvest index and shoot dry weight height ratio, that showed the same values compared to agriperlite, on basil and peppermint, respectively. The LD used as the nutrient solution performed as well as the SS on basil and peppermint production, except for the percentage of emergence and total dry weight of basil, showing lower and higher values compared to SS, respectively. Shoot dry weight was the most important agronomical parameter and both basil and peppermint displayed high values using the SD as the growing medium. However, basil recorded the highest dry matter value using SD + LD, while peppermint showed similar values using SD + SS and SD + LD.As regards the volatile compounds of both species, the percentage relative amount of sesquiterpenes was found to be higher under SD + LD and SD + SS conditions in comparison to AG + SS and AG + LD, where the content of monoterpenes and allyl phenol derivatives was higher.SD and LD appear to be sustainable and suitable growing medium and nutrient solution for basil and peppermint grown in hydroponics. Further studies are needed to investigate the influence of the treatments also in advanced developmental stages of the crops, appropriate for the production of plants with high yield and quality.

Cesarean section and risks of overweight and obesity in school-aged children: a population-based study.

Obesity puts a great health burden in the world. Previous studies suggest that caesarean section (CS) may increase the risk of obesity in children, but it is still uncertain whether this association is causal or due to residual confounding by medical indication. To assess the association between CS, CS without medical indications in particular and the risk of overweight and obesity in school-aged children. Cross-sectional survey. The 2014 Shanghai Child Health, Education and Lifestyle Evaluation was a large population-based survey with cluster random probability sampling in 26 primary schools in Shanghai, China, in 2014. The mode of delivery was reported by parents. The height, weight and waist circumference of the children were measured. Logistic regression models with SURVEYLOGISTIC procedure were used to estimate the risk of childhood obesity. Pupils delivered vaginally were served as the reference group. A total of 17 571 pupils completed this survey, and 13 724 of them who were singleton, born term and between 5 and 13 years old were included in our analysis. CS was associated with increased risks of overweight and obesity (BMI: adjusted OR = 1.28 [95%CI 1.13-1.45] and 1.44 [1.26-1.66], respectively; weight for height ratio [WHtR] >0.46: 1.33 [1.20-1.48]). Similar results were found in CS without medical indication (BMI: overweight = 1.24 [1.05-1.47], obesity = 1.43 [1.19-1.72]; WHtR > 0.46: 1.30 [1.13-1.50]). CS overall and CS without medical indications were associated with increased risks of overweight and obesity in primary school children.

EVALUATION OF PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF NEWBORNS AND CHILDREN OF EARLY AGE

The aim of this review is to present a visual study of the physical development of newborns and children of early age using percentile diagrams, recommended by the experts from the World Health Organization, and the evaluation of anthropometric indices in preterm infants. Graphical curves of body weight, height for age, body mass in accordance with the growth of boys and girls of a young age may be used for the work of pediatricians; graphical curves of weight, length, head circumference and weight-height ratio in preterm infants – neonatologians.

Tooth eruption and obesity in 12-year-old children

Background/purposeThere is a need to comprehensively investigate the relationship between tooth eruption and obesity. The study aimed to investigate the relationship between erupted permanent tooth number and obesity among 12-year-old children in a population-based study. Materials and methodsA random sample of 806 12-year-old schoolchildren in Hong Kong was recruited. Oral examinations were conducted and the eruption status of the permanent teeth was assessed. Body height, body weight, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference, and triceps skinfold thickness (TRSKF) were measured to assess the adiposity statuses [weight-height ratio (W/H) and body mass index (BMI) for general obesity; WC and waist-hip ratio (WHR) for central obesity; and TRSKF for peripheral obesity]. The relationships between erupted permanent tooth number and adiposity statuses were examined in bivariate analysis and analysis of covariance. ResultsThe response rate was 82.9% (n = 668/806). Three hundred and forty-six (50.9%) children had 28 teeth erupted. Second molars had the highest rate of noneruption (17.5–35.8%). The mean number and standard deviation (SD) of erupted permanent tooth were 26.4 (2.4). The mean value and SD were 31.1 (6.3) for W/H, 19.8 (3.7) for BMI, 70.4 (9.4) for WC, 0.82 (0.06) for WHR, and 11.8 (4.5) for TRSKF, respectively. After accounting for sociodemographic factors, analysis of covariance identified that W/H, BMI, WC, and WHR were positively associated with the number of erupted permanent teeth (P < 0.01). ConclusionErupted permanent tooth number was positively associated with obesity (general and central) among a population-based sample of 12-year-old children in Hong Kong.

Novel indexes for diagnosing metabolic syndrome in apparently healthy Gujarati Asian Indians: a cross-sectional study.

We aimed to compare the diagnostic accuracy of four novel indexes-triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio, weight height ratio (WHtR), lipid accumulation product (LAP) and visceral adiposity index (VAI) with conventional components of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in order to identify a single index for the diagnosis of MetS in Gujarati Indian population. This observational and cross sectional study involved a total of 3329 healthy adults of 18-79 years of age. Demographic and clinical data such as body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure were measured along with the levels of lipids and fasting blood glucose. The overall prevalence of MetS was 34.32%, which was almost double in older individuals (45.5% vs. 20.8%) and slightly higher in males (37% vs. 31.2%). In comparison to individual components of MetS, three novel indexes-VAI, LAP and TG/HDL-C ratio showed superior diagnostic efficacy yielding an area under curve of 0.856, 0.821 and 0.821 respectively. The optimal cut-offs for VAI, LAP and TG/HDL Ratios for male, females, young and old population are (79.71, 88.12, 75.42, 87.4), (35.62, 34.73, 35.88, 34.7) and (2.249, 3.16, 2.49, 2.79) respectively. The diagnostic effectiveness of novel markers was unaffected by the age and gender of an individual. However, the efficacy of WHtR was comparable with the other conventional markers. Three novel markers-LAP, VAI and TG/HDL-C ratio could be effectively used as a single 'Surrogate marker' for screening of asymptomatic Gujarati Asian Indians with MetS.