Weight Gain Of Broiler Chickens Research Articles

Effects of probiotic Subalin on body weight gain in broiler chickens with spontaneous eimeriosis

The purpose of the research is to study the probiotic Subalin effects on body weight gain in broiler chickens with spontaneous eimeriosis.Materials and methods. On a poultry farm in the Moscow Region, the body weight gain dynamics was studied in 120 floormanaged broiler chickens aged 9 to 40 days spontaneously infected with eimeria after administration of different doses of the probiotic Subalin vs. control. The chickens selected for the experiment were divided into four similar groups of 30 birds each. Subalin was administered to the first group chickens at a dose of 1.5 mL per 1 L of drinking water, while the broilers of the second and third groups were administered Subalin at a dose of 2 and 2.5 mL per 1 L of water, respectively. Subalin doses were given to the chickens of groups 1–3 in three stages: on 11–12; 18–19 and 26–27 days of age for consecutive 48 hours. The broilers of group 4 did not receive the drug and served as a control. The chickens of all groups underwent clinical, hematological, and coprological examinations; they were kept in similar conditions on the floor, in isolation, and fed as per zootechnical standards. Control weighing of the chickens was done on days 10 and 40 of their growth.Results and discussion. The total weight gain of the group 1 chickens was 1985 g in the experiment; 2203 g and 2214 g in groups 2 and 3, respectively, and 1803 g in the control group. The productivity of the experimental chickens was 10.1; 22.2 and 22.8% higher vs. control. The Subalin optimal dose was 2 mL per 1 L of drinking water according to the above scheme. The tested doses of Subalin had positive effects on the number of enterobacteria in the chicken intestines. Blood tests showed no statistically significant changes in clinical or hematological parameters in the experimental and control chickens.

Desempenho econômico e zootécnico de frangos de corte submetidos à restrição alimentar quantitativa

Nutrition today accounts for approximately 75% of broiler production costs due to the large variety of ingredients contained in poultry feed. Commercial chicken breeds have been genetically selected for rapid weight gain, among other characteristics, thereby stimulating their voracious feeding behavior. However, this greater feed intake has not seen an attendant increase in the digestion capacity of the birds’ digestive system, thus interfering with feed conversion. The objective of this study to compare the performance of feed conversion, mortality rates, daily weight gain, carcass rejections, carcass and parts yields and the cost of ad libitum feeding of broiler chickens with those achieved through quantitative feed restriction (Cobb broiler diet table and 10% less than recommended in the table). The treatments were tested in three consecutive batches on a poultry farm with three aviaries. The results obtained indicated that quantitative feed restriction improves feed conversion and reduces daily weight gain and mortality rates, but affects neither carcass rejection rates nor carcass and parts yields. As for production costs, the kilogram of live chicken was 5.69% lower among birds that received controlled feed, following the diet recommended for the breed, and 7.38% in birds that received a 10% quantitative feed restriction compared to the Cobb broiler diet table. The results of this study indicate that the use of quantitative feed restriction programs, despite the lower daily weight gain of broiler chickens, can offer advantages because lower mortality rates and enhanced feed conversion compensate for this loss, thus significantly reducing production costs.

Effect of Kankrej Cow Urine Distillate and Panchgavya Supplementation on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Blood Biochemical Profile of Broiler Chickens

A study was conducted during the month of December, 2023 and January, 2024 to evaluate the effect of cow urine distillate and Panchgavya supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics and blood biochemical parameters of broiler chickens. A total of 200 day-old broiler chicks were uniformly distributed into four treatment groups with 50 birds per treatment for a period of 42 days. The dietary treatments were T1: Basal diet, T2: Basal diet+1 ml cow urine distillate (CUD) in drinking water bird-1 day-1, T3: Basal diet+1 ml Panchgavya in drinking water bird-1 day-1 and T4: Basal diet+50 mg of Commercial feed grade antibiotic (Tylosin phosphate) kg-1 of feed. Results revealed that the mean final body weight and body weight gain in broiler chickens were not influenced by the inclusion of CUD and Panchgavya. There was no effect on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics and blood biochemical parameters due to CUD and Panchgavya supplementation in broiler chickens. The feed conversion ratio was better in Panchgavya and feed antibiotic groups than the control group. The serum cholesterol level was significantly (p<0.05) reduced in Panchgavya and feed antibiotic groups followed by CUD group than the control. It may be concluded that supplementation cow urine distillate and Panchgavya in broiler chickens did not influence growth performance, feed intake, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics and blood biochemical parameters. Panchgavya and feed antibiotic supplementation improved feed conversion ratio and reduced serum cholesterol level in broiler chickens.

In-vivo evaluation of the adverse effects of ochratoxin A on broiler chicken health and adsorption efficacy of indigenous and commercial clay of Balochistan, Pakistan

Mycotoxins in animal feed pose health risks and economic losses, but using various adsorbent types could potentially protect animals from mycotoxicosis. The study aimed to assess the effect of OTA on the health of broiler chickens and to envisage the ameliorative potential of clay adsorbents. The objectives of this in vivo study were to investigate the effects of OTA on productivity, biochemical parameters, fecal residues, and the preventive effects of indigenous and commercial clay of Balochistan as adsorbents to alleviate the adverse effects of exposure. Male broiler chickens (n = 160) were treated with 400 μg/kg OTA and 0.5 g/kg clay adsorbent for 42 days, with feed and water available in an ad libitum manner. The amount of OTA in diet and fecal residues was assessed through HPLC. The administration of OTA in the diet, resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) while increasing the feed conversion ratio (FCR) as compared to the control group. Furthermore, no significant (p > 0.05) differences were found between the weight gain of broiler chickens fed without OTA (positive control) and that of chickens fed adsorbent. The group given a diet containing OTA without adsorbents as compared to the control and adsorbent-supplemented group has shown a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the relative weight of the liver, kidney, gizzard, and proventriculus while decreasing the relative weight of the spleen and bursa of Fabricius. Alterations in the levels of serum total protein (TP), cholesterol (CHL), serum urea (SU), enzymatic activity (aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT)), and creatinine were observed in the OTA-intoxicated and adsorbent-supplemented groups as compared to the control group. Adsorbent supplementation resulted in a significantly (p < 0.05) higher OTA content in the faeces. It can be concluded from the results of this study, that OTA intoxication negatively affects the health of broiler chickens, and the clay of Balochistan has shown effective adsorption potential against OTA.

Unconventional Homogenized Vegetable Meal (HVM) Feed Ingredients on Skin Pigmentation and Weight Gain of Broiler Chickens

Unconventional Homogenized Vegetable Meal (HVM) Feed Ingredients on Skin Pigmentation and Weight Gain of Broiler Chickens

Effective Levels of Chicken Feather Flour as a Supplementary Feed for Increase Broiler Chicken (Gallus domesticus L) Body Weight

Broiler chickens have been widely eaten and bred because they are cheap in the form of meat. But the case in broiler farming is the high price of commercial feed. In view of this reality, it is necessary to find an alternative to the use of feed ingredients that do not compete with humans and their availability is quite abundant at an affordable price, namely the use of chicken feather waste as animal feed. This research aims to determine the content of chicken feather flour which is efficiently used as additional feed for broiler chickens. The research procedure used was an Experiment with 4 treatments and 6 replications, namely P0 = control (100% bran feed), P1 = 95% bran feed + 5% chicken feather meal, P2 = 90% bran feed + 10% chicken feather meal, P3 = 85% bran feed + 15% chicken feather flour. Information was analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The results of the research prove that giving chicken feather flour as additional feed for weight gain of broiler chickens has a significant effect on weight gain of broiler chickens. The conclusion of the research is: The content of chicken feather flour which is efficiently used as additional feed for broiler chickens is 10%

ANALYSIS OF BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF BLOOD SERUM WHEN USING MEADOWSWEET

The infusion of meadowsweet increases the level of protein metabolism, contributes to the weight gain of broiler chickens, thereby increasing the creatinine index. The albumin index increases in accordance with the increase in the total protein index, since it is an integral part of it. It has a sugar-lowering effect, reducing the glucose levels, and also lowers cholesterol. The result obtained allows us to recommend the infusion of meadowsweet with hyperglycemia and hypercholesterolemia.

Production planning decisions in the broiler chicken supply chain with growth uncertainty

Broiler chickens are specially raised for meat production and their supply chain is composed of breeders, hatcheries, feed mills, farms, slaughterhouses, wholesalers, and retailers. The coordination between supply chain players has great potential to streamline production and increase competitiveness in the market. A critical element in the decision-making process of this agri-system is the weight gain of broiler chickens. Variability in chicken growth patterns can affect production plans in practice. The most efficient weight estimation models require sensors in real-time, which are not available in many companies. Thus, some small farms require a simpler approach to adjust production planning based on the uncertainty of chickens’ weight while they transition to new technologies. This research proposes an optimization-based methodology for the integration of farms and slaughterhouses to plan production under chicken growth uncertainty. The methodology includes two models: (i) a two-stage stochastic model that supports lot-sizing and inventory management decisions while considering scenarios of chicken growth uncertainty; and (ii) a mixed-integer linear programming model that supports lot allocation. We present the results of implementing the methodology in a poultry company in Santa Marta (Colombia), where we improved costs by 8.6% while meeting tactical, biological, and biosecurity constraints.

Biological influence of nanotechnological j, se, s citrates in broiler chickens in the second period of rearing

The research was carried out on two groups of broilers ROOS-308, divided into control (1) and experimental (2) groups, in the conditions of industrial cultivation and daily addition to water of nanotechnological citrates J, Se, S for 24-48 days of fattening. The research was aimed to identify the complex combined biological action of nanotechnological citrates J, Se, S in broiler chickens under conditions of their use for 2-3 growing periods. The 7-day changes dynamics in body weight, survival and death rate of chickens, the mass of internal organs and its correlation to chicken body mass at the day 48, the technological slaughter period, were defined as study periods. Blood and internal organs samples were taken to determine biochemical parameters and study its development by mass and mass coefficients at the slaughter period. The corrective effect of nanotechnological J, Se, S citrates on the protein indicators and mineral metabolism, growth and development of the liver, stomach, spleen and thyroid gland of chicken was identified. There was an increase in body weight gain of broiler chickens by 4-4,5 % during growth periods with the use of J, Se, S citrates and 5,2 % for day 48 of life while the mortality decreased by 0,62 % during the study period (Group 1 – 1,64 %; Group 2 – 1,02 %). The average daily gain during 48 days in the control Group 1 was 59,6 g with a body weight of 2859 g and the experimental Group 2 – 62,72 % with body weight of 3009 g respectively.

Ecological assessment of the nitrogen budgets of livestock production systems in Ukraine

The nitrogen budgets was modeled on the example of 5 typical Ukrainian livestock farms of different livestock production systems. The relative anthropogenic load of different livestock systems and the efficiency of the use of nutrients in the production of crop and animal products are shown. Input flows of nitrogen (N) — in the fodder for livestock, fertilizers, biofixation, atmospheric deposition, crop residues and output flows with agricultural crop &amp; livestock products were determined. It was established that the efficiency of nitrogen use (NUEfarm) is 21.0–69.9% on the investigated farms, i.e., such amount of soil nutrients and imported feed in nitrogen equivalent was deposited in the sold products, and the rest of N was deposited in by-products (crop residues &amp; manure). The ratio of produced main and by-products in nitrogen equivalent was determined. In crop production, 1.06– 1.11 Mg N of grain is obtained for 1 Mg of N crop residues. In livestock, only 0.15–0.78 Mg N of the main products (milk, meat, wool) are obtained for 1 Mg of manure nitrogen production (nitrogen excretion). According to the level of output of the main products relative to by-products, the livestock systems are in the following ranked order: cattle farming — 0.15 Mg N of milk and live weight gain per 1 Mg manure nitrogen production; pig farming — 0.43 Mg N of live weight gain per 1 Mg N excreted and broiler farming — 0.78 Mg N of live weightgain, respectivel. It was established that the livestock production systems cause a significant anthropogenic load on the surrounding natural environment — intensive soil load (balance from –30.2 to –42.2 kg N/ha/year) and high rates of ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions (NH3, NOx and N2O) from manure management systems and agricultural land (16.3–1456.4 kg/ha/year). It was established that 132.4 kg of NH3, NOx and N2O are emissed for 1 Mg of live weight gain of calves; 7.6 kg of NH3, NOx and N2O per 1 Mg of produced cow’s milk; 30.3 kg of NH3, NOx and N2O per 1 Mg of live weight gain of pigs (on average); 22.2 kg of NH3, NOx and N2O per 1 Mg of live weight gain of broiler chickens; 53.7 kg of NH3, NOx and N2O per 1 Mg of produced live weight and wool of sheep.

Effect of Different Salt Sizes on Drinking Water of Broiler Chickens on Food Consumption and Body Weight Gain

Since the provision of clean and health water is one of the requirements of education and breeding of broiler chickens and the existence of salts and other sources of water resources, it can have an adverse effect on the production and breeding of poultry. On this issue, it is necessary to determine the effect of saline water on the fowl.&#x0D; Knowing the effects of salt in drinking water of broiler chickens, considering that most water resources are salty to different degrees, paves the way for determining the permissible and tolerable limit for broiler chickens and will prevent its side effects caused by salt accumulation in chicken organs.&#x0D; This study was conducted to determine the effect of different sizes of saltwater on food acquisition parameters and body weight gain of broiler chickens. This study was conducted in 5 treatments and each treatment with 12 repetitions for 29 days. first treatment had 0% salt and 2-5% salt and 0.5%, 1.5%, 1.5% and 2% salt content in their drinking water, respectively.&#x0D; The information and data obtained from this study indicate the significant effects on different percentages of saline water on the studied indices. Because, second, third and fourth treatments expressed 18%, 28%-64% reduction in food acquisition and also 11%, 30%79% reduction in body weight gain compared to control group, respectively. These effects were extremely dangerous at 2% and caused the death of included chickens in this department.

Эффективность кормовой добавки на основе левзеи сафлоровидной и животного белка, полученного из вермикультуры

The article presents the results of studying the effectiveness of the use of a feed additive consisting of Leuzea safflower and vermiculture powder on the protective mechanisms of broiler chickens. In the course of the study, the influence of the use of the feed additive on the increase in live weight, hematological parameters (biochemical and morphological parameters of blood), indicators of acquired and innate immunity of broiler chickens were evaluated. It has been established that when a feed additive is included in the diet of chickens, a significant increase in body weight gain of broiler chickens of the experimental group is observed in comparison with the control group. In the course of assessing the biochemical and immunological status in animals of the experimental group a tendency to an increase in the concentration of immunoglobulins A and M in the blood serum was established. Thus, the use of a new feed additive based on Leuzea safflower accelerates the weight gain of broiler chickens. The results of the study substantiate the feasibility of using a feed additive in the diet of broiler chickens.

Determination of the Photoditazine photosensitizer solution effect on the productivity and microflora of broiler chickens

The scientific work analyzes the effectiveness of the Photoditazine photosensitizer for rearing broiler chickens to prevent infectious diseases, in particular salmonellosis. In the conducted studies, the presence of antimicrobial activity in photosensitizers in experiments on bacterial cultures was confirmed by the example of a second-generation photosensitizer - Photoditazine, the active substance of which is dimeglumine chlorin E6. Comparisons of weight gain in broiler chickens from experimental groups were carried out, the composition of the microflora of experimental groups was determined. The harmlessness of the oral use of the Photoditazine photosensitizer was revealed by measuring the main hematological and biochemical parameters of experimental bird groups. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded about the effectiveness of the use of Photoditazine photosensitizer to maintain the well-being of production poultry livestock.

The Weight Gain of Broiler Chickens when Using Domestic and Imported Compound Feeds

The Weight Gain of Broiler Chickens when Using Domestic and Imported Compound Feeds

Penambahan Enzim Sawit Dalam Pakan Yang Berbeda Terhadap Performa Ayam Broiler

Addition of Palm Enzymes in with Different Variations in Chicken Performance of Undergraduate. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of giving palm oil enzymes to the weight gain of broiler chickens. the consumption of broiler chicken feed. To determine the administration of palm enzymes influence the increase in broiler chicken feed conversion. The design used in this study was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), the provision of Palm Enzymes and without the provision of Palm Enzymes. By giving chicken ration given to Broiler Chicken P0: Without the addition of 0% palm enzyme (control), P1: addition of 25 ml palm enzyme + 75 commercial feed, P2: addition of 50 ml palm enzyme + 50 commercial feed P3: addition of palm enzyme 75 ml + 25 commercial feed. On the parameters of observation of body weight, feed consumption and broiler chicken feed conversion obtained during the study were best found in treatment P1: addition of 25 ml palm enzyme + 75 commercial feed. In the sidik analysis, the various effects of body weight, feed consumption and feed conversion between treatments different significantly.&#x0D;

Pengaruh Probiotik Bakteri Asam Laktat dalam Air Minum Terhadap Konversi Pakan Ayam Broiler

This study aimed to determine the effect of probiotics of lactic acid bacteria in drinking water on feed consumption, weight gain and feed conversion ratio of broiler chickens. This research is an experimental research. The experimental animals used in this study were 28 male broiler chickens strain Cobb 700 aged 20 days. P0 was not given the addition of probiotic lactic acid bacteria, P1 was given the addition of probiotic lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus in 1ml/liter drinking water, P2 was given the addition of probiotic lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus casei in drinking water 1ml/liter, P3 was given the addition of probiotic lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus fermentum in drinking water 1ml/liter, P4 was given the addition of probiotic lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum in drinking water 1ml/liter, P5 was given the addition of probiotic lactic acid bacteria Pediococcus in drinking water 1ml/liter, P6 was given the addition of probiotic mix lactic acid bacteria in drinking water 1ml /liter. Collecting data for the last 1 week by weighing the remaining consumption of feed given and weight gain of broiler chickens. The data obtained were analyzed using the Analysis of Variant (ANOVA) statistical method and continued with Duncan. Based on the results of the calculation of the amount of feed consumption and weight gain in broiler chickens, it showed that the administration of probiotic lactic acid bacteria 1ml/liter of water in broiler chickens could increase body weight gain, reduce feed conversion rates but did not reduce broiler feed consumption (p&lt;0.05).

Capromorelin, a ghrelin receptor agonist, increases feed intake and body weight gain in broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus)

Ghrelin is a hormone that induces orexigenic effects in mammals. However, in avian species, there is scant and conflictive results on the effect of ghrelin on feed intake (FI). Therefore, we evaluated the effect of a ghrelin receptor agonist (capromorelin) on FI, ADG, water intake (WI), animal behavior and concentrations of ghrelin, glucose, growth hormone (GH) and insulin in broiler chickens. One-day-old male broilers were reared as recommended by the industry. At 4 wk of age (experimental day 0; D0), birds were blocked by weight and randomly assigned to 3 treatments in 2 identical trials. Control birds received a vehicle control solution containing 0 mg/kgBW/d of capromorelin. Birds in treatments 2 and 3 received capromorelin at target doses of 6 or 12 mg/kgBW/d of capromorelin (n = 27). FI and WI were measured 3 times a day at 0700 h (Period 1; P1), 1200 h (P2) and 1700 h (P3), while BW was recorded daily. Blood samples were collected on D-1 and D5. Bird behavior (pecking, sitting and standing) was evaluated for 9 h on D2. Data were analyzed using a randomized complete block design with repeated measures over time. Orthogonal polynomial contrasts were used to determine linear and quadratic effects of increasing levels of capromorelin. Polynomial contrasts showed that capromorelin doses linearly increased FI (P = 0.002) and ADG (P = 0.019). There were no treatment, day or treatment x d interactions on glucose, ghrelin and GH concentrations. However, there was a treatment x d interaction (P = 0.041) on insulin concentrations. Concentrations of insulin were higher on D5 for the 0 and 12 mg/kgBW/d treatments as compared with D-1. Polynomial contrasts showed that capromorelin doses linearly increased number of pecks/h (P = 0.018). Per hour FI and WI was higher during P1 (i.e., 0700−1200) as compared to P2 and P3 (P < 0.001). Our observations suggest that capromorelin linearly increases feed intake; thus, the same effect of that reported in mammalian species.

English

This study assessed the supplemental value of Roxazyme&reg; G2 in the utilization of cassava fibre meal (CFM) by broiler-chickens in a 56 day feeding trial. A batch of three hundred and sixty day-old Arbor acre broiler-chicks was allotted to twelve treatments replicated five times of six birds in a 4 &times; 3 factorial in complete randomization. Cassava fibre meal was substituted for maize at 0, 20, 40 and 60% levels and Roxazyme&reg; G2 supplementation was at 0, 100 and 200 mgkg-1. Results showed that CFM substitution at 40 and 60% levels for maize led to significant decrease (p&lt;0.05) in weight gain of broiler chickens at both starter and finisher stages while feed conversion ratio was significant (p&lt;0.05) at 60% CFM substitution at the starter phase. The effect of enzyme supplementation was not significant in the physiological growth of the birds at both starter and finisher stages. Eviscerated weight, liver and kidney weights were significantly (p&lt;0.05) affected by CFM substitution. The effect of interaction was not significant (p&gt;0.05) indicating that performance, carcass and organ description of broiler chickens were not dependent of the two factors under investigation. At starter phase, CFM substitution led to the saving of $0.07-0.08 per cost of feed $/kg weight gain and $0.08-0.13 per cost of feed $/kg weight gain on broiler finisher production. Roxazyme&reg; G2 supplementation only at 100 mgkg-1 led to the saving of $0.03 and 0.01 per cost of feed $/kg weight gain at the starter and finisher stages respectively. Key words: Broiler chickens, cassava fibre meal, Roxazyme&reg; G2, weight gain.

Shrimp waste meal supplementation of cassava products based diet fed to broiler chickens

With the objective of investigating shrimp waste (SWM) and cassava leaf (CLM) meals as cheap alternatives and protein source mixtures that would best complement cassava root-soybean ration in total replacement for maize in broiler diets, six iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous diets were evaluated using two weeks old Anak broilers in a growth and digestibility trial lasting seven weeks. Diet I was a maize-soybean based control diet while diets 2 to 6 contained whole cassava root meal (WCRM) in total replacement for maize, energy for energy. Diet 2 had soybean meal (SBM) as a major source of protein taking the protein supplied by SBM in diet 2 as 100%, SBM, CLM and SWM were combined thus in diets 3/0.5SBM: 0.5SIM), 4 (0.5SBM: 0.25SWM: 0.25CLAI), 5(0.25 SBM: 0.5SWM: 0.25CLM) and 6(0.5 SWM: 0.5 CL11). Average daily feed intake, weight gain (P&lt; 0.01) and efficiency of feed conversion (P&lt;0.05) were significantly influenced by dietary treatments. Results indicate that replacing up to 50% supplemental protein of soybean meal with equal proportion of supplemental protein from SWM and CLM had no deleterious effects on rate and efficiency of weight gain in broiler chickens. While nutrient and energy digestibility and carcass characteristics except dressing percentage were unaffected by dietary treatment, there was indication that organs such as gizzard and small intestine were significantly tasked for digestive function, evident from the considerable increase in their weights in birds fed diets in which over 50% of soybean protein was replaced by SWM and CLM. Based on the observation from this study, it can be concluded that not more than 50% of the dietary protein contributed by soybean should be replaced by SWM and CLM as doing otherwise would bring about a worsening effect on the performance of broilers.

Effects of Eimeria maxima and Clostridium perfringens infections on cecal microbial composition and the possible correlation with body weight gain in broiler chickens

With the voluntary and regulatory withdrawal of antibiotic growth promoters from animal feed, coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis (NE) emerge as the top two enteric poultry infectious diseases responsible for major economic loss worldwide. The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between the cecal microbiota compositions with the growth trait after coccidiosis and NE. In this study, the effects of Eimeria maxima and/or Clostridium perfringens infections on the microbial composition and potential correlation with the body weight gain were investigated in broiler chickens using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. E. maxima and C. perfringens coinfection successfully induced NE with its typical gut lesions and significant reductions in the percentage of relative body weight gain (RBWG%). The NE challenge model did not affect cecal microbial diversity, but influenced the cecal microbial composition. KEGG enzymes in microbiota were significantly altered in abundance following dual infections. Furthermore, significant correlations between cecal microbiota modules and RBWG% were identified in the sham control, E. maxima or C. perfringens infected groups. Understanding of host-microbiota interaction in NE would enhance the development of antibiotics-independent strategies to reduce the harmful effect of NE on the gut microbiota structure, and improve the gut health and poultry production.