Weight Fraction Of Particulates Research Articles

Effect of rock powder on the mechanical properties of AL7075 metal matrix composites

Materials with light weight, high strength, high stiffness, and superior mechanical properties are required by modern technology. A metal matrix composite's (MMC) mechanical properties determine its potential as a structural material. To study the impact of particulate weight fraction on mechanical properties, a systematic investigation must be conducted. By the stir casting method, there is preparation of the metal matrix; we use aluminium (Al7075) with quarry rock dust powder by combining 0%, 5%, and 7.5% aluminium and rock powder during the casting process We investigated the mechanical properties of the metal matrix using hardness, bending, and a pin-on-disc wear test. The test specimen was machined as per ASTM standards. The results reveal that the hardness of the specimen has gradually increased at the limit of 5 wt.% of quarry rock powder with Al7075, but after increasing the reinforcement to 7.5 wt.%, the hardness of the specimen has gradually decreased. The wear test reveals that the wear rate is gradually decreased at the limit of 5 wt.% of quarry rock powder with Al7075. After increasing the reinforcement to 7.5 wt.%, the wear rate is gradually increased. The bending test reveals that the bending force of the specimen is gently increased instead of the inclusion of reinforcement with the aluminium metal matrix 7075.

Influence of pineapple leaf particulate on mechanical, thermal and biodegradation characteristics of pineapple leaf fiber reinforced polymer composite

Natural fibers are gaining too much attention and researchers are shifting their interest due to environmental concern and ecological benefits. The present experimental study is focused on the investigation of thermo-mechanical properties of aggro–waste pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) reinforced polymer composite under the influence of pineapple micro-particulate inclusion. For developing the hybrid composites, constant weight fraction (30%) of PALF and five different weight fractions (2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10%) of particulates are taken. The study involves preparation, chemical treatment (with 5% NaOH solution) and characterization (XRD, FTIR and TGA) of micro particulate and results revealed that the treatment of particulate has a better crystalline index and thermal stability which improved their material characterization as well as mechanical and thermal properties. The addition of chemically treated particulates in PALF reinforced polymer composites showed better interfacial bonding between fibers and matrix that enhanced the mechanical and thermal properties of the developed composite. The experimental results showed that 7.5% of particulates inclusion has highest tensile, flexural, compressive and hardness properties with higher plane strain fracture toughness and thermogravimetric analysis while 2.5% of particulate inclusion has highest impact strength. The water absorption and biodegradability tests were also performed and revealed that the addition of particulates has greater water absorption and better biodegradability. The scanning electron microscopy was used to study the morphology behaviour with different weight fraction of particulates and also analyzed the fracture behaviour of developed hybrid composites.

Grain size effect on tensile and flexural strength of particulate composites reinforced with Acropora waste

Abstract The engineering materials for the construction of cars, ships, planes and other are still dominated by metal materials. However, in recent years the use of metal has begun to decrease and replaced by non-metallic materials such as ceramic and composites. The advantages of ceramic and composite materials compared to metals are good mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and lower density. Recently the use of composites tends to change from synthetic fiber composites to natural fiber composites because the composite waste of natural fibers is easily decomposed after unused. In this study, the fibers used as a reinforcement of composites were replaced by particulate of Acropora waste. The aims of this study were to obtain baseline data for further development of applied research, in particular, the mechanical properties of composites that will be used as materials for automotive components, such as door panels, dashboards, and seat backs. This study used unsaturated polyester as the matrix, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide as a hardener, with the fibers from the waste of Acropora reefs. The composites were produced by press hand lay-up techniques, with the variation of particulate grain size of 40, 100, and 200 mesh, meanwhile the particulate weight fraction was kept 30% (w/w). The results showed that maximum tensile strength about 23 MPa reached at particulate grain size 100 mesh. Maximum flexural strength around 89 MPa occurred at particulate grain size 40 mesh

Applicability of Boron Carbide Reinforced Aluminium 7075 Composites for Aircraft Wings and Engines

It has become a prerogative of any industry to aim for lightweight materials, having promising strength for all of its major applications. Right from car manufacturers, aiming to incorporate lightweight materials, to substantial Space Research organizations, also aiming to reduce their functional weight, every organization puts forth voluminous efforts to achieve this goal. In such a scenario, Aluminium 7075 and Boron Carbide composites are found to be promising. This article briefs an experimental observation using these Aluminum-Boron Carbide composites which were synthesized using stir casting technique with varying particulate weight fraction (3%, 6%, and 9%). The experimental observation yielded promising outcomes of using this composite for lightweight applications. The composites are found to have greater strength and better weight ratio and are conveniently suitable for lightweight applications. This research work proposes this composite be applied in aircraft wings and engine.

Mechanical Characterization of Stir Cast Al-7075/B4C/Graphite Reinforced Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites

Abstract The modern technology requires the materials with light weight, high strength, high stiffness and superior mechanical properties. The mechanical properties of metal matrix composites (MMCs) are critical to their potential application as structural materials. A systematic examination is required to study the effect of particulate weight fraction on the mechanical properties. Aluminium based metal matrix composites find varied applications in aerospace, defence, automobile, sports equipment and electronics due to their favourable properties. Al 7075 is a light weight castable alloy with moderate hardness and strength and finds applications in automotive and aerospace. The addition of refractory reinforcement generally improves the hardness, tensile strength and high temperature properties of the material. The present investigation focuses on characterization of Stir cast Al-7075/B4C/Graphite reinforced Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites. Adding B4C with varying reinforcement of three cases, in first case 2% constant with varying graphite 1%, 3%, and 5%, in second case 4%, and in third case 6% constant with varying same graphite percentage, the aluminum matrix hybrid composites have been fabricated by stir-casting method at 650 °C. Castings for tensile testing were prepared in circular metal mold of diameter 20 mm and length 120 mm. The specimens of 55×10×10 mm with 2 mm notch for impact test, 20×10×10 mm for microscopy analysis and hardness test are cut from a cast ingot of 100×50×10 mm using CNC EDM wire cutting. Specimens are prepared as per the ASTM standards and Microstructure investigation, ultimate tensile strength, impact strength and hardness measurements have been correlated with the percentage of B4C and Graphite particles. The effects of B4C and Graphite particle content on the mechanical properties were investigated. The grain size by using the mean intercept length method, Standard deviation and 95% confidence intervals were determined at different weight fractions.

Influence of ceramic Al2O3 particulates on performance measures and surface characteristics during sinker EDM of stir cast AMMCs

PurposeAA2014 is a copper-based alloy and is typically used for production of complex machined components, given its better machinability. The purpose of this paper was to study the effects of variation in weight percentage of ceramic Al2O3 particulates during electrical discharge machining (EDM) of stir cast AA2014 composites. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination was carried out to study characteristics of EDMed surface of Al2O3/AA2014 composites.Design/methodology/approachThe effect of machining parameters on performance measures during sinker EDM of stir cast Al2O3/AA2014 composites was examined by “one factor at a time” (OFAT) method. The stir cast samples were obtained by using three levels of weight percentage of Al2O3 particulates, i.e. 0 Wt.%, 10 Wt.% and 20 Wt.% with density 1.87 g/cc, 2.35 g/cc and 2.98 g/cc respectively. Machining parameters varied were peak current (1-30 amp), discharge voltage (30-100 V), pulse on time (15-300 µs) and pulse off time (15-450 µs) to study their influence on material removal rate (MRR), tool wear rate (TWR) and surface roughness (SR).FindingsMRR and SR decreased with an increase in weight percentage of ceramic Al2O3 particulates at the expense of TWR. This was attributed to increased microhardness for reinforced stir cast composites. However, microhardness of EDMed samples at fixed values of machining parameters, i.e. 9 amp current, 60 V voltage, 90 µs pulse off time and 90 µs pulse on time reduced by 58.34, 52.25 and 46.85 per cent for stir cast AA2014, 10 Wt.% Al2O3/AA2014 and 20 Wt.% Al2O3/AA2014, respectively. SEM and quantitative energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis revealed ceramic Al2O3 particulate thermal spalling in 20 Wt.% Al2O3/AA2014 composite. This was because of increased particulate weight percentage leading to steep temperature gradients in between layers of base material and heat affected zone.Originality/valueThis work was an essential step to assess the machinability for material design of Al2O3 reinforced aluminium metal matrix composites (AMMCs). Experimental investigation on sinker EDM of high weight fraction of particulates in AA2014, i.e. 10 Wt.% Al2O3 and 20 Wt.% Al2O3, has not been reported in archival literature. The AMMCs were EDMed at variable peak currents, voltages, pulse on and pulse off times. The effects of process parameters on MRR, TWR and SR were analysed with comparisons made to show the effect of Al2O3 particulate contents.

Tailoring of tensile and dynamic thermomechanical properties of interleaved chemical-treated fine almond shell particulate flax fiber stacked vinyl ester polymeric composites

Natural fiber and particulates are being exploited to attain eco-friendly products for construction and automotive sectors. These sectors are moving towards the use of high damping characteristic natural biofibers and particulate-reinforced polymer composite as part of the structural components. In this work, woven flax fiber (0° and 90°) and almond shell particulates were used. They were subsequently treated with alkaline and acetylene chemical solution separately. Polymer composite laminates were prepared using a vinyl ester resin as matrix and by stacking flax fibers and almond particulates interleaved in an alternative sequence using the hand layup technique. This was followed by hydraulic pressing. Composite laminates were fabricated by varying the almond shell particulate weight fraction of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%. Mechanical properties such as tensile and flexural strength were experimentally measured. Dynamic thermomechanical analysis was conducted on the alkaline-treated and untreated composites with different frequencies for the assessment of the damping characteristics. The alkaline-treated interleaved almond shell and flax fiber composite showed considerably higher damping characteristics. This could be due to the improved adhesion between the matrix and reinforcements. An addition of almond shell particulate positively increased the strength and stiffness of composites.

Effect of Mould Vibration on Mechanical Properties of Particulate Reinforced Aluminium Alloy Matrix Composite

This paper focuses on the mechanical properties of Titanium Carbide (TiC) particulate reinforced aluminium-silicon alloy matrix composite subjected to mould vibration during solidification. In this experimental study, mould vibration is applied to TiC particulate reinforced LM6 alloy matrix composites with a wide range of frequencies. TiC particulate reinforced LM6 alloy matrix composites are fabricated by adding different particulate weight fraction of TiC in the matrix by carbon dioxide molding process. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength, hardness, are determined and microstructural features are analyzed through SEM. Besides, fracture surface analysis has been performed to characterize the morphological aspects of the test samples after tensile testing. Preliminary works show that the mechanical properties have been improved with 10.2Hz frequency when compared with the gravity sand-castings without vibration.

Effect of Mould Vibration on Mechanical Properties of Particulate Reinforced Aluminium Alloy Matrix Composite

This paper focuses on the mechanical properties of Titanium Carbide (TiC) particulate reinforced aluminium-silicon alloy matrix composite subjected to mould vibration during solidification. In this experimental study, mould vibration is applied to TiC particulate reinforced LM6 alloy matrix composites with a wide range of frequencies. TiC particulate reinforced LM6 alloy matrix composites are fabricated by adding different particulate weight fraction of TiC in the matrix by carbon dioxide molding process. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength, hardness, are determined and microstructural features are analyzed through SEM. Besides, fracture surface analysis has been performed to characterize the morphological aspects of the test samples after tensile testing. Preliminary works show that the mechanical properties have been improved with 10.2Hz frequency when compared with the gravity sand-castings without vibration.

Mechanical Vibration Technique for Enhancing Mechanical Properties of Particulate Reinforced Aluminium Alloy Matrix Composite

The effects of subjecting solidifying particulate reinforced aluminium alloy matrix composite to various sources of vibration on the resulting casting quality, a mechanical vibration technique for inducing vibration resulting in enhanced mechanical properties, such as impact properties is devised. TiC particulate reinforced LM6 alloy matrix composites are fabricated by different particulate weight fraction of titanium dioxide and microstructure studies were conducted to determine the impact strength and density, respectively. Preliminary works show that the mechanical properties have been improved by using vibration mold during solidification compared to gravity castings without vibration.

Spectral properties of ice‐particulate mixtures and implications for remote sensing: 1. Intimate mixtures

The spectral properties of water ice‐particulate mixtures are studied for the purpose of deriving the ice and particulate abundances from remotely obtained spectra (particulates referring to nonicy materials in the form of grains). Reflectance levels and ice absorption band depths are a complex function of the single scattering albedo of the particulates embedded in the ice. The ice absorption band depths are related to the mean optical path length of photons in ice through Beers law, Fresnel reflection from the ice‐crystal faces on the surface, and ice absorption coefficient as a function of wavelength. Laboratory spectra of many ice‐particulate mixtures are studied with high‐, medium‐, and low‐albedo particulates. From the laboratory spectra the band depth, the continuum reflectance, and the ratio of band depth to continuum reflectance are derived for each particulate albedo as a function of the logarithm of the particulate weight fraction in the sample. Ice band depths are dependent on the particulate albedo and increase with smaller weight fractions of particulates until the bands saturate and their depths decrease. The continuum reflectance is a complex function of the particulate albedo and wavelength of light, while the band depth to continuum reflectance ratio appear independent of particulate albedo such that, for a given grain size of particulate, a calibration curve to abundance of ice and particulates is derived. The derived abundance calibrations are accurate if the source of scattering is dominated by particulates and not ice‐vacuum (air) interfaces. If ice‐vacuum interfaces are dominant, then the derived particulate abundance is an upper limit. Theoretically produced frost spectra show similar curves of growth of band depth, continuum reflectance, and corresponding ratio versus the photon mean optical path length similar to that for intimate mixtures of ice and high‐albedo particulates. In all scattering cases the ice absorption coefficients determine the path length needed to produce a given band depth; thus different absorptions are sensitive to different amounts of particulates, with the 3‐μm fundamental being the most sensitive to the presence of ice (very low ice abundance) and the 1.04‐μm overtone being the most sensitive to the presence of particulates (very high ice abundance).