Weight Concentration Of Nanoparticles Research Articles

Design and performance evaluation of pulsating heat pipe using metallic nanoparticles based hybrid nanofluids

Pulsating heat pipes (PHP) use two-phase flows to transport heat between evaporators and condensers. The performance of PHP largely depends on the thermal conductivity of the working fluid. The research objective of this study is to investigate PHP performance enhancement with HNF consisting of metallic and metallic oxide nanoparticles and compare the PHP performance with different working fluids. A three-turn PHP made from copper tubing was fabricated and charged with Al2O3-Cu HNF, Al2O3 mono nanofluid, Cu mono nanofluid, and pure water for performance evaluation. A total of ninety-eight (98) experiments were conducted with four working fluids over a range of operating conditions, including nanoparticles weight concentration (0.1 % and 0.2 %), filling ratio (50 % and 60 %) and heat input (30–90 W). Results showed that the Al2O3-Cu HNF achieved 30–54 % lower thermal resistance than water, and 17–43 % lower than the mono nanofluids at the same filling ratio, weight concentration and heat input, which indicates superior heat transfer enhancement. The optimal condition for the PHP filled with Al2O3-Cu HNF examined in this study was achieved at a 60 % filling ratio and a 0.2 % weight concentration of nanoparticles. However, maintaining the stability of Al2O3-Cu HNF poses challenges due to the hydrophobic nature of Cu nanoparticles. Future studies are planned to use molecular dynamics simulation to investigate factors influencing the stability of metallic nanoparticles-based mono and hybrid nanofluids.

Analysis of heat transfer performance for ternary nanofluid flow in radiated channel under different physical parameters using GFEM

BackgroundAdvanced nanofluids also termed as ternary nanofluids convinced the engineers and scientists due to unique molecular structure and enrich heat transfer capability. These potentially contributes in aerodynamics, biomedical engineering, aerospace sciences and electronic devices. In many industrial purposes, these can be used as coolant more specifically in electronic and chemical industries. MethodsThis study emphasized on the development of an efficient ternary nanofluid model between parallel plates channel. The model formulation is successfully completed via ternary nanofluid correlations and also exercised similarity equations for the possible domain. Moreover, model became more fascinating due to induction of thermal radiations and viscous dissipation. To investigate the heat transfer performance of ternary nanofluid the model treated via an efficient scheme based on residuals and linearly independent set of weight functions and is known as Galerkin Finite Element Method (GFEM). Significant findingsIt is examined that the ternary nanofluid [(Al2O3-CuO-Fe3O4)/EO]mbnf is a suitable heat transport fluid than common binary nanofluid [(Al2O3-CuO)/EO]bnf nanofluids. further, induction of solar thermal radiations and convection through the plate are vital sources to upshoot the internal heat transmission of the [(Al2O3-CuO-Fe3O4)/EO]mbnf and it would allow the researchers and engineers for large scale applications. The feasible parametric ranges that pride considerable heat transfer are Bi = 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1.1 and Eckert number are Ec = 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1.1 while keeping the weight concentration of nanoparticles up to 6.0%.

Viscosity Analysis of Water-based Copper Oxide Nanofluids

In this paper, the effects of weight concentration of nanoparticles and temperature on the viscosity of water-based copper oxide nanofluids have been studied experimentally using analysis of variance (ANOVA)-based two-factor three-level (23) factorial design. The results show that a maximum increase of 23.12% in viscosity is observed at 30°C temperature as the weight concentration of nanoparticles increases from 0.03 to 0.3wt.%. Whereas the temperature increases from 30 to 60°C, the viscosity decreases up to 46.19% in the case of 0.3wt.% nanofluid. Temperature is found to be more dominant than the concentration of nanoparticles. The optimum value of viscosity (0.513 mPa.s) is found at concentrations of 0.1wt.% and 60°C temperature with an 18.72% enhancement in viscosity as compared to the base fluid. The experimental and model values of viscosity have been compared with the predictions of the proposed equation for viscosity. The experimentally measured results are found near the proposed results whereas the model underestimates the viscosity in the case of all nanofluids. The maximum underestimation of 25.92 % was observed in the case of 0.3wt.% nanofluid at 60°C temperature.

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, RHEOLOGY AND ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF WATER AND ETHYLENE GLYCOL BASED NANOFLUIDS WITH COPPER AND ALUMINUM PARTICLES

Nanoparticles are mesoobjects that occupy an intermediate position in size between ordinary molecules and macroscopic particles. Suspensions with nanoparticles, called nanofluids, are also specific mesoscopic suspensions. Today it is known that their thermophysical and mechanical properties are not described by classical theories. The unusual properties of these dispersed fluids make them extremely popular in a wide variety of applications. However, successful use of nanofluids involves the prediction of their properties, which in turn requires systematic studies. This paper presents an experimental study on the thermophysical properties of water and ethylene glycol based nanofluids with aluminum and copper particles. The thermal conductivity, rheology and electrical conductivity of nanofluids were systematically studied. The weight concentration of nanoparticles varied from 2.5 to 20%. It was shown that the thermal conductivity of these nanofluids significantly exceeds that of nanofluids with oxide particles. Its higher values are determined by the size of the nanoparticles and the thermal conductivity of the base fluid. The nanofluids studied are either pseudoplastic or viscoplastic. Their rheology is determined by the concentration and size of nanoparticles. The smaller the size of nanoparticles and the higher their concentration, the more likely the change in rheology is. Correlation curves were constructed for the rheological parameters of nanofluids versus the concentration and size of nanoparticles. It was found that the electrical conductivity of nanofluids increases almost linearly with increasing nanoparticle concentration and strongly depends on the nanoparticle size. The electrical conductivity mechanisms of nanofluids were discussed. The speed of sound in a nanofluid and its dependence on particle size were measured.

Influence of Nanoparticles on the Dielectric Response of a Single Component Resin Based on Polyesterimide.

The influence of various types of nanoparticle fillers with the same diameter of 20 nm were separately incorporated into a single component impregnating resin based on a polyesterimide (PEI) matrix and its subsequent changes in complex relative permittivity were studied. In this paper, nanoparticles of AlO and ZnO were dispersed into PEI (with 0.5 and 1 wt.%) to prepare nanocomposite polymer. Dielectric frequency spectroscopy was used to measure the dependence of the real and imaginary parts of complex relative permittivity within the frequency range of 1 mHz to 1 MHz at a temperature range from +20 °C to +120 °C. The presence of weight concentration of nanoparticles in the PEI resin has an impact on the segmental dynamics of the polymer chain and changed the charge distribution in the given system. The changes detected in the H NMR spectra confirm that dispersed nanoparticles in PEI lead to the formation of loose structures, which results in higher polymer chain mobility. A shift of the local relaxation peaks, corresponding to the -relaxation process, and higher mobility of the polymer chains in the spectra of imaginary permittivity of the investigated nanocomposites was observed.

Thermo-electro-rheological behaviour of vanadium electrolyte-based electrochemical graphene oxide nanofluid designed for redox flow battery

The use of electrolyte-based nanofluid is a new approach for enhancing the performance of Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries (VRFBs). This paper, for the first time in the literature, presents an experimental study to comprehensively investigate the rheological behaviour, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity of a newly prepared electrochemical graphene oxide (EGO)/ vanadium (IV) electrolyte-based nanofluid in different weight concentration and bulk temperatures. SEM, FT-IR and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) characterizations were performed and different functional groups, smooth 2D layered structures, and low crystallinity were detected in our tailored oxidation EGO which are amongst the enhancing features for VRFBs electrode materials. It was observed that the optimum weight concentration of nanoparticles in the electrolyte-based nanofluid is 0.05 wt% with strong colloidal stability, enhanced electrical and thermal conductivities, and an optimal viscosity. The maximum feasible enhancements in electrical and thermal conductivities that were achieved were 12%, and 4%, respectively, which can positively affect the performance of flow battery in terms of electrochemical activity on the electrode surface and thermal management of the flow battery system. In addition, the rheological evaluation showed that the behaviour of the electrolyte-based nanofluid tends to change from Newtonian to non-Newtonian for weight concentrations higher than 0.05%. The results obtained from rheological behaviour can provide useful insights in choosing an optimum pumping system of the flow batteries working with electrolyte-based nanofluid.

The role of solvent additive in metal nano-composite doped thin film organic solar cell

In this study, organic solar cells (OSCs) were designed using the solution processing method based on spin coating. The influence of solvent additive (1-chloronapthalene (CN)) and cadmium doped barium nitrate nanoparticle incorporated into the photoactive medium based on poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl (P3HT): [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) was investigated. The power conversion efficiency of the pristine device was compared to the power conversion efficiency of the devices fabricated with 30v% of 1- chloronapthalene and different weight concentrations of nanoparticles. An optimum efficiency of 3.55 % was attained at 0.3 wt.% with solvent additive compared to 3.25 % obtained for the pristine device. This increase is attributed to a rise in charge transport of 5.32 × 10−2 cm2V−1s−1. Further investigation on the morphological properties of the nanoparticles reveals the crystalline nature of the nanoparticle.

Tuning the linear and nonlinear optical absorption properties of ZnS/hydrochar nanocomposites by concentration of nanoparticles

Abstract In this article, the effects of nanoparticles aggregates and concentration on linear and nonlinear optical absorption properties of ZnS and ZnS/carbon-based materials in polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) matrix have been investigated. Carbon-based materials were synthesized via the hydrothermal carbonization method. Hazelnut shell was preferred as a feedstock of carbon material due to its high production capacity in Turkey. Thin films consisting of 10, 20, and 30 wt % nanoparticles were obtained to discover the effect of weight concentration on optical properties. The linear and nonlinear absorption properties were characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy technique and open aperture Z-scan measurements with 4 ns pulses at 532 nm. A theoretical model containing one photon, two photon and free carrier absorption and their saturations were used for the fitting of the experimental data. The band gap decreased with the increasing of the weight concentration of nanoparticles in PMMA. Z-scan experiment results showed that the highest effective nonlinear absorption coefficient was obtained for the thin films with 30 wt% nanoparticle concentration which had also the smallest bandgap energy. The effect of nanoparticles aggregates on the band gap energy and nonlinear absorption was also observed. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results indicated that the addition of carbon caused the aggregation.

Experimental investigation on single cylinder 4-stroke diesel engine using nanofluids as a coolant to compact the system

Recent power sectors associated with an internal combustion engine had a crucial challenge to reduce the size and weight of the thermal management system of internal combustion engines. This work aims to reduce the size and weight of the internal combustion engine cooling system by utilizing particular types of working medium as a coolant in place of traditional ones. In this study, the effects of water base CuO nano-coolant on cooling performance, fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, etc. of single-cylinder water-cooled diesel engines have been investigated. The two-step method was used to prepare five different weight concentrations (i.e. 0.5%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.25% & 1.5%) of water-based CuO nano-coolants. The purpose of this study is to examine the heat loss in cooling media and effects of heat loss in cooling media on engine performance under different load conditions with water based CuO nanofluid. The increment of fuel consumption, decrement of brake thermal efficiency, and enhancement of cooling performance are the functions of % weight concentrations of nanofluid. The experimental results showed that, at pick load condition, the cooling performance was increased by 15.53%, 20.71%, 30.86%, 36.39%, and 42.22% for the addition of 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 1.25%, and 1.5% weight concentrations of CuO nanoparticles with pure water, respectively. From the experimental results, it was observed that 0.75 wt% CuO/water nanofluid is the best nano-coolant because the engine consumed more fuel and produced low efficiency at high % weight concentrations of nanoparticles. This effect creates the chance of reducing the water jacket area for a constant heat transfer which makes a lighter cooling system.

An Experimental Study of the Effect of the Addition of Silicon Oxide Nanoparticles on the Wettability Characteristics of Rocks with Respect to Oil

The results of an experimental study of the interfacial tension and surface wettability in the nanosuspension/oil/rock system are given. The effect of the concentration and size of silicon oxide nanoparticles on the coefficient of interfacial tension and the contact angle of wetting has been systematically studied for the first time. A wide range of weight concentrations of nanoparticles (from 0 to 1 wt %) and their average sizes (from 5 to 50 nm) are considered. It is established that the use of nanosuspensions makes it possible to radically change the wettability of rocks with respect to oil. In this case, this effect depends substantially on the concentration and size of nanoparticles.

Approaches to assess the impact of nanoparticles on the human body

The analysis of the behavior of nanoparticles in aerosols, their aerodynamic peculiarities and interaction with microparticles was made. The features of nanoparticle cumulation in the air of the working area of industrial premises during the working day, as well as during two, or three-shifts working day are studied; the features of the nanoparticles aggregation in aerosol with their subsequent degeneration into microparticles and further sedimentation are examined. The features of the transcutaneous entry of nanoparticles into a human body are considered. It was pointed out that nanoparticles of various sizes can differ in their physicochemical properties, and, correspondingly, their influence on biological systems. Therefore, it is shown that in order to establish the toxicological hazard of nanoparticles, it is necessary to establish the most sensitive system and weight concentrations of nanoparticles, as well as their most dangerous size range, i.e. it is necessary to take into account the dispersion distribution of nanoparticles. It was demonstrated that the solubility of micro- and nanoparticles can be crucial for assessing their influence on the body in case of the body transcutaneous entry or by inhalation. Possible approaches to assessing the intensity of the effect of nanoparticles on the human body are considered. New methodological approaches to assessing the effect of nanoparticles on the human body are proposed. The complexity and features of the regulation of nanoparticles in the air of the working area are described. It has been proposed to take into account the value of the “absorbed dose” while assessing the effect of aerosols containing micro- and nanoparticles.

Approaches to assess the impact of nanoparticles on the human body

The analysis of the behavior of nanoparticles in aerosols, their aerodynamic peculiarities and interaction with microparticles was made. The features of nanoparticle cumulation in the air of the working area of industrial premises during the working day, as well as during two, or three-shifts working day are studied; the features of the nanoparticles aggregation in aerosol with their subsequent degeneration into microparticles and further sedimentation are examined. The features of the transcutaneous entry of nanoparticles into a human body are considered. It was pointed out that nanoparticles of various sizes can differ in their physicochemical properties, and, correspondingly, their influence on biological systems. Therefore, it is shown that in order to establish the toxicological hazard of nanoparticles, it is necessary to establish the most sensitive system and weight concentrations of nanoparticles, as well as their most dangerous size range, i.e. it is necessary to take into account the dispersion distribution of nanoparticles. It was demonstrated that the solubility of micro- and nanoparticles can be crucial for assessing their influence on the body in case of the body transcutaneous entry or by inhalation. Possible approaches to assessing the intensity of the effect of nanoparticles on the human body are considered. New methodological approaches to assessing the effect of nanoparticles on the human body are proposed. The complexity and features of the regulation of nanoparticles in the air of the working area are described. It has been proposed to take into account the value of the “absorbed dose” while assessing the effect of aerosols containing micro- and nanoparticles.

Nano-fluid viscosity screening and study of in situ foam pressure buildup at high-temperature high-pressure conditions

In this study, an industrial-based surfactant known as MFomax surfactant has been modified with unfunctionalized and silane-functionalized silica nanoparticles (NPs) to select the high viscous nano-fluid (NF) for generation of in situ foam to assess the differential pressure buildup (∆p) behavior in the porous media. Different weight concentrations of NPs and MFomax from 0.1 to 0.5% were studied using Design Expert Software to generate full matrix design of NF formulations. The viscosity data were analyzed with the aid of response surface analytical tool to investigate the response of NPs loading on the NF viscosity for optimization. The microstructural properties of the NFs were characterized using spectroscopic equipment. Subsequently, the high viscous NF was selected to generate in situ foam in comparison with the precursor MFomax foam for ∆p buildup assessment at 110 °C and 2023 psi in the native reservoir core. Results have shown that both the silica NPs could significantly improve the MFomax viscosity; however, the silane-functionalized silica NPs have more effect to improve the viscosity and other microstructural properties than the unfunctionalized NPs, and thus, they were selected for further experimental studies. The coreflood ∆p buildup assessment shows that NF foam built more ∆p having average value of 46 psi against 25 psi observed in the case of the precursor MFomax foam. Thus, this study demonstrates that functionalized silica NPs could improve the MFomax viscosity and eventually generates high ∆p buildup at high-temperature high-pressure conditions.

Latent and sensible energy storage enhancement of nano-nitrate molten salt

Molten salts have limited thermo-physical properties (such as specific heat capacity) which discourage their wide applications. Therefore, nanoparticles are dispersed in molten salt to improve the storage energy density. Thermophysical properties of CuO-nanosalt are compared with the nitrate binary solar salt. The effect of two different preparation methods of nanosalt samples have been studied and compared for the first time in one paper. Same weight concentration of nanoparticles in both methods of (1 wt.%) is conducted. The maximum increment in specific heat capacity was observed using the one step method by 21.24% in solid phase and 3.7% in liquid phase, respectively. Additionally, the sensible storage energy is improved in the case of nanosalt in comparison to nitrate salt by 9.27% in one step method. Moreover, the latent heat of 1 wt.% CuO-nanosalt (in one step method) increased by 67% in comparison to the nitrate binary salt without any additives while (in two step method) was 14.5%. This indicated the large effect of preparation methods of the nanosalt samples on different enhancements either in sensible heat or in latent heat. Samples are analysed using TEM which it showed an agglomerations of CuO nanoparticles prepared by the novel one step method.

Research into the influence OF AL2O3 nanoparticle admixtures on the magnitude of isopropanol molar volume

The results obtained in experimental study of density of solutions of isopropyl alcohol and Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles are given. Studies on nanofluid density were carried out using pycnometric method in a temperature range from 250 K to 315 K at weight concentrations of nanoparticles 0.92 %, 1.81 %, 4.01 % and 6.65 %. The obtained data made it possible to reveal temperature and concentration dependences of the studied nanofluids and calculate magnitude of the excess molar volume as well as hydrodynamic diameter of nanoparticles. The data on the value of hydrodynamic diameter obtained from the information on excess molar volume were in good agreement with the data measured by the method of dynamic light scattering. It was shown that the equivalent diameter of the adsorption layer of isopropanol molecules on nanoparticles decreases with an increase in concentration of Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles. Based on these studies, a new method for predicting molar volume of nanofluids was proposed. This technique takes into account presence of a sorbed layer of base fluid molecules on the nanoparticle surface. As the studies show, density of the sorption phase is higher than density of isopropyl alcohol at the set-up parameters. Presence of a sorption layer of isopropyl alcohol molecules on the nanoparticle surface determines magnitude of the excess molar volume. This fact has to be taken into account when simulating density of nanofluids. A simple method was also proposed for determining equivalent diameter of the adsorbed layer of base fluid molecules on the nanoparticle surface. The essence of the method is an assumption that nanoparticles have a shape close to spherical and the surface layer is a spherical layer of sorbed isopropanol molecules on the nanoparticle. This method allows determination of the equivalent diameter from easily measured data. It is recommended for use in modeling viscosity, thermal conductivity and heat capacity of nanofluids. It is also recommended for use in development of heat exchange models for power equipment.

Thermo-physical properties of water based SiC nanofluids for heat transfer applications

The aim of current paper consists in the fabrication, characterization and preparation of water based on SiC nanofluids and the experimental investigation of their thermo-physical properties. Thermal conductivity, viscosity and surface tension of SiC/water nanofluids were measured for two two weight concentrations of nanoparticles 0.5 and 1.0wt% respectively, within the range 20°C to 50°C. Concerning the thermal-properties of studied nanofluids, the experimental results show that the thermal conductivity increases with the increasing both of the weight concentration of the nanoparticles and temperature. Also, the dynamic viscosity of the SiC/water nanofluids increases with increasing nanoparticles concentration and decreases with the increasing temperature. Furthermore, the surface tension of studied nanofluids increases with the increase of the weight concentrations of the nanoparticles, but the results show that at a concentration of the nanoparticles of 0.5wt%, the surface tension was lower than the surface tension of the water, while at 1.0wt% nanoparticles, the surface tension of the nanofluids was close to the surface tension of the water. Measurements were compared with experimental data available in literature and theoretical models. Finally, SiC/water nanofluids were used as working fluid inside of the two-phase closed thermosyphon in order to study of the heat transfer from point of view both of operating temperature and the nanoparticles concentration.

Numerical Investigation of heat transfer enhancement of SiO2-water based nanofluids in Light water nuclear reactor

Nanofluid performed a very crucial role in nuclear power plant for improving heat transfer. Due to high thermal conductivity of nanofluid heat transfer capacity in nuclear reactor can be thousand times larger than conventional fluids like water. So the efficiency of nuclear reactor is improving and also reducing the thermal hydraulics problems. It opens a new gateway for gaining higher energy optimization. For improving the heat transfer in light water reactor, SiO2-water based nanofluids properties were used for numerical investigation. Heat transfer of nanofluid can be functions of volume concentration, physical properties and size of nanoparticles etc. Density, thermal conductivity, specific heat and viscosity were investigated and operated as a basic data for ANSYS 14. In this numerical investigation three value of weight concentration of nanoparticles in the range of 1%, 2% and 3% were used. A uniform heat flux of 1000 (kW/m2) is applied at the wall of annular rod. The numerical method which is available in CFD package of Ansys CFX 14 has been used here. Turbulence models of k–ω has been used in this numerical analysis. Validation of result has been done by analytical equations. Numerical investigation of various effect on characteristics of heat transfer in light water nuclear reactor by using SiO2-water based nanofluid is the key objective of the study. Coefficient of heat transfer and temperature of clad wall profiles are plotted without nanofluids and with nanofluids.

Experimental Study of Thermo-Physical Properties of Nanofluids Based on γ-Fe2O3 Nanoparticles for Heat Transfer Applications

ABSTRACTThe main goal of the present study was to prepare and also to investigate the effects of both temperature and weight concentration on the thermo-physical properties of γ-Fe2O3/water nanofluids. The γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were synthesized by laser pyrolysis technique and characterized using TEM, XRD, and EDX techniques. Thermal conductivity, viscosity and surface tension of γ-Fe2O3/water nanofluids were investigated within the range of the temperature of 20°C to 70°C for various weight concentrations of nanoparticles (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 wt%). The experimental results show that the thermal conductivity ratio is much higher than of thermal conductivity of base fluid. Thus, the relative thermal conductivity was 59% for a concentration of 4.0 wt% and a temperature of 50°C. Also, it has been observed that the influence of weight concentration of nanoparticles on viscosity was lower at temperatures over 55°C. At standard temperature of 25°C and 2.0 wt.% concentration of nanoparticles, the relative dynamic viscosity was 5.61%. Experimental results show that the surface tension increases with increase of weight concentrations and decreases with increase of temperatures. For a temperature of 70°C and 2.0 wt.% concentration of nanoparticles, the relative surface tension was 46%. The experimental results were compared with data available in literature.

Effect of ZnO nanoparticles in R290/R600a (50/50) based vapour compression refrigeration system added via lubricant oil on compressor suction and discharge characteristics

The primary source of energy consumption in a vapour compression refrigeration system is a compressor. The possibility of a reduction in the work of compression may leads to enhance the compressor suction and discharge characteristics and the overall performance of the refrigeration system. The present experimental investigation based upon the study of ZnO nanoparticles in a vapour compression refrigeration system using hydrocarbon blend R290/R600a (50/50) as a refrigerant. The zinc oxide nanoparticles are appended with system refrigerant via compressor lubricating oil. The results observed that by using different weight concentrations of nanoparticles in R290/R600a refrigeration system, both the compressor suction and discharge pressures and temperatures were reduced compared to conventional system. The viscosity of mineral oil with the addition of nanoparticles increases. The compressor energy consumption was reduced by 7.48 % using (0.2–1.0) wt% concentrations of nanoparticles. The COP of the refrigeration system has been increased by about 46 % with the addition of nanoparticles. Thus, the ZnO nanoparticles worked efficiently in the R290/R600a refrigeration system.

Effect of various surfactants on the stability time of kerosene–boron nanofluids

Nanofluid fuels, a new class of nanotechnology-based fluids, are liquid fuels with a stable suspension of nanometre-sized particles. The preparation of fuel mixtures and achieving to a stable and long-term suspension is the key step in nanofluid synthesis. The idea of this work is to suspend nano- and micron-sized boron particles in kerosene, exploring the differences between the complete sedimentation times of particles in fuel at various weight fractions of surfactants and investigating the viscosity of nanofluid at low weight concentration of nanoparticles. Various surfactants including oleic acid, propylene glycol, sorbitan oleate, Tween 85 and CTAB were used to prepare stable kerosene/boron slurries. Suspensions were prepared with varying surfactant loadings of 0.1–2.0% by weight, in steps, for the same particle loading of 0.5 wt%. The results showed that sorbitan oleate was the best surfactant and the optimum weight ratio of boron particle to sorbitan oleate for enhanced stability of nanofluid was determined to be 2. The complete sedimentation time of nanoparticles at the most stable nanofluid was ∼57 h. At low temperature and high weight fraction of particles, nanofluids showed similar 67% enhancement in viscosity properties.