Weeks Of Progressive Training Research Articles

Effect of Eight Weeks of Aerobic Progressive Training with Capsaicin on Changes in PGC-1α and UPC-1 Expression in Visceral Adipose Tissue of Obese Rats With Diet

Objective: Decreased physical activity coupled with increased High‐Fat Diet (HFD) intake prompts obesity. Current research suggests that changing White Adipose Tissue (WAT) to brown promotes energy expenditure to counter obesity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aerobic Progressive training and Capsaicin (Cap) on Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) and Uncoupling protein-1 (UPC-1) gene expression in rat fed a high-fat diet. Methods: 40 male Wistar rats aged 8-12 weeks, were fed a Normal Diet (ND) (n=8) or HFD (n=32) for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, rats were divided into 5 groups: ND, HFD, High-Fat Diet-Training (HFDT), High-Fat Diet-Capsaicin (HFDCap), high-fat diet-training-capsaicin (HFDTCap). Training groups have performed a progressive aerobic running program on a motor-driven treadmill for eight weeks. Capsaicin (4 mg/kg/day) were administered orally, by gavage, once a day. PGC-1α and UCP-1 gene expression levels in the VAT were measured by Real-time PCR method. Results: The results of this study showed that PGC-1α and UCP-expression was decreased in HFD group compared to ND group. Also, the expression of PGC-1α and UPC-1 in HFDT, HFDCap and HFDTCap groups was significantly increased compared to HFD. The expression of PGC-1α and UPC-1 in HFDTCap was also significantly increased compared to HFDT and HFDCap groups. Conclusion: Possibly, eight weeks of progressive training combined with capsaicin administration has an effect on the browning of visceral adipose tissue in HFD rats by increasing expression of PGC-1α and UCP-1.

Automated Gait Variability Assessment In Real-World Running Using Wearable Accelerometry

Using wearable sensors to assess running gait variability may be a valuable tool to identify deterioration in performance or health in competitive and recreational runners. PURPOSE: To measure associations between gait variability and training intensity, mood state, and perceived fatigue in collegiate runners (CR) and novice/recreational runners (NR). METHODS: 30 CR wore a waist-mounted ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer for all non-interval and non-competition training sessions for a full season. 16 NR wore a waist-mounted GT3X+ and an on-shoe activity monitor (MilestonePod) during 13 weeks of progressive training. Subjects completed written (CR) or email (NR) daily surveys. Recently developed running and step recognition algorithms were applied to isolate running gait cycles from raw sub-second level accelerometer data. Gait variability was assessed using amplitude deviation of resultant acceleration. Associations between variability and training intensity, mood state, and fatigue were assessed with generalized additive mixed models. RESULTS: 1069 runs and 7.64 million steps were analyzed. Variability was greater in CR than NR (0.301 vs 0.262g, p=0.019). Within individual runs, variability was stable from 10-60 minutes in both CR and NR (Fig. 1). In CR, mood state was not significantly associated with variability (p=0.70). In NR, variability increased nonlinearly with average running speed (p<0.001), and a 1-point increase in fatigue on a 0-10 scale was associated with a 0.003g decrease in variability (p=0.051). CONCLUSION: A runner’s gait variability may be more strongly influenced by skill level and running speed than by acute changes in perceived fatigue or mood state. Unmeasured variables, such as training surface, may also affect gait variability. Figure 1. Gait variability in CR and NR across different individual runs (top left, black dots), across different levels of fatigue (top right), and within any given run (bottom left and right, thin lines).

EFFECT OF TWO TAPERING METHODS ON INTERLEUKIN-6, CORTISOL AND PERFORMANCE IN ELITE MALE WRESTLER

Purpose : This study examined that effect of two types of tapering on interleukin-6(IL-6), cortisol and performance in elite male wrestler. Material : After 4 weeks of progressive training, wrestlers were randomly divided into three equal groups, 1-control group (N=10) continued performing progressive training for one week, 2-taper group 1 (N=10) continued with a 50% reduction in training volume for one week, 3-taper group 2 (N=10) continued with a 75% reduction in volume of training for one week .plasma blood IL-6 and cortisol levels were assayed from analysis obtained via standard ELISA. Also general strength of muscles was recorded as a performance test. All data were collected before and after progressive training and also after one week of tapering period. Results : There were significant reduction of IL-6 and cortisol levels in both tapering group comparing with control group (P≤0.05).There was significant reduction of IL-6 and cortisol levels among tapering 50% and tapering 75% after tapering period (P≤0.05). Also there was significant increase of general strength of muscles between tapering 75% and control group (P≤0.05). Conclusion : hence, one week tapering with 75% reduction in training volume after progressive training while the intensity kept high is effective strategy for reduction of IL-6, and cortisol levels and also increase performance. It seems that higher reduction of training volume when the intensity kept high is a good strategy for wrestler before main competition.

Effect of adiposity on insulin action after acute and chronic resistance exercise in non-diabetic women

Obesity may attenuate metabolic health improvements following lifestyle interventions. However, the effect of adiposity on insulin action following resistance exercise in young non-diabetic women is unknown. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that adiposity attenuates improvements in insulin sensitivity and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (INS0-60/GLC0-60) after both acute resistance exercise (ARE) and progressive training (PRT). Twenty-six young non-diabetic women (21.2±0.7years) were randomly assigned to control (C; n=7; BF 40.1±2.1%) or exercise groups: normal body fat (NBF; n=8; BF 29.9±2.3%) and high body fat (HBF; n=12; BF 48.2±1.4%). Acute whole-body exercises were performed at 60% of 1-RM for three sets of 8-12 repetitions, and PRT was performed 3days/week for 7weeks. A 75 g OGTT was conducted before and after ARE and PRT to estimate insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index) and INS0-60/GLC0-60. Insulin area under the curve (AUC) was calculated using the trapezoidal model. ARE had no statistical effect on insulin action across groups. Strength and fat-free mass (via DXA) increased after PRT in both NBF and HBF (p<0.05), but only HBF women decreased BF (p<0.01). HBF women were less insulin sensitive at baseline compared to NBF women (p<0.05). Insulin sensitivity increased 95% and INS0-60/GLC0-60 decreased 32% following PRT in NBF, but not HBF or C (p<0.05). After training, enhanced insulin sensitivity was inversely related to decreased INS0-60/GLC0-60 (r=-0.71, p<0.001), fasting insulin (r=-0.71, p<0.001), and insulin AUC (r=-0.85, p<0.001). Seven weeks of PRT increases insulin sensitivity and reduces glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in NBF, but not HBF women. Obesity attenuates exercise-induced improvements in glucose regulation in young non-diabetic women.

Effect of tapering period on plasma hormone concentrations, mood state, and performance of elite male cyclists

In this study, we investigated the effect of 1- and 3-week tapering periods on concentrations of plasma testosterone (T), cortisol (C), T/C ratio, mood state, and performance in elite male cyclists. After 8 weeks of progressive training, cyclists were randomly assigned to a control group (n=12) who continued performing intense training for a further 3 weeks, or a taper group (n=12) who continued with a 50% reduction in training volume. Blood testosterone and cortisol concentrations were assayed and the T/C ratio calculated from analysis obtained via standard ELISA. Mood state was determined using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire. All data were collected immediately after a 40-km time-trial performed before, during, and after the 8-week training protocol and after the 1- and 3-week tapering/training periods. In the taper group, 40-km time-trial time decreased significantly (P<0.01) and equally for both the 1- and 3-week taper periods relative to the control group. There were significant elevations in T/C ratio (P<0.001) and reductions in cortisol concentrations and POMS scores in the taper group relative to the control groups at the end of both the 1- and 3-week tapering periods. Hence, taper periods are effective in improving performance and mood state and elevating the blood T/C ratio.

Skeletal muscle gene expression in response to resistance exercise: sex specific regulation

BackgroundThe molecular mechanisms underlying the sex differences in human muscle morphology and function remain to be elucidated. The sex differences in the skeletal muscle transcriptome in both the resting state and following anabolic stimuli, such as resistance exercise (RE), might provide insight to the contributors of sexual dimorphism of muscle phenotypes. We used microarrays to profile the transcriptome of the biceps brachii of young men and women who underwent an acute unilateral RE session following 12 weeks of progressive training. Bilateral muscle biopsies were obtained either at an early (4 h post-exercise) or late recovery (24 h post-exercise) time point. Muscle transcription profiles were compared in the resting state between men (n = 6) and women (n = 8), and in response to acute RE in trained exercised vs. untrained non-exercised control muscle for each sex and time point separately (4 h post-exercise, n = 3 males, n = 4 females; 24 h post-exercise, n = 3 males, n = 4 females). A logistic regression-based method (LRpath), following Bayesian moderated t-statistic (IMBT), was used to test gene functional groups and biological pathways enriched with differentially expressed genes.ResultsThis investigation identified extensive sex differences present in the muscle transcriptome at baseline and following acute RE. In the resting state, female muscle had a greater transcript abundance of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and gene transcription/translation processes. After strenuous RE at the same relative intensity, the time course of the transcriptional modulation was sex-dependent. Males experienced prolonged changes while females exhibited a rapid restoration. Most of the biological processes involved in the RE-induced transcriptional regulation were observed in both males and females, but sex specificity was suggested for several signaling pathways including activation of notch signaling and TGF-beta signaling in females. Sex differences in skeletal muscle transcriptional regulation might implicate a mechanism behind disproportional muscle growth in males as compared with female counterparts after RE training at the same relative intensity.ConclusionsSex differences exist in skeletal muscle gene transcription both at rest and following acute RE, suggesting that sex is a significant modifier of the transcriptional regulation in skeletal muscle. The findings from the present study provide insight into the molecular mechanisms for sex differences in muscle phenotypes and for muscle transcriptional regulation associated with training adaptations to resistance exercise.