Weeks Of Negotiations Research Articles

America's plastic makers optimistic that ambitious UN global plastics agreement can achieve goals

On December 2, 2022, the American Chemistry Council (ACC) announced that after a week of negotiations among governments at the UN's Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee's (INC-1) first of five meetings, the ACC and America's plastic makers remain hopeful a global plastics agreement can drive progress towards eliminating plastic waste in the environment.

To address climate change, we need action

COP27—the 27th United Nations climate change conference—finished last week. After 2 weeks of negotiations in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, leaders from all over the world can now go home and get on with their business. Should they pat themselves on the back for a job well done? Far from it. The conference agenda’s many topics included negotiations for climate finance. Low-income countries pushed for measures such as loss-and-damage funding , which would allow nations to seek compensation after climate disasters largely caused by industrialized nations’ emissions. This marked the first time that this reparation provision has appeared in a COP agenda, and it puts wealthy countries on the spot. I don’t blame low-income nations for asking high-income countries to support the populations that bear the brunt of adverse climate impacts. A number of countries have agreed to chip in to a fund for loss and damages, which is a step in

Litewski sejmik generalny w Słonimiu na tle sytuacji w Rzeczypospolitej przed sejmem 1685 roku

<p>Sejmik generalny Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego w pierwszej poł. XVII w. stał się instytucją martwą. Dlatego wielkie wrażenie w całym kraju wywołało zorganizowanie przez Litwinów tego typu zjazdu w Słonimiu w 1685 r. Za jego sukcesem stały połączone siły Sapiehów i Radziwiłłów, którzy przez krótki okres zjednoczyli swoje siły przeciw królowi. Duże znaczenie dla powodzenia tej inicjatywy miała decyzja króla i rady senatu, na mocy której sejm z 1685 r. został przeniesiony z Grodna do Warszawy. Wywołało to protesty Litwinów, których tym łatwiej można było podburzyć przeciw polityce dworu. Zebrani w Słonimiu obywatele Wielkiego Księstwa wysłali kilku swoich przedstawicieli na sejm do Warszawy, aby ci blokowali wybór marszałka. Natomiast większość uczestników zjazdu słonimskiego udała się do Grodna, a więc na miejsce, w którym zgodnie z prawem miał odbyć się sejm. Dopiero po kilku tygodniach negocjacji królowi udało się przekonać Litwinów do zgody i przyjazdu do Warszawy. Osiągnęli jednak swój cel – zamanifestowali królowi swoje niezadowolenie i przeszkodzili w świętowaniu wiktorii wiedeńskiej, która miała być elementem wzmacniania autorytetu monarszego. Podczas obrad sejmowych uchwalono nową konstytucję, asekurującą sejm w Grodnie. Wydarzenia z 1685 r. nie miały jednak wpływu na samą instytucję sejmiku generalnego litewskiego, który w następnych latach pozostał martwym tworem.</p>

Optional Protocol on the involvement of children in armed conflict to the Convention on the Rights of the Child

Pursuant to five sessions held in preceding years and two weeks of negotiations in the period of 10–21 January 2000, the Inter-Sessional Open-Ended Working Group of the United Nations Human Rights Commission adopted the text of Draft Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict. It was formally presented to the Commission on Human Rights in April 2000, and will be forwarded through ECOSOC to the General Assembly for formal adoption in June 2000. The Draft Protocol will thereafter be open to ratification, and will enter into force three months after it has been ratified by ten States.

Kyoto ‘dress rehearsal’ ends in deadlock

london Two weeks of negotiations towards a treaty on greenhouse gas emissions ended in Bonn last week as they had begun — in deadlock.

Protocol to the berne convention: The wipo diplomatic conference — the birth of two new treaties

Hosted by the World Intellectual Property Organisation, the Diplomatic Conference in Geneva from 2–20 December 1996 brought 126 countries together and marked the culmination of five years of debate at WIPO level. The Diplomatic Conference was not only successful in bringing to fruition two new international treaties, but in bringing together diverse interests and the concerns of both developed and developing countries. The Conference President was Mrs Esther Mshai Tolle (Kenya) and the Secretary, Mr Mihaly Ficsor, Assistant Director General of WIPO. The Conference was chaired by Mr Jukka Leides (Finland) who also prepared the notes attached to the proposed treaties. The Conference was notable both for its new blood — with China making its first appearance and the European Commission being designated a ‘special delegation’ — and for its regrettable lack of transparency. Despite the strong presence of non-governmental organizations (75 in all), their participation was limited to observer status, although their views could be circulated in writing. Unlike most other delegations, the US delegation was backed by a large team from the private sector, whose economic might was particularly felt during the final week of negotiations.