Weeks Of Moderate-intensity Exercise Research Articles

Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Brain Age and Health in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Single-Arm Pilot Clinical Trial.

Sleep disturbances are prevalent among elderly individuals. While polysomnography (PSG) serves as the gold standard for sleep monitoring, its extensive setup and data analysis procedures impose significant costs and time constraints, thereby restricting the long-term application within the general public. Our laboratory introduced an innovative biomarker, utilizing artificial intelligence algorithms applied to PSG data to estimate brain age (BA), a metric validated in cohorts with cognitive impairments. Nevertheless, the potential of exercise, which has been a recognized means of enhancing sleep quality in middle-aged and older adults to reduce BA, remains undetermined. We conducted an exploratory study to evaluate whether 12 weeks of moderate-intensity exercise can improve cognitive function, sleep quality, and the brain age index (BAI), a biomarker computed from overnight sleep electroencephalogram (EEG), in physically inactive middle-aged and older adults. Home wearable devices were used to monitor heart rate and overnight sleep EEG over this period. The NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery, in-lab overnight polysomnography, cardiopulmonary exercise testing, and a multiplex cytokines assay were employed to compare pre- and post-exercise brain health, exercise capacity, and plasma proteins. In total, 26 participants completed the initial assessment and exercise program, and 24 completed all procedures. Data are presented as mean [lower 95% CI of mean, upper 95% CI of mean]. Participants significantly increased maximal oxygen consumption (Pre: 21.11 [18.98, 23.23], Post 22.39 [20.09, 24.68], mL/kg/min; effect size: -0.33) and decreased resting heart rate (Pre: 66.66 [63.62, 67.38], Post: 65.13 [64.25, 66.93], bpm; effect size: -0.02) and sleeping heart rate (Pre: 64.55 [61.87, 667.23], Post: 62.93 [60.78, 65.09], bpm; effect size: -0.15). Total cognitive performance (Pre: 111.1 [107.6, 114.6], Post: 115.2 [111.9, 118.5]; effect size: 0.49) was significantly improved. No significant differences were seen in BAI or measures of sleep macro- and micro-architecture. Plasma IL-4 (Pre: 0.24 [0.18, 0.3], Post: 0.33 [0.24, 0.42], pg/mL; effect size: 0.49) was elevated, while IL-8 (Pre: 5.5 [4.45, 6.55], Post: 4.3 [3.66, 5], pg/mL; effect size: -0.57) was reduced. Cognitive function was improved by a 12-week moderate-intensity exercise program in physically inactive middle-aged and older adults, as were aerobic fitness (VO2max) and plasma cytokine profiles. However, we found no measurable effects on sleep architecture or BAI. It remains to be seen whether a study with a larger sample size and more intensive or more prolonged exercise exposure can demonstrate a beneficial effect on sleep quality and brain age.

Chronotropic Incompetence among People with HIV Improves with Exercise Training in the Exercise for Healthy Aging Study.

People with HIV (PWH) have lower exercise capacity compared to peers without HIV, which may be explained by chronotropic incompetence (CI), the inability to increase heart rate during exercise. The Exercise for Healthy Aging Study included adults ages 50-75 with and without HIV. Participants completed 12 weeks of moderate intensity exercise, before randomization to moderate or high intensity for 12 additional weeks. We compared adjusted heart rate reserve (AHRR; CI <80%) on cardiopulmonary exercise testing by HIV serostatus and change from baseline to 12 and 24 weeks using mixed effects models. Among 32 PWH and 37 controls (median age 56, 7% female, mean BMI 28 kg/m2), 28% of PWH compared to 11% of controls had CI at baseline (p = 0.067). AHRR was lower among PWH (91 vs 101%; difference 10%, 95% CI 1.9-18.9; p = 0.02). At week 12, AHRR normalized among PWH (+8%, 95% CI 4-11; p < 0.001) and was sustained at week 24 (+5, 95%CI 1-9; p = 0.008) compared to no change among controls (95%CI -4 to 4; p = 0.95; pinteraction = 0.004). After 24 weeks of exercise, only 15% PWH and 10% of controls had CI (p = 0.70). Chronotropic incompetence contributes to reduced exercise capacity among PWH and improves with exercise training.

The effect of moderate-intensity exercises on physical fitness, adiposity, and cardiovascular risk factors in Saudi males university students.

Physical inactivity has been linked to several non-communicable diseases. This cross-sectional study investigated the impact of moderate-intensity exercise on physical fitness, adiposity, and cardiovascular risk factors in 284 Saudi male university students in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia between 2017 and 2019. The physical activity (PA) intervention comprised three (120 minutes each) sessions of moderate intensity on non-consecutive days each week, delivering a total of 360 minutes of PA per week for ten weeks. We measured physical fitness using VO2 max calculations and assessed adiposity and cardiovascular risk factors using a range of parameters, such as systolic/diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, waist-to-hip ratio, body adiposity index, and body fat percentage. Our study found a significant increase in VO2 max after ten weeks of moderate-intensity exercise (<0.001). Additionally, body adiposity indices were significantly reduced before and after the intervention (p<0.001), as were cardiovascular risk factors. Our findings suggest that regular moderate-intensity exercise effectively improves physical fitness, decreases adiposity, and lowers cardiovascular risk factors in Saudi male adults. We recommend that policymakers and public health practitioners increase physical activity among university students by launching a campaign on social media and through.

Exercise as a smoking cessation treatment for women: a randomized controlled trial.

Cigarette smoking remains the leading behavioral risk factor for chronic disease and premature mortality. This RCT tested the efficacy of moderate intensity aerobic exercise as an adjunctive smoking cessation treatment among women. Participants (N = 105; age = 42.5, SD = 11.2) received brief smoking cessation counseling and 10weeks of nicotine replacement therapy and were randomized to 12weeks of moderate intensity exercise (Exercise; n = 53) or 12weeks of health education (Control; n = 52). Longitudinal models, with Generalized Estimating Equations, showed no differences between Exercise and Control in cotinine-verified 7-day point prevalence abstinence (Wald = 1.96, p = 0.10) or continuous abstinence (Wald = 1.45, p = 0.23) at 12-weeks (post-treatment) or 6-, 9-, or 12-month follow-up, controlling for differences in baseline nicotine dependence. There was no effect of exercise on smoking cessation. The present study adds to the literature suggesting null effects of exercise as a smoking cessation adjunctive treatment despite promising findings in short-term laboratory based studies.

Exercise training decreases whole-body and tissue iron storage in adults with obesity.

What is the central question of this study? Does exercise training modify tissue iron storage in adults with obesity? What is the main finding and its importance? Twelve weeks of moderate-intensity exercise or high-intensity interval training lowered whole-body iron stores, decreased the abundance of the key iron storage protein in skeletal muscle (ferritin) and tended to lower hepatic iron content. These findings show that exercise training can reduce tissue iron storage in adults with obesity and might have important implications for obese individuals with dysregulated iron homeostasis. The regulation of iron storage is crucial to human health, because both excess and deficient iron storage have adverse consequences. Recent studies suggest altered iron storage in adults with obesity, with increased iron accumulation in their liver and skeletal muscle. Exercise training increases iron use for processes such as red blood cell production and can lower whole-body iron stores in humans. However, the effects of exercise training on liver and muscle iron stores in adults with obesity have not been assessed. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of 12weeks of exercise training on whole-body iron stores, liver iron content and the abundance of ferritin (the key iron storage protein) in skeletal muscle in adults with obesity. Twenty-two inactive adults (11 women and 11 men; age, 31±6years; body mass index, 33±3kg/m2 ) completed 12weeks (four sessions/week) of either moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT; 45min at 70% of maximal heart rate; n=11) or high-intensity interval training (HIIT; 10×1min at 90% of maximal heart rate, interspersed with 1min active recovery; n=11). Whole-body iron stores were lower after training, as indicated by decreased plasma concentrations of ferritin (P=3×10-5 ) and hepcidin (P=0.02), without any change in C-reactive protein. Hepatic R2*, an index of liver iron content, was 6% lower after training (P=0.06). Training reduced the skeletal muscle abundance of ferritin by 10% (P=0.03), suggesting lower muscle iron storage. Interestingly, these adaptations were similar in MICT and HIIT groups. Our findings indicate that exercise training decreased iron storage in adults with obesity, which might have important implications for obese individuals with dysregulated iron homeostasis.

Antihypertensive effects of exercise involve reshaping of gut microbiota and improvement of gut-brain axis in spontaneously hypertensive rat

ABSTRACT Exercise (Ex) has long been recognized to produce beneficial effects on hypertension (HTN). This coupled with evidence of gut dysbiosis and an impaired gut-brain axis led us to hypothesize that reshaping of gut microbiota and improvement in impaired gut-brain axis would, in part, be associated with beneficial influence of exercise. Male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were randomized into sedentary, trained, and detrained groups. Trained rats underwent moderate-intensity exercise for 12 weeks, whereas, detrained groups underwent 8 weeks of moderate-intensity exercise followed by 4 weeks of detraining. Fecal microbiota, gut pathology, intestinal inflammation, and permeability, brain microglia and neuroinflammation were analyzed. We observed that exercise training resulted in a persistent decrease in systolic blood pressure in the SHR. This was associated with increase in microbial α diversity, altered β diversity, and enrichment of beneficial bacterial genera. Furthermore, decrease in the number of activated microglia, neuroinflammation in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, improved gut pathology, inflammation, and permeability were also observed in the SHR following exercise. Interestingly, short-term detraining did not abolish these exercise-mediated improvements. Finally, fecal microbiota transplantation from exercised SHR into sedentary SHR resulted in attenuated SBP and an improved gut-brain axis. These observations support our concept that an impaired gut-brain axis is linked to HTN and exercise ameliorates this impairment to induce antihypertensive effects.

Body Composition Changes in Response to Moderate- or High-Intensity Exercise Among Older Adults With or Without HIV Infection.

People with HIV (PWH) are at an increased risk for adiposity and sarcopenia, despite effective antiretroviral therapy. Our objective was to compare the effects of prescribed exercise on body composition in older PWH and uninfected controls. Academic medical center. Sedentary PWH (n = 27) and uninfected controls (n = 28) aged 50-75 years completed 24 weeks of cardiovascular and resistance exercise. Participants completed 12 weeks of moderate-intensity exercise and then were randomized to moderate- or high-intensity exercise for 12 additional weeks. Total lean (LEAN) and fat mass (FAT), and visceral adipose tissue area (VAT) were measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry at baseline and 24 weeks; baseline and intervention differences were compared by HIV serostatus using multivariable regression analyses adjusted for baseline values, age, and exercise adherence. At baseline, PWH had significantly lower FAT (P = 0.003), but no significant differences in LEAN or VAT compared with controls (P > 0.20). Changes over 24 weeks were not significantly different by HIV serostatus, although controls tended to gain more LEAN (0.8 kg; range, 0-1.6 kg; P = 0.04] than PWH (0.6 kg; range, -0.2 to 1.4 kg; P = 0.12) and lose less FAT and VAT (controls: (-0.9 kg; range, -1.8 to 0.0 kg and -10.3 cm; range, -19.6, 1.0) cm; both P = 0.03 vs PWH: -2.0 kg; range, -2.9 to -1.1 kg and -17.7 cm; range, -27.1 to -8.2 cm; both P < 0.001). Exercise intensity differences were not apparent for LEAN, FAT, or VAT. Exercise reduced total and visceral fat in older PWH and controls. Minimal gains in lean mass suggest that greater emphasis on resistance exercise may be needed to more effectively increase muscle in PWH.

Exercise as Medicine: The Impact of Exercise Training on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a leading cause of global liver disease. Because current pharmacologic treatments are ineffective, lifestyle change centered on exercise remains the most effective NAFLD treatment. The aim of this systematic review is to summarize and evaluate the current evidence supporting the use of exercise training as a medical treatment for adult patients with NAFLD. At least 150 minutes each week of moderate intensity exercise of any type can improve NAFLD, both with and without modest weight loss. Exercise training reduces hepatic steatosis and liver inflammation, favorably changes body composition, improves vascular endothelial function, increases cardiorespiratory fitness and can lead to histologic response. To date, exercise-based NAFLD trials are limited by small sample size and significant heterogeneity. While several key questions remain unanswered, exercise training will always be an important part of the medical management of patients with NAFLD.

The effects of a combined aerobic and resistance exercise programme on insulin resistance among prediabetes subjects

Aim: Insulin resistance is a common health disorder that contributes to developed overt diabetes among prediabetes subjects. The aim of the study is to examine the effects of a combined programme of aerobic and resistance exercise on insulin resistance among prediabetes subjects (Pre-D) using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) as a tool to define the improvement in insulin resistance. Method: 20 prediabetes subjects were asked to join a supervised combined exercise program consists of 30 min of resistance exercise followed by 20 min cycling twice at moderate-intensity a week for 6 weeks. Result: a significant improvement in Blood Glucose (BG) after combination exercise at two occasions when compared to BG before exercise (Pre S1), after 1st exercise session (Post S1) and at the end of intervention trial (Post S12). Conclusion: The result of this study has shown that 6 weeks of moderate-intensity exercise combined with aerobic and resistance exercise program had significantly ameliorated insulin resistance among Pre-D.

739 Moderate and High Intensity Exercise Improve Cholesterol Efflux Capacity, Lipoprotein Profile and Increase HDL Particle Size in Healthy Young Men

Exercise is associated with increased HDL-C and a reduced risk of CVD. The type, intensity and mechanism by which exercise impacts on risk is not completely understood. We investigated the effects of moderate and high intensity exercise on HDL function, particle size, lipid/lipoprotein profile in a highly homogeneous population. 115 male army recruits (21+/-3 y) underwent a 12-week moderate-intensity exercise program. Of these, 51 then completed a 15-week higher-intensity program. Fitness increased, %bodyfat, and BMI decreased post-moderate intensity exercise (all p<0.01) and were sustained post-high intensity exercise. Lipid/lipoprotein profile, HDL function and particle size improved with exercise (see Table). In healthy young men, moderate and high intensity exercise improved fitness, body composition, lipid/ lipoprotein profile, HDL particle size and cholesterol efflux capacity. High intensity exercise resulted in sustained or further improvements. Improved HDL function may contribute to exercise-related reductions in CVD risk.Tabled 1Baseline (phase 1)Moderate intensity (phase 2)High intensity (phase 3)HDL-C (mmol/L)1.46±0.051.58±0.06*1.71±0.06# +LDL-C (mmol/L)2.49±0.102.39±0.092.49±0.10Apolipoprotein AI (mg/ml)1.41±0.031.60±0.04*1.70±0.04#+Apolipoprotein AII (mg/ml)0.82±0.030.79±0.030.82±0.03apoB/apoA-I (mg/mL)0.58±0.020.50±0.02*0.50±0.02#apoA-I/apoA-II (mol/mol)1.85±0.062.23±0.07*2.09±0.06#Cholesterol Efflux (%)0.52±0.010.59±0.01*0.61±0.02#HDL diameter (mm)7.89±0.148.47±0.11*8.48±0.03#∗P1 vs P2: p<0.05, #P1 vs P3: p<0.05, +P2 vs P3: p<0.05. Open table in a new tab

Impact of 12-week moderate intensity exercise on cardiorespiratory changes in MMP-9 and VO2max in elderly women

Impact of 12-week moderate intensity exercise on cardiorespiratory changes in MMP-9 and VO2max in elderly women

Effects of a 12-week moderate-intensity exercise training on blood glucose response in patients with type 2 diabetes

Background:The blood glucose response to moderate-intensity exercise remains unclear for patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). In addition, little is known about determinants of blood glucose response to a 12-week moderate-intensity exercise training. Therefore, this study aimed to explore trends in blood glucose in response to a 12-week moderate-intensity exercise training in patients with T2DM and to explore the predictors of post-exercise blood glucose (PEBG) and exercise-induced glucose response (EIGR).Methods:A prospective longitudinal study was conducted. Of the 66 participants with T2DM recruited from outpatient clinics of a medical center, 20 were eligible to enroll in a 12-week moderate-intensity exercise training. Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 exercise times (morning, afternoon, or evening). Blood glucose were measured pre- and post-exercise. The EIGR was calculated by subtracting the PEBG from the before-exercise blood glucose (BEBG). Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the trends and predictors of PEBG and EIGR.Results:The BEBG declined progressively (β = −1.69, P < .001); while the PEBG (β = −0.18, P = .08) remained stable over time during the 12-week exercise training. Higher BEBG predicted higher (β = 0.53, P < .001) PEBG. Higher baseline maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) contributed to a larger magnitude of EIGR; higher HgbA1c and BEBG predicted higher EIGR (β = 0.27, P = .02; β = 0.45, P < .001); afternoon or evening exercise predicted lower (β = −13.2, P = .04; β = −5.96, P = .005) EIGR than did morning exercise.Conclusions:A 12-week moderate-intensity exercise training appears safe for patients with T2DM. Time of day for exercise, baseline VO2max, and baseline metabolic control may influence the impact of exercise for individuals with T2DM. These findings provide considerations for design of optimal exercise training for T2DM patients.

190-OR: Weight-Loss after Exercise Increases Non-Insulin-Dependent Glucose Clearance in Adults with Metabolic Syndrome

Fasting plasma glucose is a composite measure of hepatic glucose production (HGP) and non-insulin-dependent (basal) tissue glucose clearance rate (bGCR). A rise in fasting plasma glucose, within the nondiabetic range, is purported to be regulated by decreased bGCR rather than increased HGP. However, the role of bGCR in improving metabolic syndrome (MetS) is not yet fully understood. We sought to explore the novel impact of weight loss induced by exercise on bGCR in individuals with MetS. Fourteen sedentary adults with MetS (9 females, 68 years, 35.2 kg/m2) participated in a 12-week moderate intensity exercise program (~65% VO2max, 1 hr/day, 5 days/week). MetS was defined using ATP III guidelines. Insulin resistance (IR) was estimated using a hyperinsulinemic (40 mU/m2/min) euglycemic (90 mg/dL) clamp. Rate of glucose disappearance (Rd) was determined using [6,6-2H2]-glucose during fasting and insulin stimulation. GCR was calculated as Rd relative to the prevailing glucose concentration. At baseline, bGCR correlated with IR and adiponectin (r=0.69 and 0.68, P&amp;lt;0.01). Following exercise training and relative to pre-intervention: (i) body weight, VO2max and IR improved (6.6, 17 and 7.7%, respectively; P&amp;lt;0.05); (ii) cardiometabolic risk factors decreased (Triglycerides: 30%; Total Cholesterol: 15%; LDL: 15%; sBP: 11% and dBP: 14.5%; all P&amp;lt;0.05); (iii) fasting glucose and insulin concentration decreased (6% and 32%, P&amp;lt;0.05), and bGCR increased (~1.5 fold, P&amp;lt;0.01). The increase in bGCR correlated positively with changes in body weight, fat mass, suppression of HGP during the clamp, and serum triglycerides (r=0.5, 0.49, 0.61 and 0.62, respectively; P&amp;lt;0.05). Weight loss following aerobic exercise training breaks the vicious cycle of increased insulin resistance and secretion by increasing the contribution of bGCR to fasting glycemia. This evidences the unique and multifactorial benefits of exercise concomitant with weight loss in mediating cardiometabolic risk. Disclosure A. Hari: None. C.L. Axelrod: None. J.T. Mey: None. J.P. Kirwan: None. Funding National Institutes of Health; National Center for Research Resources

SAT-LB022 Effects of Intermittent Versus Continuous Phentermine Therapy on Weight Reduction and Inflammatory Markers in Obese Non-diabetic Patients

Introduction: Intermittent phentermine therapy has been proposed as an alternative to overcome tolerance associated with continuous daily use of phentermine to promote greater weight loss. Aim: To compare the effects of intermittent versus continuous phentermine therapy on weight reduction, cardiometabolic profile, inflammatory and anti-inflammatory markers in obese non-diabetic patients. Methods: Non-diabetic obese adults [body mass index (BMI) 27.5 to 35kg/m2] were recruited from obesity clinic. Eligible subjects were randomized to receive either continuous phentermine (30mg daily) or intermittent phentermine therapy (30mg daily for 4 weeks alternate with 2 weeks of treatment-free periods) for a total of 24 weeks, in addition to lifestyle modification (comprising of calorie restriction of 1200 kcal per day and at least 150 minutes per week of moderate intensity exercise). Primary endpoints were change in body weight from baseline as well as proportion of subjects losing at least 5% and 10% of baseline body weight at week 24 respectively. Results: Thirty-eight subjects [86.8% females, median age 36.5 years (interquartile range, IQR 32, 41.3), BMI 31.8kg/m2 (IQR 30.4, 33.4) and waist circumference 94.9cm (IQR 90.2, 99.1)] were randomised to either continuous (n=19) or intermittent phentermine arm (n=19). Fourteen subjects in the former and all in the latter completed the study. There were no significant differences in the degree of weight reduction [ - 7.3 kg (IQR - 10.1, - 3.4) vs - 9.7 kg (IQR -11.2, -7.2), p=0.10] as well as the proportion of subjects who achieved at least 5% and 10% of weight loss (78.9% vs 94.7%, p=0.34; 47.4% vs 73.7%, p=0.18 respectively) at week 24 in both arms. Nonetheless, intermittent phentermine therapy resulted in greater decrease in waist circumference while continuous phentermine therapy produced greater reduction in fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP). Both regimes reduced the prevalence of insulin resistance and showed no difference in reduction of the proportion of subjects with high cardiovascular risk (as defined by hsCRP > 3mg/L). No significant between-group differences were seen in changes of blood pressure, pulse rate, glycaemic indices, lipids, adiponectin, binge eating scale scores and 36-item Short Form Survey version 2 (SF-36v2) scores. The most common side effects were dry mouth and insomnia. There was no difference in the occurrence of adverse events between the 2 treatment arms. Conclusion: Intermittent phentermine therapy is as effective as conventional daily phentermine treatment in promoting weight reduction while having similar side effect profile. Unless otherwise noted, all abstracts presented at ENDO are embargoed until the date and time of presentation. For oral presentations, the abstracts are embargoed until the session begins. s presented at a news conference are embargoed until the date and time of the news conference. The Endocrine Society reserves the right to lift the embargo on specific abstracts that are selected for promotion prior to or during ENDO.

A Systematic Review Comparing Dose Response of Exercise on Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality

It is well established that exercise improves cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, although an ideal dose of exercise is not known. The physical activity guidelines currently recommend 150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity activity. Most individuals do not engage in adequate exercise, although a safe upper limit does not exist and a too much exercise hypothesis has recently emerged. This review of the literature analyzes studies that have evaluated exercise dose response on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality for the purpose of determining safe and effective exercise prescriptions. Searches were performed in PubMed and CINAHL between 2010 and 2018 to identify six studies that met inclusion criteria. Moderate-intensity exercise reduced all-cause mortality in five of six studies, whereas low-dose exercise most effectively improved all-cause mortality in three studies, and cardiovascular mortality in one study. Vigorous-intensity exercise or extreme doses demonstrated variable outcomes and remain controversial; two studies found vigorous-intensity exercise beneficial to improve health, two studies discouraged vigorous exercise, and two studies had less conclusive outcomes. It is not surprising that any amount of exercise improves health compared with none at all, with the greatest benefits observed when sedentary individuals began exercising. Low-dose exercise should be recommended to everyone with a goal of meeting the minimal requirements according to guidelines for decreased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Additional research to more thoroughly understand exercise dose response and motivate individuals to improve exercise engagement is currently warranted.

The effect of an exercise program in pregnancy on vitamin D status among healthy, pregnant Norwegian women: a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundVitamin D insufficiency is common in pregnant women worldwide. Regular prenatal exercise is considered beneficial for maternal and fetal health. There is a knowledge gap regarding the impact of prenatal exercise on maternal vitamin D levels.The objective of this study was to investigate whether a prenatal exercise program influenced serum levels of total, free and bioavailable 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and related parameters. This is a post hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial with gestational diabetes as the primary outcome.MethodsHealthy, pregnant women from two Norwegian cities (Trondheim and Stavanger) were randomly assigned to a 12-week moderate-intensity exercise program (Borg perceived rating scale 13–14) or standard prenatal care. The intervention group (n = 429) underwent exercise at least three times weekly; one supervised group training and two home based sessions. The controls (n = 426) received standard prenatal care, and exercising was not denied. Training diaries and group training was used to promote compliance and evaluate adherence. Serum levels of 25(OH)D, parathyroid hormone, calcium, phosphate, magnesium and vitamin D-binding protein were measured before (18–22 weeks′ gestation) and after the intervention (32–36 weeks′ gestation). Free and bioavailable 25(OH)D concentrations were calculated. Regression analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was applied to assess the effect of the training regime on each substance with pre-intervention levels as covariates. In a second model, we also adjusted for study site and sampling month. Intention-to-treat principle was used.ResultsA total of 724 women completed the study. No between-group difference in serum 25(OH)D and related parameters was identified by ANCOVA using baseline serum levels as covariates. The second model revealed a between-group difference in levels of 25(OH)D (1.9, 95% CI 0.0 to 3.8 nmol/L; p = 0.048), free 25(OH)D (0.55, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.99 pmol/L; p = 0.017) and bioavailable 25(OH)D (0.15 95% CI 0.01 to 0.29 nmol/L; p = 0.036). No serious adverse events related to regular exercise were seen.ConclusionThis study, a post hoc analysis, indicates that exercise may affect vitamin D status positively, and emphasizes that women with uncomplicated pregnancies should be encouraged to perform regular exercise.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00476567, registered May 22, 2007.

Physical function improvements with moderate or high-intensity exercise among older adults with or without HIV infection.

Whether older people living with HIV (PLWH) can achieve similar functional benefits with exercise as their uninfected peers and the ideal intensity of exercise needed for these benefits are not known. Sedentary adults (50-75 years) with or without HIV were recruited for 24 weeks of supervised endurance/resistance exercise. After 12 weeks of moderate-intensity exercise, participants were randomized to continue moderate-intensity or advance to high-intensity exercise for an additional 12 weeks. Outcomes by serostatus and exercise intensity (moderate, high) were compared using linear and mixed effects regression models and controlled for baseline values or week 12 values. A total of 32 PLWH and 37 controls were enrolled; 27 PLWH (12 moderate/15 high) and 29 controls (15 moderate/14 high) completed 24 weeks. PLWH had significantly poorer physical function across nearly all baseline measures. Both groups had significant improvements in all functional measures. From 0 to 12 weeks, PLWH had significantly greater percentage improvements (mean, 95% confidence interval) than controls on VO2 max [5 (0, 10)%]; from 13 to 24 weeks, PLWH had significantly greater percentage improvements on stair climb [-5 (-10, -1)%], and the time to complete a 400-m walk [-3 (-5, -0)%]; all P less than 0.05. An interaction between exercise intensity and HIV serostatus was significant for measures of strength: PLWH randomized to high-intensity gained significantly more strength than moderate-intensity in bench and leg press [6 (0, 12)% and 10 (2, 17)% greater; both P < 0.05]; controls had similar gains regardless of intensity. Both moderate-intensity and high-intensity exercise resulted in significant improvements in physical function; high-intensity exercise may impart greater strength benefits to PLWH.

PO-221 Effects of different motor functional therapies on cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objective The clinical manifestations of diabetic cognitive dysfunction are decreased visual spatial ability, executive dysfunction, mental activity speed and attention, and decreased abstract logical reasoning. Cognitive dysfunction is irreversible. Timely and accurate assessment and diagnosis, early detection and intervention to delay disease progression are particularly critical. The Cognitive Assessment Scale plays an important role in screening for cognitive dysfunction in diabetes. To observe the effects of motor functional therapy on cognitive impairment and blood glucose, blood lipids, body weight, body composition, and maximal oxygen uptake in patients with type 2 diabetes.&#x0D; Methods A total of 63 elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Chengdu community aged ≥65 years and educated for ≥12 years were enrolled in the motor function therapy group according to the simple mental state examination (MMSE) score (diabetes cognitive impairment, MMSE total score) ≥ 20 points, aerobic exercise group, n = 21) and functional function therapy group (diabetes cognitive impairment, MMSE total score ≥ 20 points, resistance exercise group, n = 21). The adult community of diabetes in Chengdu (normal cognitive function) with age ≥ 65 years, education time ≥ 12 years, and MMSE total score ≥ 24 points was used as the control group (n=21). Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MOCA): MOCA is an assessment tool developed by Nasreddine and clinically proven to be used for rapid screening of MCI. There were no statistical differences in baseline data (age, gender, and hypertension incidence) among the 3 groups of patients. The LOTCA scale was used to evaluate the cognitive function of the subjects and to compare between groups. Sixty-three patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly divided into aerobic exercise intensity group (50% VO2max) (n=21), resistance exercise intensity group and control group (n=21). Both the aerobic exercise group and the resistance exercise group underwent a 12-week moderate-intensity exercise three times a week. The resistance middle strength group was trained 2 groups each time, each group was 25 minutes, the group rested for 5 minutes, 55 minutes in total, and the aerobic medium intensity group continued to exercise for 55 minutes. All patients underwent fasting blood glucose (FPG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL), body weight, and fat weight (FW) before and after training. , lean body mass (LBM), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) determination; measure the energy expenditure of word movement and the total energy expenditure of the entire exercise process.&#x0D; Results There were no significant differences among the three groups before the test (P&gt;0.05). All the indexes of the medium-intensity resistance exercise group and the medium-intensity aerobic exercise group were significantly different from the control group (P&lt;0.05). After the MOCA score test There was an improvement in the score before the trial, and the total score of LOTCA was significantly different among the three groups. In addition to perceptual sub-items (item identification), the aerobic exercise group and the resistance exercise group LOTCA scale in perceptual sub-projects (incomplete object recognition), visual motion organization and its sub-projects (copying two-dimensional graphics, building blocks) The design and puzzle) project scores were higher than before the test, close to the control group score. The scores of the two groups of exercise therapy in the thinking operation and its sub-projects (Riska organized shape classification, picture arrangement B and geometric reasoning) and attention-focused items were lower than the control group. Compared with the resistance exercise, there was a significant difference in the maximum oxygen uptake between aerobic exercise and resistance exercise (P&lt;0.05). Compared with the total exercise energy consumption in the first 6 weeks, the aerobic exercise group was superior to the resistance exercise group. The total exercise energy expenditure was compared in the last 6 weeks, and the resistance exercise group was superior to the aerobic exercise group.&#x0D; Conclusions Elderly patients with type 2 diabetes may have cognitive impairment earlier. In the absence of differences in exercise, the aerobic exercise group and the resistance exercise group improve cognitive impairment, blood sugar, blood fat, body weight, and body composition in patients with type 2 diabetes. There is no significant difference. Compared with MMSE, LOTCA has the advantage of identifying early cognitive impairment in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes and distinguishing the severity of the damage.&#x0D;

Effects of Different Modes of Exercise Training on Body Composition and Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Middle-aged Men.

Background:Previous studies have indicated that exercise training improves body composition and cardiovascular disease risk factors. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of aerobic, strength and combined training on body composition, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in sedentary middle-aged men.Methods:Forty-seven male aged 40–60 years voluntarily participated in this study and were divided in four groups: aerobic (n = 12), strength (n = 12), combined (n = 11), and control (n = 12) groups randomly. Body composition, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and CRP were measured before and after 12 weeks. Data were analyzed using paired t-test and analysis of variance statistical methods.Results:There were significant differences in body weight between aerobic and strength training (P = 0.004) and aerobic and control groups (P = 0.018), body mass index between combined and strength training (P = 0.004) and combined and control groups (P = 0.001), fat percentage between aerobic training and control group (P = 0.017) and combined training and control groups (P = 0.004), and finally, fat-free mass between aerobic and strength training (P = 0.024), aerobic and combined training (P = 0.0001), strength and control groups (P = 0.035), and combined and control groups (P = 0.0001).Conclusions:The results indicated that 12-week workout, 20–60 min/session, 3 days a week of moderate intensity exercise improved body composition, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and CRP compared to those who did not participate in any training. However, all three types of exercises had small benefits on body composition, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and CRP in sedentary middle-aged men, and the importance of combined training required further investigations.

Neurocognitive Improvements Following a 12-Month Diet and Physical Activity Intervention

PURPOSE: Obesity is associated with decreases in cognitive function, including changes in working memory and executive control. Yet, we know very little about whether weight loss through an energy-restricted diet and increased physical activity (PA) improves cognitive function. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether weight loss following a 12-month dietary and physical activity intervention was associated with improved cognitive performance. METHODS: 115 overweight and obese adults (89 female) participated in a 12-month diet and PA intervention. Participants were middle-age (mean at baseline=44.7+8.5 years) and well educated (mean=16.5+2.5 years). Participants were assigned to one of three groups: One group engaged in dietary restriction alone, while the other two groups engaged in either 150 minutes per week or 250 minutes per week of moderate intensity exercise, in addition to an energy-restricted diet. All participants completed neuropsychological tests measuring decision-making (Iowa Gambling Task; IGT), inhibitory control (color-word Stroop), working memory (N-Back), and processing speed/set shifting (Task Switch). Paired-samples t-tests compared baseline with post-intervention cognitive performance. The results reported below are collapsed across group, as the investigators remain blind to group assignment. RESULTS: Following the intervention, participants’ BMI decreased by 2.4+3.3 kg/m2, p<.001. Participants performed significantly better post-intervention on the IGT [t(114)=-2.42, p=.016], N-Back [2-Back RT t(114)=2.686, p=.008], and Task Switch [RT t(113)=3.759; accuracy t(113)=-2.016, p=.046] compared to baseline. There were no significant changes in Stroop Task performance from baseline to follow-up. The changes in cognitive task performance were not significantly associated with change in BMI. CONCLUSIONS: A 12-month diet and physical activity intervention in overweight and obese adults is associated with improved cognitive performance across multiple cognitive domains. FUNDING: This research was supported by funding from NIH/NIDDK grants R01095172 (PI: Erickson) and R01HL103646 (PI: Jakicic).