Weeks Of Continuous Training Research Articles

Modulation of pulmonary oxidative status in methamphetamine-withdrawn rats, comparing the effects of continuous training and NBS superfood supplementation.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of six weeks of continuous training and Nutrition Bio-shield (NBS) Superfood Supplementation on the state of oxidative stress by the expression of Nrf2, NOX4, superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde genes in the lungs of rats after methamphetamine withdrawal. Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 8, per group), undergoing methamphetamine administration (six weeks, 5 mg/kg ip, and once per day) followed by a 21-day withdrawal period. The rats were supplemented NBS superfood at a dosage of 25 g/kg per day for six weeks. The training protocol was 30 minutes of daily continuous training (treadmill running), five days a week for six weeks. The regimen escalated from a pace of 3 m/min for the initial 5 minutes, to 5 m/min for the following 5 minutes, culminating at 8 m/min for the remainder of the session, all at a 0° incline. A one-way analysis of variance was performed to analyze the gene expression of Nrf2, NOX4, MDA, and SOD in the lungs tissue of rats. The results indicated that, in the experimental groups which underwent continuous training and NBS Superfood supplementation, the expression of the Nrf2 gene exhibited a significant elevation compared to the control group (P < 0.05), while the NOX4, MDA, and SOD genes expression exhibited a significant decline in comparison to the control group (P < 0.05). In general, both exercise interventions and NBS superfood supplementation, when employed separately or in combination after methamphetamine withdrawal, can enhance the state of oxidative stress in the lung.

METHOD FOR FORMING BEHAVIORAL REACTIONS IN LABORATORY ANIMALS

Background. The solution of a number of applied problems requires extrapolation of the medical and biological effects of exposure to extreme physical factors from animals on humans based on the results of experimental studies of the behavioral reactions of animals under the influence of such factors. The specificity of such studies is the need for preliminary formation of the necessary behavioral responses in a large group of laboratory animals, which requires significant time costs.&#x0D; Purpose. The purpose of the study was to reduce the time of formation of behavioral reactions in laboratory animals during experimental studies.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The experimental setup consists of five vertically located functionally independent identical three-beam (Y-shaped) radial labyrinths with an electric field, sensors for recording animal movements, generators of sound and light stimuli, and a control unit. The animal can move freely within all three rays. During the experiment, the time of the animal’s transition from the dangerous (starting) arm to the safe (target) arm and the number of erroneous actions performed in this case are automatically recorded. The number and duration of cycles and series of the experiment is set by software, which allows you to adjust the start time of the experiment autonomously, without the participation of the operator. To test the operability of the installation, a series of experiments was carried out to teach rats the reaction of active avoidance in the maze, white outbred mature male rats weighing 160-180 g in the amount of 50 individuals were used.&#x0D; Results. At the initial stage of training (during two weeks), the rats developed a current avoidance reflex. During the first week of training, the probability of achieving the goal increased from 0.64 to 0.85. In the second week of training, the probability of achieving the goal was 0.85-0.95. In the first week of training, the average time to reach the goal (time to go to the safe sleeve) decreased from 9 to 7 s. In the second week, the time to reach the goal decreased to 5-6 s. On the second week of training, some rats began to perform the task (to avoid the action of the current) before it was turned on, that is, in less than 5 s. The number of erroneous actions in the second week also decreased. For three weeks of continuous training, 30 animals with a stable behavioral skill (probability of correct action 0.45-0.50) were selected, with a time expenditure of 4 hours per day for autonomous (without the participation of the experimenter) training.&#x0D; Conclusion. The developed technology has demonstrated the possibility of effective training of a large group of animals in a relatively short period of time. A distinctive feature of the developed hardware and software complex is the possibility of implementing screening studies to study key indicators of operator functions with the possibility of autonomous operation of the experimental setup.

Effect of a circuit training program on selected physical fitness components of female students in the case of Mekdela Amba University freshman students

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of a circuit training program on selected physical fitness components of female students. To achieve the objective of the study, a purposive sampling technique was used to select thirty participants from 325 freshman female students of Mekdela Amba University, aged between 18 to 20. The research design was an informal experimental with pre-post control group design. Methods: All participants were evaluated using the sit-up test, Illinois test, and 30-meter dash test. The collected data were analyzed by using paired sample t-test by using SPSS software with a pair-wise comparison of means at a 95% confidence interval was performed. To determine the difference between pre-and post-training mean values after 12 weeks of continuous training. Results. Significant improvements in each selected physical fitness component were found. 3.53 mean differences were registered by sit-up test, from 30-meter dash test of speed was improved by 0.83sec after12 weeks of exercise. The mean difference value in the agility test was decreased by -3.07, The result indicates that an effective change was observed in participants’ agility performance. The result obtained in this study indicates that there was a significant improvement in all selected physical fitness components. Conclusions: The main finding of the study showed that the effect of circuit training program has a positive effect on the improvement in physical fitness components of female students

Behavioural performance improvement in visuomotor learning correlates with functional and microstructural brain changes

A better understanding of practice-induced functional and structural changes in our brains can help us design more effective learning environments that provide better outcomes. Although there is growing evidence from human neuroimaging that experience-dependent brain plasticity is expressed in measurable brain changes that are correlated with behavioural performance, the relationship between behavioural performance and structural or functional brain changes, and particularly the time course of these changes, is not well characterised.To understand the link between neuroplastic changes and behavioural performance, 15 healthy participants in this study followed a systematic eye movement training programme for 30 min daily at home, 5 days a week and for 6 consecutive weeks. Behavioural performance statistics and eye tracking data were captured throughout the training period to evaluate learning outcomes. Imaging data (DTI and fMRI) were collected at baseline, after two and six weeks of continuous training, and four weeks after training ended.Participants showed significant improvements in behavioural performance (faster task completion time, lower fixation number and fixation duration).Spatially overlapping reductions in microstructural diffusivity measures (MD, AD and RD) and functional activation increases (BOLD signal) were observed in two main areas: extrastriate visual cortex (V3d) and the frontal part of the cerebellum/Fastigial Oculomotor Region (FOR), which are both involved in visual processing. An increase of functional activity was also recorded in the right frontal eye field.Behavioural, structural and functional changes were correlated. Microstructural change is a better predictor for long-term behavioural change than functional activation is, whereas the latter is superior in predicting instantaneous performance. Structural and functional measures at week 2 of the training programme also predict performance at week 6 and 10, which suggests that imaging data at an early stage of training may be useful in optimising practice environments or rehabilitative training programmes.

Short- and long-term changes in cognitive function after exercise-based rehabilitation in people with COPD: A pilot study

OBJECTIVES To compare, in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): 1) the effects of 12 weeks of continuous training at high intensity (CTHI), continuous training at the ventilatory threshold (CTVT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on cognition; and 2) the maintenance of these effects at a 1-year follow-up. METHODS Participants were randomized to CTHI, CTVT, or HIIT and underwent 12 weeks of three times weekly training on cycle ergometers. Training intensity and duration were set based on group allocation. At program completion, all participants were given standardized exercise recommendations from the exercise supervisors, but no active maintenance intervention was offered. Assessments were made at baseline (week 0), program completion (week 12) and 1 year after baseline (year 1). Cognition was assessed with a neuropsychological testing battery and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). RESULTS In 36 participants (64% women, mean age: 67.5 ± 9 years) with moderate COPD (FEV1: 59 ± 17% predicted), the 12-week effects of exercise training on cognition were small (Cohen’s d z: −0.063-0.448). One exception was the Rey-O Complex Figure (copy), assessing visuoconstructive abilities, in which larger effects were detected, especially in participants with mild cognitive impairment at baseline (Cohen’s d z = 1.122, 95% CI[0.406, 1.809]). Between intervention groups, results were heterogeneous. CTHI was the only group with medium-to-large effects in each cognitive domain. At year 1, gains and losses in cognition were seen across groups. CONCLUSION In COPD, 12 weeks of exercise training led to small changes in cognition, with heterogeneity between exercise protocols and across cognitive domains.