Wearing Seat Belts Research Articles

Parental non-compliance to childhood safety practices: A cross-sectional study.

Background & objectives To assess the pattern of non-compliance to childhood safety practices among parents of children between one and five yr of age and to determine the reasons behind the same. Methods A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted on 120 children between one and five yr of age through a questionnaire-based interview of the primary carer. Poor compliance was defined as compliance to <85 per cent of the recommended practices. Results Of the total 48 injuries, 32 were serious (66.6%). Falls and burns/scalds were the two common types of injuries. Nearly three-fourths (72.5%) of families showed overall poor compliance. Poorest compliance was observed towards four safety practices namely, helmet wearing, restricting number of pillion riders to two on a two-wheeler, seatbelt wearing in a car and avoiding food items with a high risk of choking in children <3 yr. Parental perception of 'unnecessary' and 'lack of knowledge' were the main reasons behind non-compliance. Interpretation & conclusions Low compliance among families occurred with respect to safety on motor vehicles and avoidance of choking hazards. Change of parental perception and improved awareness is necessary for the prevention of unintentional childhood injuries.

Multiple risk-taking behaviors in Korean adolescents and associated factors: 2020 and 2021 Korea youth risk behavior web-based survey

ObjectiveDespite the negative health impact of multiple risk-taking behaviors (RTBs), there is a lack of understanding of adolescents who are more prone to multiple RTBs. This study aimed to identify sociodemographic, mental, and physical health variables associated with increased susceptibility to multiple RTBs in each sex. MethodsCross-sectional data from the 2020 and 2021 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey was used. A total of 106,979 Korean adolescents (55,460 men and 51,519 women) were assessed on five RTBs (alcohol use, smoking, sexual intercourse, illicit substance use, no seat belt wearing). In comparison to no RTB group, odds ratios of the relevant covariate factors were calculated in one RTB or multiple RTBs groups. ResultsMale and female adolescents engaging in multiple RTBs were 6.4% and 3.8%, respectively. Increasing age, low subjective socioeconomic status, and living in rural areas were associated with multiple RTBs regardless of sex. All mental health variables except anxiety were associated with multiple RTBs in both sexes. Physical inactivity and obesity were associated with decreased odds of multiple RTBs in both sexes. ConclusionThis study identifies diverse factors associated with multiple RTBs of Korean adolescents and demonstrates existing sex differences. Age and mental health status are the most critical factors that distinguish multiple risk-taking groups from those involved in one or no RTB.

Implementation of stroke care & road safety in India: Lessons from Australia.

India is home to one-fifth of the world's population and is currently the fastest-growing economy. As the health industry is growing, India needs to develop robust implementation of evidence-based health care addressing the major public health issues. Two of such issues India is grappling with are the establishment of stroke care and the reduction of road accidents. Australia has achieved notable success in implementing stroke care and reducing road accidents. In stroke, Australian initiatives include dedicated stroke units, the development of clinical guidelines, the implementation of acute interventions, the establishment of a national stroke foundation, and the stroke registry. As a result, the combined, primary, and secondary prevention measures, acute treatment, and rehabilitation have reduced the total disease burden of stroke from 2003 to 2023 by 53 per cent, from 7.4 to 3.5 Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYS) per 1,000 population, which is a 56 per cent decline in fatal burden and 23 per cent decline in non-fatal burden. For road safety, Australia implemented evidence-based practices such as education, legislation including mandatory use of seat belts, and other road safety initiatives. Data show that seat belt use reached 98 per cent in Australia in 2023. Furthermore, about 20 per cent of drivers as well as passengers who were killed in crashes in 2024 did not wear seat belts. The reduction of speed limits in built-up areas, the adoption of monitoring technology, and the clever use of infrastructure are proving to be effective in reducing fatalities and serious injuries. Australia's implementation research can provide valuable insights into the efforts of mitigating the impact of stroke and enhancing road safety in India.

Identifying Traveler Groups Lacking in Seatbelt Usage and Suggesting Policy Measures

This study was aimed to identify the traveler groups who are exposed to potential of severe injury due to lack of seatbelt use. Moreover, policy measures have been suggested to enhance seatbelt use among such groups. A hybrid data collection approach was adopted to gather traveler information. Seatbelt usage questionnaire was used as the survey instrument. The survey was carried out in the parking lots of educational and commercial facilities around Bahrain. Statistical tests, namely, t-tests and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), were used to compare the attributes of travelers. Literature review was used to verify the findings of this study and identify common traveler groups which are lacking in seatbelt use. The recommendations are also provided on policy measures which could be adopted globally to promote seatbelt use. It was found that occupation, education, gender, nationality and accident occurrence have significant impact on seatbelt wearing. It was also found that accident experience and seatbelt wearing, both are dependent on travelers’ social and cultural background rather than each other. The findings of this study matched previous literature. Groups lacking in seatbelt use included male passengers belonging to lower- and middle-income groups which fits the description of expatriate workers in Bahrain. Some policy measures, appropriate to these groups, have also been suggested.

Seat belt detection using gated Bi-LSTM with part-to-whole attention on diagonally sampled patches

One of the high-risk behaviors leading to severe traffic injuries is not wearing a seat belt. It is therefore very important to be able to automatically detect seat belts from surveillance images, encourage drivers to wear seat belts, and enhance passenger safety. In this paper, a novel deep neural network, Gated Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory network with part-to-whole attention (GBL-PA), is proposed for seat belt detection from surveillance images. The innovation of our model lies in its unique diagonal sampling strategy, which meticulously captures the seat belt’s fine details, typically oriented from top right to bottom left across the torso of vehicle occupants. Our framework’s novelty is further encapsulated by the part-to-whole attention mechanism, which intelligently harmonizes the detailed local information from seat belt-specific patches with the broader contextual insights from the regional proposals. The pioneering design of a Gated Bi-directional LSTM network facilitates the dynamic integration of interactions across patches to deliver an optimized final prediction. The superiority of GBL-PA is established through rigorous comparison with the state-of-the-art methods on a new, large benchmark dataset comprising 14,936 images from traffic surveillance footage. Our framework demonstrates a notable improvement, achieving a mean Average Precision (mAP) of 72.3%, which surpasses the second best, YOLOX, by 0.9% mAP. This significant and consistent outperformance across various metrics underscores the transformative potential of GBL-PA in the realm of traffic safety enforcement. The source code of our framework is available at ANONYMISED.

IJCM_246A: Estimating the prevalence of seat belt usage in motor cars: A descriptive cross-sectional study in Mangalore

Background: Every year 1.25 million people die of road traffic accidents. Several safety measures can be taken to prevent RTAs. The SDG 2030 set the target to halve the number of global death and injuries from road traffic accidents by the year 2020. The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of seat belt use and factors influencing it including driver characteristics, type of car and time of day and distractions while driving. Methodology: This Descriptive cross-sectional study was set on the major roads and intersections of Mangalore, recruiting the drivers and front-seat passengers in the motor cars at the time and site of observation. Results: A total of 6165 motor cars were observed. 15 (0.2%) of these cars had completely tinted car windows, therefore out of the total, 6150 motor cars could be properly observed. 70.91% (4361) of drivers were wearing seat belts. Seat belt usage among drivers was found to be higher on highways (76.6%) as compared to on residential and city roads (69.3%). In vicinity of traffic police, 76.5% of drivers were observed to be wearing seat belts in contrary only 67.8% of them were wearing seatbelts in the absence of traffic police. Prevalence of mobile phone use and other distractions amongst drivers was 2.1%. Out of 2646 adult front seat passengers observed, only 10.9% were wearing seat belts. Conclusion: Among drivers, type of motor car, traffic zone and type of road and presence of traffic police in vicinity are significantly associated factors with seatbelt usage. Among adult front seat passengers, type of motor car, traffic zone, type of road and presence of traffic police in vicinity are significantly associated. Among front seat child passengers, type of road and traffic zone are significantly associated with seat belt usage.

Behaviors of pregnant women regarding travel – the case of Türkiye

Introduction and aim. With the development of transportation facilities and options, people can now travel easily. With women having a greater presence in the workforce, pregnant women can work until the eighth week before childbirth. This study was conducted to examine the behaviors of pregnant women regarding travel. Material and methods. The data for this cross-sectional and descriptive study were collected from 519 pregnant women who voluntarily participated in the research and met the research criteria. The data were analyzed using the SPSS 24 software package. Results. The average age of the participating pregnant women was 27.49±0.17, with 63.8% residing in urban areas, 74.8% be ing primiparous, and 47.6% being in the third trimester of pregnancy. A decrease in travel and car usage during pregnancy. The use of bus, train/tram/metro, taxi, bicycle/scooter, and motorcycle decreased during pregnancy, while use of car, plane, and ship/ferry increased. 81.9% of women always wore a seat belt during pregnancy. There was a statistically significant difference between the educational level of women and their car usage (p&lt;0.005). It was found that women wore seat belts more frequently in the third trimester. As the number of pregnancies increased, the frequency of seat belt usage decreased. Conclusion. A decrease in the frequency of travel was observed among women during pregnancy. The levels of seat belt usage and correct seat belt fastening were unsatisfactory.

Education, incentive, and engineering-based interventions to promote the use of seat belts.

Education, incentive, and engineering-based interventions to promote the use of seat belts.

Türkiye'de İnşaat İşçilerinin İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Konusunda Bilgi, Davranış ve Tutumlarının Değerlendirilmesi

This study was planned as a descriptive cross-sectional study to evaluate the knowledge, behavior, and attitudes of workers working in the construction industry about occupational health and safety. The research was conducted with 356 workers employed at randomly selected nine high-rise residential construction sites between January and July 2021 in Turkey. It was found that 36.3% of the workers wore seat belts while working at heights of seven meters and above. According to 98.4% of the workers, occupational safety meant "life safety". It was stated that the most important reasons for occupational accidents were carelessness at a rate of 66.3% and not taking safety measures at a rate of 33.7%. In addition, 61.8% of the workers thought that occupational health and safety training was necessary. It was determined that as the working experience of the workers increased, the workers found the occupational health and safety training given before starting work more useful (p&amp;lt;.0001). It was determined that the workers who experienced work accidents most were those with low education levels and less work experience.

Seat belt use among pregnant women in the United Arab Emirates: the Mutaba’ah Study

IntroductionMotor vehicle collisions are a major cause of death and injury among pregnant women and their fetuses. Seat belt use compliance during pregnancy varies in different populations. We aimed to...

Health-risk behaviors and peer pressure of adolescents in the child protective services in Türkiye: A cross-sectional study.

This study was carried out to investigate the health-risk behaviors and peer pressure of adolescents aged 12-18 years in need of protection at child protective services. The data of this cross-sectional study were collected using individual interviews with 85 adolescents living in child homes and child homes buildings complex between February 25 and May 31, 2019. The data were collected using the "Descriptive Information Form," the "Health-Risk Behaviors Questionnaire," and the "Peer Pressure Questionnaire." The results of study in adolescents were 34.1% were in the risk group in terms of weight, and 41.2% had a psychiatric problem. Among the health-risk behaviors of adolescents; 56.5% did not pay attention to daily nutrition, 51.8% had fast food every day, 54.1% injury behaviors were doing dangerous sports, only 15.3% wore seat belts, 78.8% did not exercise three or more days per week, 38.8% watched television and computer three or more hours per day, 27.1% used painkillers without consulting a doctor, 24.7% applied the health recommendations they read on the internet, 20.0% of the adolescents reported that they went on a diet without consulting the healthcare personnel, and 14.1% voluntary vomited to lose or maintain their weight. And 21.2% of the adolescents were exposed to peer pressure. It was concluded that adolescents in need of protection at child protective services have health-risk behaviors and low-level peer pressure.

A Community-based Epidemiological Study on non-fatal Road Traffic Accidents in Puducherry, South India

Introduction: Road traffic accidents are the sixth leading cause of death in India with a greater share of hospitalization, disabilities, deaths and socio-economic losses. Objective: To identify the pattern of non-fatal road traffic accidents, socio-demographic profile of accident victims and antecedent factors influencing these road traffic injuries. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted for six months in Puducherry. From existing 27 wards of Lawspet, six wards were selected by simple random sampling technique and all the households in selected wards were included. The minimum required sample size was estimated to be 165 by considering prevalence of non-fatal road traffic accidents in Puducherry as 5.6%. Face-to-face interview with a semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Data entry and analysis were performed using Epi-data manager 4.2.0. Results: Total 169 accident victims were included in the study from the households of selected wards. Mean age of the accident victims was found to be 36.2 (11.4) years. Two‑wheeler accidents accounted for 144 (85.2%) and 123 (72.7%) accident victims were drivers at the time of accident. Majority (95.1 %) of the victims did not wear helmet while driving two-wheelers and none of the four-wheel drivers/pillions wore seat belts. Majority of the accidents occurred on usual tar roads 116 (68.6%) and 42 (24.9%) on highways. 102 (60.4%) accidents occurred in bi-directional roads.Conclusion: Simple or minor injuries were high compared to serious injuries requiring hospitalization. Majority of the accidents occurred during Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays. The accidents exhibited a bimodal distribution with day and night time.

In Cabin Driver Monitoring and Alerting System For Passenger cars using Machine Learning.

The primary causes of road accidents are driver errors. Such as excessive speeding, driver distraction, and driver sleepiness. Diver sleepiness and distraction can be controlled by implementing advanced technology such as an in-cabin driver monitoring system. This is a technological solution that uses a machine learning algorithm to improve road safety. This paper describes a new real-time driver monitoring and alerting system that solely monitors driver Sleepiness, diver distraction, and seatbelt wearing status in order to prevent road accidents. It employs the YOLOv5 deep learning algorithm to detect various types of distraction and For seatbelt wearing status and computer vision’s cvzone framework is used to detect sleepiness using 3D facial landmarking. In this system, The camera is mounted in the centre of the vehicle’s dashboard for data collection and real-time implementation. The Raspberry Pi 3b module is used for the Realtime implementation. According to the findings of this study, the system is capable of real-time implementation, and the machine learning model used in the study achieves an accuracy of more than 90%.

Does in with the new, mean out with the old? An extended theory of planned behaviour exploring the impact of vehicle technologies on intentions to not wear seatbelts

Approximately one in five Australians killed in motor vehicle crashes will not be wearing a seatbelt. A circulating lay theory suggests that drivers may be questioning the continued necessity of seatbelts given advances in other advanced vehicle technologies. This belief is deeply concerning given the implementation of advanced driver assistance systems in new cars is rapidly increasing. The objective of this research was to apply an extended Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), including the additional constructs of trust in vehicle technology and perceived risk of death or injury in the event of a crash, to assess the influence of attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control (PBC), trust, and perceived risk on drivers’ intentions to engage in seatbelt non-use. The study also aimed to examine if the predictive utility of the extended TPB differed according to the presence of passive (e.g., airbags) active (e.g., lane keeping assist) technologies in vehicles, Further, the influence of underlying behavioural belief, control beliefs, and normative beliefs on driver’s intentions to engage in seatbelt non-use were also explored. Participants (N = 182, 83 males, Mage = 44.23 years) completed a 25-minute online questionnaire. The study was a cross-sectional, between groups design in which all participants were exposed to a baseline control scenario, then randomly allocated to one of four experimental scenarios which manipulated the type of vehicle technologies present in a hypothetical vehicle. Consistent with theoretical expectations of the standard TPB, a hierarchal regression revealed that the constructs of attitude, subjective norms, and PBC (self-efficacy only) significantly and positively predicted seatbelt non-use intentions. Of the extended constructs, trust, but not perceived risk, exhibited a significant effect, and positively predicted seatbelt non-use intentions in the control condition and the active technology condition. Additionally, a critical beliefs analysis found that discomfort was a significant positive predictor of seatbelt non-use intentions. Overall, the findings offer support for the use of the TPB to explain seatbelt non-use intentions and suggest that trust in vehicle technology may influence drivers’ decisions to not wear a seatbelt. This research offers a novel determinant of seatbelt non-use that may be more responsive behavioural change interventions.

Reluctance of taxi drivers to use seat belts. Observed and self-reported behavior in Argentine.

Although taxi drivers are more exposed to traffic crashes, they usually exhibit riskier behaviors and more negative attitudes toward road safety. For example, previous research suggests that they are particularly reluctant to wear seat belts. The research aimed (a) to estimate the prevalence of seat belt use among taxi drivers compared to other professional and non-professional drivers (Study 1, n = 3.810) and (b) to explore attitudes toward seat belt use in taxi drivers using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) (Study 2, n = 100). Study 1 showed lower seat belt use among taxi drivers (vs. other professional and non-professional drivers). Study 2 showed that self-reported use tends to be higher than the estimated observed use and that negative experiential attitudes appear to be essential for understanding the reluctance of taxi drivers to use seat belts. Practical implications and future lines of research are discussed.

A CASE REPORT OF MESENTERIC TEAR IN CASE OF SEAT BELT INJURY

Introduction: Seat belt injuries are not uncommon. The use of seat belt is associated with a unique injury prole collectively termed “the seat belt syndrome”. The aim is to aid in the early diagnosis of seat belt injuries. Case presentation: A 26 year old male patient presented to casualty after met with an road trafc accident he was the driver ,wearing seat belt and had front impact. On presentation he was concious , vitally stable , breathing spontaneously and abrasions on chest and abdomen. On CECT abdomen, proximal jejunal perforation with horizontal mesenteric tear. Discussion: Early diagnosis provides better outcomes for patients with seat belt injuries, but this remains a challenge to trauma surgeons. The typical ndings of peritonitis might not be present initially. The presence of abdominal wall ecchymosis (seat belt sign) increases the chance of intra-abdominal injuries by eight folds. Clinical signs of intestinal injuries Conclusion: might not be obvious on presentation. In the presence of seat belt sign the possibility of bowel injury must be suspected. Admit the patient for observation even if no clinical or radiological ndings are present at presentation

Effective factors of improved helmet use in motorcyclists: a systematic review

BackgroundRoad traffic injuries (RTI) are one of the most prominent causes of morbidity and mortality, especially among children and young adults. Motorcycle crashes constitute a significant part of RTIs. Policymakers believe that safety helmets are the single most important protection against motorcycle-related injuries. However, motorcyclists are not wearing helmets at desirable rates. This study systematically investigated factors that are positively associated with helmet usage among two-wheeled motorcycle riders.MethodsWe performed a systematic search on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane library with relevant keywords. No language, date of publication, or methodological restrictions were applied. All the articles that had evaluated the factors associated with helmet-wearing behavior and were published before December 31, 2021, were included in our study and underwent data extraction. We assessed the quality of the included articles using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist for observational studies.ResultsA total of 50 articles were included. Most evidence suggests that helmet usage is more common among drivers (compared to passengers), women, middle-aged adults, those with higher educations, married individuals, license holders, and helmet owners. Moreover, the helmet usage rate is higher on highways and central city roads and during mornings and weekdays. Travelers of longer distances, more frequent users, and riders of motorcycles with larger engines use safety helmets more commonly. Non-helmet-using drivers seem to have acceptable awareness of mandatory helmet laws and knowledge about their protective role against head injuries. Importantly, complaint about helmet discomfort is somehow common among helmet-using drivers.ConclusionsTo enhance helmet usage, policymakers should emphasize the vulnerability of passengers and children to RTIs, and that fatal crashes occur on low-capacity roads and during cruising at low speeds. Monitoring by police should expand to late hours of the day, weekends, and lower capacity and less-trafficked roads. Aiming to enhance the acceptance of other law-abiding behaviors (e.g., wearing seat belts, riding within the speed limits, etc.), especially among youth and young adults, will enhance the prevalence of helmet-wearing behavior among motorcycle riders. Interventions should put their focus on improving the attitudes of riders regarding safety helmets, as there is acceptable knowledge of their benefits.

Constitutional approaches to state vaccination policy against the COVID-19 pandemic: problems of legal definition and regulation

Vaccination is one of the most effective means of protecting people against the COVID-19 pandemic. Accordingly, some governments and organizations have made vaccination against the COVID-19 pandemic “mandatory” in order to increase vaccination rates, fulfill what is considered a duty of care for at-risk populations, and/or achieve public health goals. Others may ponder whether they should do the same, and if so, under what conditions, for whom, and in what context.&#x0D; Governments and institutions mandate many actions or types of behavior to protect the welfare of society. For example, in many parts of the world people are required to wear seat belts, motorists with poor vision to wear corrective lenses, restaurant owners are required to undergo regular food service inspections, and certain jobs require medical examinations. Governments and institutions have also previously required vaccination as a condition for working in certain settings/roles or attending school. Such vaccination policies may be ethically justifiable because they may be critical to protecting the health and well-being of the population. However, this value may conflict with other values, such as individual freedom and autonomy (ie the ability for people to make their own decisions about their own health). Although interference with individual freedom or autonomy does not necessarily render vaccination policy intervention unjustified, policies that limit or eliminate individual choice may be controversial and raise a number of ethical considerations and considerations, and should therefore be justified by the promotion of another worthwhile social goal, such as public health protection. Vaccination mandates may be ethically justifiable, but their ethical justification depends on a number of conditions and considerations, including the contexts in which they are implemented.

Image-based Seat Belt Fastness Detection using Deep Learning

The detection of seat belts is an essential aspect of vehicle safety. It is crucial in providing protection in the event of an accident. Seat belt detection devices are installed into many automobiles, although they may be easily manipulated or disregarded. As a result, the existing approaches and algorithms for seat belt detection are insufficient. Using various external methods and algorithms, it is required to determine if the seat belt is fastened or not. This paper proposes an approach to identify seat belt fastness using the concepts of image processing and deep learning. Our proposed approach can be deployed in any organizational setup to aid the concerned authorities in identifying whether or not the drivers of the vehicles passing through the entrance have buckled their seat belts up. If a seat belt is not detected in a vehicle, the number plate recognition module records the vehicle number. The concerned authorities might use this record to take further necessary actions. This way, the organization authorities can keep track of all the vehicles entering the premises and ensure that all drivers/shotgun seat passengers are wearing seat belts.

Drivers' unsafe behaviors in Iran: An investigation in West Azerbaijan.

The present study aims to investigate one of the major causes of traffic accidents: drivers' unsafe behaviors while driving. In this cross-sectional study, the behaviors of 946 drivers at traffic lights were observed in the morning, at noon, and in the evening using direct in-field observation. The unsafe behaviors of the drivers included not fastening the seat belt, using a cellphone or handsfree device, smoking, being distracted by a child, talking with passengers, not observing the stop line, eating and drinking, and getting out of the car, letting out a passenger, or arguing with a passenger at the traffic light. Of the drivers at the traffic light, 60% did not obey the stop line, and 72% did not fasten their seat belt. Also, 13.6% used their cellphones, and 22% talked with passengers. The frequency of the other unsafe behaviors was <3%. For wearing seat belts, drivers aged 41-50 years wore seat belts almost five times more than drivers under 25 years of age (4.94 [2.36-10.320]; p < 0.001), and drivers aged 50 years and older were almost three times likelier to wear seat belts than drivers under 25 years of age (2.8 [1.31-6.08]; p < 0.001). The results showed that the drivers were significantly likelier to wear seat belts on Saturdays (after the weekend) (0.56 [0.40-0.78]; p = 0.001). Regarding using mobile phones while driving, women were twice as likely to use mobile phones as men (2.20 [1.30-3.72]; p < 0.001). Drivers aged 26-40 years used mobile phones significantly less than drivers under 25 years of age (0.24 [0.14-0.43]; p < 0.001) and drivers aged 41-50 years were significantly less likely to use mobile phones than drivers under 25 years of age (0.19 [1.31-6.08]; p < 0.001). The results showed that the occurrence of wearing a seat belt in Shahin Dej was low. We observed a significant association between wearing a seat belt, age, whether it was Saturday (a day after weekend for Iranians). Additionally, similar associations were observed between using mobile phones and gender, age, and day of the week.