Wear Resistance Of Carbon Steel Research Articles

Dry Sliding Wear Properties of Annealed Carbon Steels Matrix Composites by Nanosized TiC‐TiB2 Particles

Herein, nanoparticle‐reinforced carbon steels are innovatively prepared through the use of TiC‐TiB2/Al master alloys. The effects of nanoparticles on the microstructure and wear performance of carbon steels are investigated. It is found that the addition of nanoparticles inhibits the Widmanstatten structure. Also, the nanoparticles promote the formation of pearlite with finer lamellar structure and reduce the grain size. During the liquid–solid and solid–solid phase transformations, the nanoparticles act as heterogeneous cores to improve the nucleation rate. For wear tests, the presence of nanoparticles enhances the wear resistance of carbon steels. Carbon steels with 0.02 wt% nanoparticles show the lowest wear volume loss rate under each test condition. The excellent wear performance is related to the high hardness of substrates, inhibiting dislocation movement due to the refined microstructure and nanoparticles, and withstanding the external loads by nanoparticles. The findings obtained in this work can provide a new approach to fabricate high‐wear‐resistant carbon steels.

Formation of a Dissipative Structure of Metastable Austenite for Raising the Wear Resistance of Carbon Steels

Formation of a Dissipative Structure of Metastable Austenite for Raising the Wear Resistance of Carbon Steels

Adhesive wear behavior of gas tungsten arc welded FeB-FeMo-C coatings

Abstract In this article, a gas tungsten arc welding is used as a high energy density beam to form a surface over 0.15% carbon steel with FeB, FeMo, and graphite powders. The microstructure, microhardness, and dry-sliding wear behavior of the composite coating were investigated using optical micrography, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry. Microstructural investigations reveal that FeB-reinforced coating exhibited a homogeneous microstructure that consists of dendrites and eutectic. A lot of types of carbide and borides were formed. MoB4, Fe2MoC, B8C, Mo2BC, MoB, Fe3Mo, Fe3B, B25C, Fe7C3, FeB, Mo2B5, and MoC were seen in coated surfaces. Graphite iron boride coatings obtained by the gas tungsten arc welding process improved the wear resistance of carbon steel.

Comparative Study on Dry Sliding Wear Resistance of Carbon Steel, Alloyed Steel and Cast Iron

The aim of this paper is to study and compare the dry sliding wear resistance of carbon steel, alloyed steel and cast iron, knowing that the sliding wear is a type of deterioration that appears in various practical applications. Experimental research of this study was mainly performed using a tribometer (CSM Tribometer) according to the pin-on-disk method (POD), aiming to determine the coefficient of friction (by graphic representation) and wear rate (by analytical calculation). The tested materials were some iron alloys, namely carbon steels (C25, C45), alloyed steel (34CrNiMo6) and cast iron (EN-GJS-400-15) respectively. The tests were performed complying with ASTM G99 Standard, keeping the same working conditions for all the investigated materials. The results obtained in this study were presented through tables with values, graphs and through characteristic images acquired with a digital microscope and a 3D laser scanning microscope, as well as with the aid of a specialized software (MultiFileAnalyzer) concerning the wear track profiles of the counterbody and tested specimens. The investigations revealed a lower friction coefficient for the cast iron, correlated with a reduced wear rate of the material, which leads to the fact that this type of material has a better resistance to sliding wear resistance compared with the other analysed materials.

The Influence of Boroaluminizing Temperature on Microstructure and Wear Resistance in Low-Carbon Steels

This article investigates the possibility of improving the wear resistance of carbon steel 30 by means of boroaluminizing in treatment pastes. Boroaluminizing was conducted in sodium fluoride (as an activator), boron carbide, and aluminum at furnace heating (the latter two components were taken in a ratio of 4 to 1). The treatment was administered for 4 hours in four temperature modes between 950°C and 1,100°C with a 50°C difference between modes. The microstructure, microhardness, and elemental and phase compositions of the boroaluminized layers were investigated. In addition, the wear resistance of the boroaluminized steels was tested. It was established that treatment temperatures of 1,000°C and lower lead to the formation of layered structures consisting of iron aluminides that are mainly located on top of the diffusion layer and iron borides adjacent to the base metal. Moreover, the use of boroaluminizing temperatures over 1,000°C results in the formation of a heterogeneous structure with iron borides FeB and Fe2B evenly distributed in the matrix of aluminum solid solution in iron. This contributes significantly to the mechanical properties of the layer; in particular, it enhances its wear resistance. It was established that the wear resistance of steel 30 significantly improves after treatment at 1,100°C in comparison with temperature modes of 950°C and 1,000°C.

Wear Resistance Improvement by Nanostructured Surface Layer Produced by Burnishing

Burnishing, which is one of the most powerful processes for microstructural evolution, was performed by a cemented carbide ball (6 mm in diameter) that was loaded and fed on the flat surface of a rotating disk specimen of carbon steel using a lathe machine. The effects of burnishing process parameters such as force and rotation speed on the surface roughness, microstructure and hardness were investigated. In addition the dry sliding wear properties of the burnished surface layers were studied using a ball-on-disk friction method. It was found that the burnished surface was much smoother than as-turned surface (before burnishing) owing to the plastic flow of the surface asperities through the rubbing motion of the burnishing ball. Nanostructure in the 30 - 50 nm grain size range was formed in the burnished sub-surface layer, and the hardness significantly increased due to the grain refinement. The nanocrystalline microstructure was observed at high burnishing forces and speeds owing to the high strain and strain rate of the friction-induced plastic deformation. Moreover the burnishing process reduced the specific wear rates by a factor of six. Thus we concluded that the wear resistance of carbon steel can be significantly improved by burnishing due to the smooth surface and nanostructured sub-surface layers.

Direct growth of oxide layer on carbon steel by cathodic plasma electrolysis

In this paper, we reported a novel oxidation phenomenon on carbon steel which served as cathode during plasma electrolysis process in organic solution. The optical emission spectroscopy was collected and the electron temperature in plasma discharge region was calculated. The morphology and composition of oxide layer, as well as the decomposition mechanism of electrolyte were analyzed. The results showed that the plasma discharge region contained many active oxygen species with a high electron temperature of about 11,000 K, which promoted the oxidation reaction on steel cathode. Moreover, the oxide layer displayed an enhanced mechanical property and can improve the wear resistance of carbon steel significantly. This work provides a feasible and efficient approach for the performance improvement of steel materials.

Wear Resistance of Carbon Steels and Structure Parameters of Their Surface Layer After High Current Density Sliding

Dry sliding of carbon steels under the action of an AC current of a contact density higher than 100 A/cm2 is realized. It is shown that the contact layer is easily deteriorated in high-carbon steels. This becomes evident as lower wear resistance compared to that of low-carbon steels. There are signs of a developing liquid phase on the worn surface. Using the methods of Auger spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis, it is demonstrated that a high content of carbon in the initial steel structure gives rise to formation of a large amount of γ-Fe (and)as well to a high concentration of carbon near the sliding surface.

Wear and Grip Loss Evaluation of High Chromium Welding Deposits Applied on Sugar Cane Rolls1

Wear on sugar cane rolls is an expensive maintenance problem for the sugar cane industry. Wear produces loss of sucrose extraction and loss of grip of the roll on the bagasse. This paper presents the evaluation of wear and loss of grip of hypoeutectic and hypereutectic high chromium welding deposits applied on ASTM A-36 steel and gray cast iron. A modified ASTM G-65 standard test was used. Wear was produced by the abrasive action of wet bagasse with three levels of mineral extraneous matter. Silica grains with sizes in the range of 0.212-0.300 mm (AFS 50/70) were used as mineral extraneous matter. Grip was evaluated by measuring the torque on the power transmission shaft that moves the specimens. Worn surfaces were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy. Wear was found to increase proportionally related to the mineral extraneous matter content. Geometric changes of the weld deposits related to wear caused grip loss. For low mineral extraneous matter level, wear resistance of carbon steel was greater than that of gray cast iron; whereas the opposite was found for high mineral extraneous matter level.

Wear resistance of carbon steel with different types of hardening

The wear resistance of carbon steel with different types of hardening, including steels with plasma hardening and carbonitriding, has been investigated. It was revealed that ShKh-15 steel is two orders of magnitude greater than as steel 15 and 45. This gives grounds to consider its application in both the traditional hardened condition and the normalized condition. The plasma hardening of steel 45 and carbonitriding of steels 15 and 45 yields an increase by dozens of times for both the wear resistance of disks made from steel and mating blocks of normalized steel 45. This will allow one to solve the problem of wear resistance for friction units by avoiding expensive alloy steels by using carbon steels with plasma hardening and carbonitriding. Finishing operations may be used as the latter, and a decrease will occur in labor hours along with an increase in durability.

Characterization of surface hardened layers on Q235 low-carbon steel treated by plasma electrolytic borocarburizing

• Prepare hardened layers on steel by plasma electrolytic borocarburizing (PEB/C). • Characterize morphology, microstructure and hardness of PEB/C steel. • Evaluate corrosion resistance of PEB/C steel by polarization and EIS. • The PEB/C treatment greatly improved wear resistance of steel. The Q235 low-carbon steel was hardened by plasma electrolytic borocarburizing (PEB/C) process. Surface borocarburizing was carried out in 15% borax aqueous solution with glycerin additive at 290 V under different treating time. The hardened layers on Q235 low-carbon steel were analyzed by SEM, XRD and microhardness test. Corrosion behavior of PEB/C layers was evaluated by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Their wear performance under dry sliding was measured using a pin-disc friction and wear tester. It showed that the PEB/C layer consisted of a boride (Fe 2 B) layer and a transition layer. The thickness of boride layer increased with the borocarburizing time and reached 8 μm after 30 min treatment. The highest microhardness of the boride layer was up to 1450 HV, which was much higher than that of bare Q235 steel with about 170 HV. The PEB/C treatment slightly improved corrosion resistance of Q235 low-carbon steel and the corrosion resistance of the PEB/C treated steel increased with increasing the borocarburizing time, which was ascribed to the formation of boride in the hardened layer. After the PEB/C treatment, the friction coefficient of Q235 low-carbon steel decreased from 0.63 to 0.16. The lowest wear rate of hardened layer under dry sliding against ZrO 2 ball was about 1.438 × 10 −6 mm 3 /N m, which was only 1/12 of the bare Q235 steel. The PEB/C treatment is an effective method to improve the wear resistance of carbon steel.

Fabrication of SiC Particulates Reinforced MoSi<sub>2</sub> Composite Coating by Laser Cladding

In order to improve wear resistance of carbon steel, laser cladding experiments were carried out using a 3kW continuous wave CO2 laser. The diameter of the laser beam was 3-5mm, the scanning velocity was 3-10mm/s, and the laser output power was 1.0-1.3kW. The experimental results showed that MoSi2/SiCP composites coating could be in-situ synthesized from mixture powders of molybdenum, silicon and SiC by laser cladding. A good metallurgical bond between the coating and the substrate could be achieved. The microstructures of the coating were mainly composed of MoSi2, SiC and FeSiMo phases. The average microhardness of the coating was about HV0.21300, about 6.0 times larger than that of steel substrate.

Corrosion protection properties of electroless Nickel/PTFE, Phosphate/MoS 2 and Bronze/PTFE coatings applied to improve the wear resistance of carbon steel

The aim of this work is the evaluation of corrosion behaviour of some industrial coatings on carbon steel, utilised to improve tribological behaviour. In particular, composite electroless nickel coatings with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) particles, sintered bronze in PTFE matrix layers and zinc phosphates—with and without MoS 2 coatings—were analysed. Salt spray fog exposure and electrochemical tests were carried out. Electroless nickel coatings showed the best protection properties with a good barrier protection, because of the coating structure: an external layer, which contains PTFE particles improving tribological properties, and an inner nickel layer, which protects against corrosion because of barrier effect. PTFE-coated sintered-bronze samples showed limited corrosion resistance due to the high number of defects present. The application of a MoS 2 polymer-embedded layer improves the characteristics of phosphate conversion coatings, which, by themselves, cannot assure good protection.

Effect of varying load on wear resistance of carbon steel under unlubricated conditions

Pin-on-disk type wear tests of mild steel in contact with itself were conducted under unlubricated conditions in moist air to investigate the effect of changes in load on the transition behavior between severe and mild wear. Machines in operation are usually subjected to varying loads. In this study, two contact load levels were used as a simple varying load condition. The load was changed in a step-wise manner between the low and high levels either once or twice during certain tests. Severe wear appears at the high load levels and mild wear at the low load levels in wear tests under constant loading. After oxidized, work-hardened wear surfaces have been formed under mild wear at the low load during the first stage, the wear mode changes to “quasi-mild wear” having a low rate at the high load in the final stage. The load range, where the low wear rate can be maintained under quasi-mild wear, extends to the higher load level after the change(s) in load. Once the quasi-mild wear surface has been generated, the wear mode can be maintained even at the high load for a very long sliding distance.

Wear resistance of carbon steel with a structure of thin-plate pearlite

The effect of annealing performed at a temperature below point A1 on the wear resistance and microhardness of carbon steel with an original structure of thin-plate pearlite is investigated. It is shown that such a structure possesses a high wear resistance that decreases even after a short-term annealing that has not yet caused spheroidization of cementite and polygonization of ferrite. Specimens with a structure of freshly formed thin-plate pearlite are shown to have a high hardness in the original state but harden under the action of friction more intensely than specimens with other kinds of structure.

Laser Surface Modification of Steels by Using a Beam Rotating Device.

Recently, many kinds of laser surface treatment have been developed and some of them were used in industry. In the present work, a new laser surface treatment was studied to increase the wear resistance of carbon steels and tool steels by using a 2kW CO2 laser facility attached with a beam rotating optical system. The surface of specimens were laser-remelted in the atmos-pheric environment after graphite spray coating to carbuze the steel. This laser material proces-sing is called hereafter laser carburizing. SNCM616 steel, S58C steel and SKS93 tool steel were remelted after graphite coating of different amounts under argon gas shielding at laser powers of 1.2kW, 1.6kW and 2.2kW. In this process, the carbon content of the fusion zone increased linearly with the amount of coated graphite. SNCM616 steel, which contains 0.19 mass% carbon, increased in carbon content up to 0.95 mass% and Vickers hardness up to 700 Hv after laser carburizing. The great advantage of this laser carburizing-is a time saving process in which only several minutes are enough for the dry hardening process.

Cavitation wear resistance of carbon steel in corrosive media

Cavitation wear resistance of carbon steel in corrosive media

Influence of carbon on the formation of the surface layer in the process of electroerosion alloying of steel with tungsten

1. With an increase in carbon content in the steel being treated, the thickness of the alloyed layer increases and its microhardness also increases. The carbon exerts a deoxidizing action on the layer being formed and promotes a reduction in the threshold of deerosion and also additional strengthening of the layer as the result of the formation of binary η-carbides. 2. Electroerosion alloying under the investigated conditions leads to an increase in the wear resistance of carbon steels by 1.5–6.2 times, which makes it possible to recommend tungsten electrodes for electroerosion alloying of the surfaces of carbon steel parts operating under conditions of intense wear.

Wear resistance of carbon steels in liquid tin and bismuth

Wear resistance of carbon steels in liquid tin and bismuth

Effect of combined saturation with boron and copper on strength and wear resistance of carbon steels

Effect of combined saturation with boron and copper on strength and wear resistance of carbon steels