Diesel Engine Wear Research Articles

DIESEL ENGINE WEAR DURING WARMING UP

DIESEL ENGINE WEAR DURING WARMING UP

Discussion on the Influence of Friction and Wear on the Reliability of Marine Diesel Engines

In view of the impact of friction and wear on the reliability of marine diesel engines, this article discusses the main causes of wear in marine diesel engines when analyzing the specific effects, including the impact of average effective pressure on friction loss, the impact of rotational speed on friction loss, the impact of cylinder number on friction loss, the impact of oil viscosity and cooling system temperature, and the impact of fuel injection pump pressure on friction loss The impact of the number of piston rings on diesel engines. In the analysis and discussion of the impact of friction and wear on the reliability of marine diesel engines, relevant suggestions were proposed for fault diagnosis, such as the application of the following diagnostic techniques: internal machine equipment gear wear fault analysis, bearing melting wear fault analysis, bearing wear deformation fault analysis, bearing pitting peeling fault analysis, diesel engine piston wear fault analysis, etc, And the following measures to avoid wear issues: reasonably reducing the speed of diesel engines, scientifically reducing the number of piston rings, and continuously optimizing the lubrication system.

Optimisation of the reaction conditions for biodiesel from Parkia biglobosa oil via transesterification with heterogeneous clay base catalyst

Transesterification reaction of Parkia biglobosa oil (0.61% w/w free fatty acid and 191.65 (mgKOH/g) saponification value) with methanol to biodiesel using heterogeneous bi-functional Clay-Na2CO3 catalyst was carried out. The bi-functional heterogeneous clay base catalyst was prepared using incipient impregnation method. Following grinding and sieving, the raw clay mineral was soaked in 9 ml Na2CO3 overnight. It was subsequently dried at 120 °C for 12 h and finally calcined at 450 °C for 4 h. The properties of the prepared catalyst was then studied using FTIR, SEM, UV Spectrum, EDS and XRD. The optimum conditions for the transesterification reaction include 12:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil, 2 wt% concentrations of catalyst, reaction temperature of 60 °C and 1.5 h of reaction. The maximum yield obtained under conditions was 94.7%. With the exception of the oxidative stability wahich was higher than the recommended standard by American and European Union, all the other properties of the biodiesel were within the limits of American Standard (ASTM D6751), European Standard (EN 14,241) and Ghana Standard Authority. The catalyst could be cheap with superior activity for which reason it could be a potential candidate for producing biodiesel from new non-edible Parkia biglobosa oil. The application of the biodiesel produced from Parkia biglobosa will help improve the lubrication properties of diesel fuel blend which will subsequently help reduce engine wear in diesel engines since biodiesel is a good lubricant.

OPERATIONAL EVALUATION OF PISTON-RINGS-CYLINDER LINER ASSEMBLY WEAR IN HIGH POWER MARINE DIESEL ENGINES

This paper presents an operational evaluation of piston-piston rings-cylinder liner (PRC) assembly wear in marine diesel engines of high power. It is based on visual inspection through cylinder liner scavenge ports. Clearance measurements of piston rings in piston grooves and piston ring gap measurements were used to evaluate the extent of wear of the PRC assembly. Moreover, it is shown that piston ring gap measurements can be used as a reference parameter in wear trend analysis to predict the length of time periods between overhauls (TBO). Furthermore, it has been shown that controlling the wear of chromium (protective) layers of piston ring working surfaces by measuring their thickness with induction and eddy current methods is highly useful. They were accepted as a source of information on PRC lubrication correctness and as a symptom of its technical condition. Factors indicating the necessity of an overhaul and introducing operational methods of improving working conditions between the tribological pair – liner and piston rings have been determined.

The Influence of Fuels Quality on Tribological Wear in Slow Speed Diesel Engines

In this article, there are presented problems of tribological wear occurring in slow speed diesel engines elements such as piston – piston rings – cylinder liner assembly and fuel injection pumps caused by use of poor quality fuels. There are defined specific quality standards for bunkered marine residual and distillate fuels with accordance to ISO Standard 8217:2010 and recommended by engine maker’s fuel quality at engine inlet. Moreover, there are characterized common contaminants in this fuels with special attention to the most harmful the residual fuel catalytic particles so-called Cat-Fines, specified the maximum limits and described their influence on engine’s tribological pairs. Furthermore, this paper considers the operational precautions and treatment of poor quality fuels with elaboration of specific procedures to prevent and reduce the influence of Cat-fines to tribological wear in engine elements containing issues of fuel oil storage and distribution on board, fuel oil treatment, usage of poor quality fuels and condition monitoring of engine elements.

Experimental Research on Diesel Engine Friction and Wear Based on Ferrographic Analysis

This paper deals with the study of diesel engine friction and wear. The friction and wear mechanism of diesel engine was studied and the wear factors of diesel engine friction and wear was analyzed. According to the diesel engine test bench, diesel engine experimental scheme of oil testing was designed during running-in stage. Studies have shown that wear particle morphology of diesel engine from ferrographic analysis can reflect the degree of wear and wear mechanism during running-in stage, wear particle changed during running-in stage. Ferrographic monitoring is an effective method for diesel engine friction and wear monitoring.

Tribological Performance of Various Types of Biodiesel

Lubricity is a critical property of diesel fuel because it affects engine performance. Current and future regulations are expected to reduce the sulfur content of diesel fuel. Low lubricity (i.e., low sulfur content) increases diesel engine wear and damages the fuel injection system. Alternative types of fuel have reduced diesel engine exhaust emissions and improved the friction and wear properties of engine parts.Four types of diesel fuel, pure petrodiesel, soybean oil, palm oil, and waste edible oil (WEO), were compared for their fuel properties, engine performance, and emission characteristics. A series of tests was performed using various types of diesel fuel. The ball-on-ring wear testing method was used as an analytical tool for this purpose. The lubricating efficiency of the fuels was estimated using a photomicroscope to measure the average width of the wear scar produced on the test ring.The wear experiments showed that the wear scar widths were 3.48 mm, 2.76 mm, 2.90 mm, and 2.93 mm for lubrication of the pure petrodiesel, soybean oil, palm oil, and WEO, respectively. Lubricities of this diesel are as follows: soybean oil > palm oil > WEO > pure petrodiesel. The ability of biodiesel to be highly biodegradable and its superior lubricating property when used in compression ignition engines make it an excellent fuel. This detailed experimental investigation confirms that biodiesel can substitute mineral diesel without any modification in the engine. The use of biofuels as diesel engine fuels can play a vital role in helping the developed and developing countries to reduce the environmental impact of fossil fuels.

Feature Extraction of Diesel Engine Wear Fault Based on Local Tangent Space Alignment

In view of diesel engine wear fault feature extraction, feature extraction of diesel engine wear fault based on Local Tangent Space Alignment (LTSA) was put forward. This paper analyzes LTSA algorithm which reveals the characteristics of manifold learning. Take diesel engine fault diagnosis test rig as example, vibration information was got through imitating different kinds of diesel engine wear fault. LTSA algorithm was applied for dimensionality reduction. LTSA algorithm’s classification performance was compared in accordance with recognition rate of multi-class SVM. The experimental results show that LTSA has high recognition rate and is a very effective feature extraction method for diesel engine wear fault.

Palm Oil Methyl Ester and Its Emulsions Effect on Lubricant Performance and Engine Components Wear

The results of an experimental work carried out to evaluate the effect of palm oil methyl esters, also known as palm oil diesel (POD) and its emulsions as alternative fuel on unmodified indirect injection diesel engine's wear and lube oil performance are presented in this paper. Half throttle engine with constant 2500 rpm setting was maintained throughout the wear debris and lube oil analysis such as for a period of twenty hours for each fuel system. The sample of lube oil was collected through a one - way valve connected to the crankcase sump at the interval of four hours. When the engine warmed up, first sample has collected immediately. The same conventional lubricating oil SAE 30 was used for each fuel system. To measure wear metal debris and lubricating oil additives depletion of used lubricating oil, Multi element oil analyzer (MOA) was used. To measure the viscosity of lub oil an ISL automatic houillon viscometer (ASTM D445) has been used. Very satisfactory results have been obtained by comparing the lub oil analysis results of Ordinary Diesel and Palm Oil Diesel and their emulsions with 10 percent water by volume. In crankcase oil samples, accumulation of wear metal debris was lower with Palm Oil Diesel and emulsified fuels compare to baseline Ordinary Diesel fuel. Both Ordinary Diesel and Palm Oil Diesel emulsions with 10 per cent water by volume showed promising trends for resisting wear.

Effect of coconut oil-blended fuels on diesel engine wear and lubrication

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation into the wear and lubrication characteristics of a diesel engine using ordinary coconut oil (COIL)-blended fuels. The blended fuels consisted of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% COIL with diesel fuel (DF2). Pure DF2 was used for comparison purposes. The engine was operated with 50% throttle setting at a constant speed of 2000 rpm for a period of 100 h with each fuel. The same lubricating oil, equivalent to SAE 40, was used for all fuel systems. A multi-element oil analyser was used to measure wear metals (Fe, Cr, Cu, Al, and Pb), contaminant elements (Si, B, and V), and additive elements (Zn, Ca, P, and Mg) in the used lubricating oil. Fourier transform infrared analysis was performed to measure the degradation products (soot, oxidation, nitration, and sulphation products) in the used lubricant. Karl Fischer (ASTM D 1744) and potentiometric titrations (ASTM D 2896) were used to measure water concentration and total base number (TBN), respectively. An automatic viscometer (ASTM D 445) was used to measure lubricant viscosity. The results show that wear metals and contaminant elements increase with an increasing amount of COIL in DF2. An increasing amount of COIL in the blends reduces additive elements, with the reduction for blends of up to 30% COIL being quite similar to that for DF2. Soot and sulphation decrease with increasing COIL in the blended fuels due to reduced aromatics and sulphur in comparison to DF2. The water concentration increases for blended fuels with more than 30% COIL. The TBN and viscosity changes are found to be almost normal. The engine did not appear to have any starting and combustion problems when operating with the COIL-blended fuels. The lubricating oil analysis data from this study will help in the selection of tribological components and compatible lubricating oils for coconut oil- or biofuel-operated diesel engines.

Predictions of cam follower wear in diesel engines

The rate of wear of cam followers in a valve train system is mainly a function of contact stress between the cam and the follower, sliding velocity and hydrodynamic film thickness between the two mating surfaces. The problem of surface fatigue wear becomes severe as the contact between cam and follower exceeds the plasticity limit of material. It finally leads to an increase in valve lash and loss of engine performance. The wear is minimised by reducing the coefficient of friction and by minimizing the compressive stress. In this paper, an attempt has been made to estimate the wear of followers quantitatively. The profile of followers resulting from steady and non-catastropic wear processes is computed by combining a linear wear relation and an elasto-hydrodynamic or boundary lubrication transition model with kinematic analysis. The finite element analysis, AVL TYCON simulation program and classical methodology have been effectively used to predict the follower wear. The model was validated on all types of followers widely varying in size, brake mean effective pressure and speed. The predicted wear profiles exhibit satisfactory agreement with experimental observations. At the end of the paper, a design guideline for designing a cam follower for low wear rate is given.

Soot characterisation and diesel engine wear

AbstractThe hardness of various types of soot produced by heavy‐ and light‐duty diesel engines of European, Japanese, and North American designs was measured by low‐loss electron energy‐loss spectroscopy (EELS). No clear general trend can be established that shows heavy‐duty diesel engine soot is necessarily harder than light‐duty diesel engine soot. The variation in hardness among individual soot particles produced by the same diesel engine can be as large as differences between the hardest soot particles produced by heavy‐duty diesel engines and the softest soot particles produced by light‐duty diesel engines. There are heavy‐duty diesel engines that can produce soot that is softer than that produced by some light‐duty diesel engines and vice versa. Nevertheless, the hardness of all types of soot studied is close to the range of hardness of metal engine parts. Thus, the results indicate that soot is hard enough to abrade some metal engine parts.

Effect of palm oil methyl ester and its emulsions on lubricant degradation and engine component wear

AbstractThis paper presents the results of experimental work carried out to evaluate the effect of palm oil methyl ester also known as palm oil diesel (POD) and its emulsions, as alternative fuels, on unmodified indirect‐injection diesel engine wear and lubricant oil deterioration compared with ordinary diesel (OD). A constant 2500 rpm engine setting at half throttle was maintained throughout the wear debris and lubricant oil analysis period for 20 h for each fuel system. Samples of lubricant oil were collected through a one‐way valve connected to the crankcase sump at intervals of 4 h. The first sample was collected immediately after the engine had warmed up. The same lubricating oil, a conventional SAE 30, was used for all experiments. A multi‐element oil analyser was used to measure metal wear debris and lubricating oil additive depletion for the used lubricating oil. An ISL automatic houillon viscometer (ASTM D 445) and potentiometric titration (ASTM D 2896) were used to measure the viscosity and total base number, respectively.The lubricant oil analysis results for POD, OD, and their emulsions containing 10% water by volume were compared. Very promising results were obtained. The accumulation of metal wear debris in crankcase oil samples was lower with POD and its emulsion compared with the OD fuel. The addition of 10% water (by volume) to POD showed a promising tendency for wear resistance.

2023 ディーゼルエンジンオイル中のすすの硬さに関する研究

Increase of soot contaminated in engine oil caused by EGR system accelerates diesel engine wear, especially valve train wear. The wear is mainly caused by soot abrasively. It is important to evaluate the hardness of soot to wear protection. In this study, a rig test (Block on ring tester) has been conducted by used oil that contained soot. The test pieces that have different hardness were used to determine hardness of soot. The wear scar caused by soot was observed on the test piece surfaces that were softer than HV1500,but was not observed on the hard surface (HV1930). The hardness of soot was estimated harder than HV15 , softer than HV1930.

Dynamic behaviours of piston rings and their practical impact. Part 2: Oil transport, friction and wear of ring/liner interface and the effects of piston and ring dynamics

The paper discusses several important processes that have great impact on the lubrication between the top two rings and the liner. The analysis is conducted on the basis of the calculation results on a heavy-duty (HD) diesel engine using theoretical models. Oil supply mechanisms to different liner regions are analysed, and emphasis is given to the oil transport to the top liner region that is found critical to friction, wear and oil consumption in HD diesel engines. Additionally, the paper discusses the oil supply to the second ring, its uncertainties and the effect on the prediction of the performance of the top two rings. Furthermore, the effects of dynamics of the piston and rings on friction, wear and oil transport are illustrated and the effects of bore distortion on oil transport are discussed. For practical purposes, a formula to describe the second ring running surface profile is given based on simple geometrical constraint. A new truncation method is rendered for plateau surface roughness in order to effectively use the existing mixed lubrication models.

1803 カーボンブラックを用いたディーゼルエンジン摩耗評価用標準エンジンオイルの研究

1803 カーボンブラックを用いたディーゼルエンジン摩耗評価用標準エンジンオイルの研究

The Role of Soot Aggregation on the Lubrication of Diesel Engines

This paper deals with the role of the soot on the valvetrain wear in diesel engines. First, wear is related to the soot aggregation at the inlet, of the cam-tappet contact. Then, an experimental device using a Rayleigh pad which allows one to study the aggregation underflow of diesel soot in completely formulated oils is described. The results concerning four oil samples, chosen for their differences in formulation and aging are given and related to the wear. Finally, the aggregation is related to the interparticle interactions and, more particularly, to the dielectric constants of the soots and of the lubricant.

The Primary Cause for Abnormal Wear in Diesel Engines with EGR Systems

Although abnormal wear in EGR-Diesel engines is well known, the primary reason has not been clarified. In the present study, concentration of burnt gas, oxidation of oil, and condensed water in the spaces of the piston ring belt were investigated through both theoretical calculation and chemical analysis of the sampled gas, oil and. water, using a pipe along the linkage to obtain the samples. It was demonstrated that the burnt gat concentration with EGR was significantly higher than that without EGR and that, as a result, oil TUN and condensed water pH value were drastically decreased with EGR.

Component Wear in Coal-Fueled Diesel Engines

Practical use of coal-fueled diesel engines depends on the improvement of component durability. The wear characteristics of standard materials in the coal-fueled engine were studied first. Candidate wear-resistant materials were sorted by bench-scale tests. The best material combinations were applied to small-scale engine tests for operation on seeded diesel fuel. Components with hard materials and coatings were scaled up for coal-water mixture testing on the locomotive engine. Results indicate practical solutions for ring and liner wear and positive progress toward defining the material requirements for the fuel injection nozzle.

Corrosive wear in crosshead diesel engines

Existing theories describe corrosive wear in crosshead diesel engines in terms of acid condensation, when the temperature in the combustion space drops below the dew point. Here a theory is proposed which stresses the role of alkaline cylinder lubricants in protecting the metal surface. Calculated liner wear rates as a function of fuel sulphur content, feed rate and alkalinity of the oil, and axial position are in satisfactory agreement with experimental data.