Weak Sector Research Articles

Interrogating an along-strike variation in the evolution and rheology of a large continental strike-slip fault zone

Along-strike variations in lithology, temperature, fluid activity, etc. can induce rheological changes in strike-slip faults that may be recorded by different fault rocks and fabrics. This article interrogates localized formation of granite-derived mylonite in a large strike-slip fault zone in which ultramylonite is the principle granite-derived fault rock to better understand this rock record of faulting. Microtextures show that rate-limiting deformation mechanisms in mylonite were dislocation creep in quartz and diffusion creep in very-fine-grained feldspar aggregates. Microtextures also show that mylonite formation is fully compatible with continuous viscous deformation whereas coeval ultramylonite along strike formed after whole-rock cataclasis at the brittle-viscous transition. Differential stresses determined from quartz aggregates in ultramylonites are 40–150% greater than stresses in mylonites. Hence, mylonites represent a local weak sector within this otherwise relatively strong fault zone. Mylonite formation is correlated with syndeformational chemical alteration as well as quartz microstructures and mineral assemblages indicating elevated deformation temperatures. Not all mylonite samples record significant chemical alteration. Therefore, mylonite formation likely records locally elevated temperatures. These results illustrate how a local shift in deformation conditions can affect the evolution and rheology of a large strike-slip fault zone, and how fault rocks record these processes.

Does Privatization improve Corporate Governance and Profitability? Evidence from Cement Company of Northern Nigeria

The paper study how Privatization improves Corporate Governance and Profitability of Cement Company of Northern Nigeria. Data was collected from secondary sources, and the statistical tools employed in the Methodology were descriptive statistics and OLS regressions. The study aimed at bridging literature gap on studies that relate corporate governance and privatization policy in Nigeria. The results suggest that, The result suggest that, the company has lower market capitalization, private sector and foreign investors have concentrated ownership, bigger board size, lower percentage of executive directors and higher percentage of non-executive directors, Board chairmen were not the chief executives and chairmen audit committees were non-executive directors, lower workforce, higher percentage of management staff small percentage of non-management staff, lower profitability, products demand depended on government capital projects, The Company purchased 5MW power plant in 1991, macro-economic challenges such as devaluation of naira, energy sector crisis, foreign exchange rate, inflation, trade liberalization, inconsistent stabilization policies, political instability and banks’ strikes and weak private sector. Inferential result reveals that, has state ownership, percentage of management staff, percentage of non-management staff and privatization have positive and significant relationship with profitability. However, minority ownership has a negative and significant relationship with profitability. Based on these findings, the researcher arrived at the conclusion that, Corporate governance has significant impacts on profitability of Cement Company of Northern Nigerian. Even though, unfavourable macroeconomic environment militated against its efficiency. The study recommends that, government needs to introduce macroeconomic stabilization measures that will improve effective demand of cement products particularly with the problem of withdrawal of fuel subsidy in the economy. The company should, as a matter of necessity, design strategies that will; create international market opportunities, enhance security measures, cheap inputs, efficient financial and inventories management that will improve profitability post privatization.

Labour Markets in Libya: Opportunities and Risks

The Libyan economy faces significant challenges due to its lack of diversification, with the public sector dominating the labour market. This dominance has led to high unemployment rates, job instability, skills shortages, and widespread informal employment. This research critically examines the current state of the Libyan labour market, identifying both opportunities and risks, and provides a comprehensive overview of Libya’s workforce. The analysis reveals that 67% of the Libyan population is under the age of 35, representing a substantial and expanding workforce. Libya’s strategic location in North Africa provides access to European and African markets, potentially fostering economic growth and job creation. However, a misalignment between workforce skills and private sector requirements impedes sustainable development. Additional challenges include a weak private sector, economic identity issues, and political instability. Reducing reliance on oil and gas, combating corruption, and enhancing the education system are essential for achieving economic resilience and social stability. The findings indicate that labour market programs and institutions have had minimal impact on outcomes, with notable disparities between capital owners and income earners. Women face significant barriers to economic empowerment, despite the presence of inclusive sectors such as hospitality and financial services. Barriers to inclusivity and productivity, including gender disparities, skills mismatches, education gaps, and issues within the informal labour market, persist. Policy interventions are crucial to capitalize on these opportunities and mitigate associated risks through comprehensive labour market strategies.

Business and Politics in Urban Indonesia: Patrimonialism, Oligarchy and the State in Two Towns

Studies of the Indonesian political economy suggest a transformation of government-business relationship from a “patrimonial administrative” state, in which bureaucrats are dominant, to a “patrimonial oligarchic” state dominated by business actors. We examine this proposition by analysing government-business relationship in two towns: a town in Sulawesi, dominated by trade, and a town with a strong industrial base in Java. In the first, politics still approximates that of a patrimonial administrative state with a weak business sector and a dominant bureaucracy. In the second, a local business dynasty has come to power, but without promoting regularisation of state-business relationship. Despite the differences, patronage politics are similarly dominant in both locations, which we illustrate by zeroing in on the construction sector and the distribution of infrastructure projects. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for the nature of urban politics in Indonesia, underscoring the significance of patronage across a range of settings.

Common Financial Market of the EAEU: Concept, Structure and Problems of Formation

Aim. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the concept and structure of the common financial market of the Eurasian Economic Union, highlight the problems of its formation and ways to solve them. Tasks. The objectives of the study are: review and analysis of the definitions of the common financial market in the legal framework of the Eurasian Economic Union; highlighting key aspects of the development of the common financial market; defining its structure, problems of formation, proposing ways to solve them.Methods. Methods were used: institutional analysis, comparative analysis, system analysis to substantiate aspects of the formation and structure of the common financial market of the Eurasian Economic Union. The method of formal logical analysis was also used to clarify the concepts of the common financial market in various acts of the integration level.Results. Firstly, at the level of the Eurasian Economic Union, the concept and criteria of a common financial market have been established.Secondly, a broad and narrow understanding of the structure of the common financial market in the context of Eurasian integration is highlighted.Thirdly, the key aspects of the development of the common financial market are: expanding the range and accessibility of financial services; ensuring the rights of consumers of financial services and investors; security and transparency of financial services.Fourthly, the problems of forming a common financial market are highlighted, including the different levels of development of the markets of the integration member states, the weak sector of the securities and investment markets.Conclusions. The common financial market is part of Eurasian integration, the processes of formation of such a market are components of integration processes. The structure of the general financial market in the narrow sense includes the banking and insurance services sector, the securities market sector, and the relations between these sectors. A broad understanding of the structure of the general financial market additionally includes the tax, budget and currency areas.

Sektor prywatny w państwie totalitarnym — funkcjonowanie rzemiosła w Polsce w latach 1945–1956

After 1945, Poland found itself in the Soviet sphere of influence, which resulted in the implementation of a totalitarian state system. This process had certain economic ramifications. Among them was a gradual shift from a capitalist system to a command and distribution economy. This process was closely linked to the nationalization of private enterprise. However, private property was not completely eliminated. Despite the fact that it was subject to restrictions, it perservered. One of the areas in which its functioning was possible was craft. The article aims to address the reasons for which the private sector was not entirely liquidated, even though its presence went against the socialist principles and core values of the state. How did it manage to survive and function in the conditions of a totalitarian country? The research covers the years 1945–1956, that is the period of molding, strengthening and peak of the totalitarian phase of state. The year 1956 was something of a breakthrough. The Stalinist era was ending, and thus the specter of a complete nationalization of the economy.
 The research shows that the authorities had initially tried to recruit craftsmen, and therefore did not emphasize the demands of the nationalization of the workshops. Craft benefited from the short period of post-war prosperity until the year 1947. After that it contracted, which was related to the tightening of the government’s policy towards private property. This was a consequence of the increasing pressure of the USSR to unify economic systems in the socialist countries. However, it should be emphasized that authorities in the economic sphere prioritized the accelerated industrialization of the country and the development of heavy industry. Therefore, craft was tolerated, especially services deemed pertinent to fulfilling the needs of the society. This situation lasted until the year 1956. The importance of craft was emphasized by the representatives of the Democratic Party, but their actual influence on the economic policy of the state was limited.
 In summary, it can be stated that the survival of craft was determined by the pragmatism of the authorities, who were willing to tolerate a weak private sector (controlled and under surveillance) while it provided scarce goods and thus reduced social tensions. In addition to that, the government’s priority was the development of heavy industry, which was at the center of the state’s attention. Nevertheless, it cannot be ruled out that if it had not been for the changes that took place after the year 1956, the private sector would have been finally liquidated.

To UBI or Not to UBI? Universal Basic Income Creating Value in Rural Areas of Romania

People below the poverty line need financial support to meet their basic needs. One type of support is Universal Basic Income (UBI), which is paid to all adults individually, without means-test or work requirement. This paper investigates the effectiveness of basic-income social policies in rural areas of Romania. The author has analyzed possibly the longest-running Universal Basic Income program created by a non-governmental organization. This social experiment has been running for more than fifteen years and counting. Once a thriving bulwark of socio-economic stability in the country, rural areas grapple for decades with the tsunami effect of ill-fated socio-economic reforms of the ’90s, which dragged the rural economy and its people into a vicious cycle of poverty. Constant economic migration, depopulation, lack of basic needs, and a generation of orphans – the byproduct of economic migration and lack of education – constitute the new dire reality of a once prosperous blend of small economies. Under these circumstances, providing unconditional guaranteed income, independent of any other revenue streams, seems a natural way to alleviate the effects of systemic, multidimensional poverty. With mostly non-existent government programs and a weak business sector, the responsibility for such targeted interventions rests on the shoulders of third-sector organizations. The study’s results prove that such programs’ impact and benefits far outweigh their monetary costs and the stigma associated with “social welfare” proposals. Reframing the concept of UBI allows for creating more perfect baselines, a better way of measuring the needs, and means to fulfil these needs more effectively. This, in turn, drives the creation of a more powerful (and meaningful) set of tools for assessing these needs to meet the demand adequately.

Why Has Italy Struggled So Much to Grow Economically Since 1990?

Italy is one of the worlds major economies, but it is also one of the most struggling major economies in terms of economic development. Especially after 1990, the Italian economy has faced a state of stagnation for a long time, and there has been no sign of improvement until now. The theme of this article is the reason for Italys economic struggle after 1990. Low exports, low domestic demand, and a manufacturing slump are the reasons that led to the Italian economic struggle. Low exports stemmed from joining the Eurozone and the capture of international markets by other countries. Low domestic demand was hit by the double blow of Eurozone accession and high unemployment caused by a closed labour market. And the dormancy of the manufacturing sector is related to the unemployment problem caused by the closed labour market and the lack of domestic demand. Insufficient exports, low aggregate demand, and a weak manufacturing sector are the three main reasons for the economys poor performance, which has led Italy to remain a struggling economy for more than 30 years.

Theoretical evaluation of solar proton-proton fusion reaction rate and its uncertainties

The weak proton-proton fusion into a deuteron (2H) is the driving reaction in the energy production in the Sun, as well as similar main sequence stars. Its reaction rate in the solar interior is determined only theoretically. Here, we provide a new determination of the rate of this reaction in solar conditions S11(0), and analyze theoretical and experimental sources for uncertainties, using effective field theory of Quantum Chromodynamics without explicit pions at next-to-leading order. This prediction procedure is verified and validated using experimentally measured set of electromagnetic reactions, which we show to be analogous in their operator structure and properties to the weak sector, and are reproduced within the assessed theoretical uncertainty, using the same approach. We find an enhancement of S11 by 1−4% over the previously recommended value. This change reduces the calculated fluxes of neutrinos originating in 8B and 7Be nuclear reactions in the Sun, thus favoring higher abundances for metallic photospheric elements, in the tension between different composition determination, known as the “Solar Composition Problem”.

Sustaining Taxation in Rentier Economies: Evidence from Nigeria

The rentier state thesis was proposed to explain the unique political and economic nature of governance in resource-rich countries starting in the 1970s. The wealth in a rentier state is usually accrued through extraction and selling of valuable natural resources under the full control of the government which is mainly directed by a ruling elite group. Nigeria is described as a ‘rentier state’ as a result of its mono-economy in which oil rents play a dominant part. The paper examines the rentier state syndrome in Nigeria and how it affects tax revenues, which are largely based on non-oil sector development. The Rentier State Theory was adopted as the theoretical framework of the study. A documentary research design was used for the study. Data collection was done using secondary sources while data analysis involved the use of descriptive statistics and content analysis. Findings of the study revealed that oil revenue has over the years surpassed tax revenue and remains the mainstay of the Nigerian economy. It also showed that the imbalance between tax revenues and resource rents in Nigeria is due to quick profits from oil; opportunistic rent seeking and rent grabbing; weak private sector; and the desire by political elites to undermine transparency and accountability that comes with a functional tax system. The study recommends economic diversification, deregulation, digitalization and tax transparency as mechanisms for sustaining tax revenues in Nigeria’s rentier economy.

REPRESENTATION OF EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES AND THEIR RELATION TO ELEMENTS OF ECONOMIC CULTURE IN THE FILM LASKAR PELANGI

Currently, film is no longer interpreted as a work of visual art, but as a social representation and mass communication. In which there is a lot of social interaction to build a good film. While film can also be interpreted as a means to convey messages conveyed to the community. Film is a new facility for all humans to work both in writing and orally which can provide visualization into a film. So film as a means of mass communication also functions as a cultural transmission in society. Laskar Pelangi film with educational and social themes is understood as a representation of cultural reality that shows how a culture works and lives in a society. So that film can be said to be an effective medium in cultural learning by the community. This research is a cultural studies research with a subjective research approach. Through the unit of analysis in the form of the Laskar Pelangi film, this concept reflects a number of educational cultural findings such as the still weak education sector due to the uneven distribution of the education budget that is not optimal, the pretentiousness of education because it is more concerned with prestige than skills, lack of respect for the process, education is still measured from statistical figures. and the commercialization of education. Keywords: film, education, culture, economy

Does FinTech penetration drive financial development? Evidence from panel analysis of emerging and developing economies

Recent innovations in digital financial technologies (FinTech) have called into question the role of FinTech in financial development. This study examines FinTech's direct and conditional effects on financial development using data from emerging and developing economies. Three measures of financial development (broad money, Private credit, and bank deposits) and two conditional factors (financial performance and financial inclusion) were investigated vis-à-vis FinTech penetration. This paper demonstrates that FinTech penetration not only drives financial development but also strongly impacts the financial development of countries with weak financial sector performance and low financial inclusion. These findings have several policy implications: (1) countries with weak financial sector performance could leverage FinTech to improve financial development, and (2) appropriate policies on FinTech development can drive digital financial inclusion, financial deepening, and consequently economic growth.

Innovative Almond-Growing Strategy in Ukraine: Enterprise Level

Almond production in Ukraine is undergoing the process of formation. There is an urgent need to study the almond market in Ukraine, including the formation of production strategies. A content analysis of the scientific literature was used to single out the general approach for enterprise strategy development. With a view toward determining the regions in Ukraine with the most concentrated production of almonds, a cluster analysis was carried out. To maintain the SWOT analysis for the producers of almonds in Ukraine, a factor analysis was conducted. The incoming data for the factor analysis was obtained by surveying 98 domestic almond companies. For the development of product-based conceptual models, frequency analysis and multiple-choice analysis were applied. The main results included a conceptual model of the product portfolio, a generalized product portfolio for nut-producing enterprises in Ukraine, and a strategic approach for an almond-growing enterprise in Ukraine. Given the most promising regions for almond growing in Ukraine, the main SWOT analysis results outlined the broad prospects: lack of competition, high demand, and government support along with weak sector organization and opportunistic strategy. In addition, almond production fell under the investment production category, which was considered to require new employees.

A two-generational SU(7) model with extended weak sector: mass hierarchies, mixings, and the flavor non-universality

We study a possible gauge symmetry breaking pattern in an SU(7) grand unified theory, which describes the mass origins of all electrically charged SM fermions of the second and the third generations. Two intermediate gauge symmetries of {mathcal{G}}_{341}equiv textrm{SU}{(3)}_cotimes textrm{SU}{(4)}_Wotimes textrm{U}{(1)}_{X_0} and {mathcal{G}}_{331}equiv textrm{SU}{(3)}_cotimes textrm{SU}{(4)}_Wotimes textrm{U}{(1)}_{X_1} arise above the electroweak scale. SM fermion mass hierarchies between two generations can be obtained through a generalized seesaw mechanism. The mechanism can be achieved with suppressed symmetry breaking VEVs from multiple Higgs fields that are necessary to avoid tadpole terms in the Higgs potential. Some general features of the SU(7) fermion spectrum will be described, which include the existence of vectorlike fermions, the tree-level flavor changing weak currents between the SM fermions and heavy partner fermions, and the flavor non-universality between different SM generations from the extended weak sector.

Innovation capacity, food system development, and the size of the agricultural research system

IntroductionThis article contributes to a better understanding of the context in which agricultural R&D investment takes place in low- and middle-income countries, and how innovation capacity, the development of the food system, and the size of the research system affect R&D investment.MethodsA three-step methodology is proposed where the first step consists of creating an index of the development of a food system using indicators of the technological transformation of the food supply chain and the changes in diets on the demand side. The second step involves developing a measure of innovation capacity at the country level, while the final step consists of systematic comparisons of countries with large and small agricultural research systems to find the relationship between the size of a country's research system, the level of development of its food system, and its overall capacity to innovate.ResultsThe results reveal that there is a high and positive correlation between innovation capacity and the development of the food system and a negative correlation between these two indicators and the size of the agricultural research system in low- and middle-income countries. The lower overall quality and level of development of the education and scientific research systems in countries with small agricultural research systems are important factors contributing to reduced innovation capacity. In addition, countries with small agricultural research systems are challenged with a comparatively poor innovation environment, poor market development, a weak private sector, a lack of competition in domestic markets, and a largely rural population with poor links to markets.DiscussionThe results of the analysis stress the need to increase the efficiency and productivity of agricultural research by implementing policies that get the most out of available resources while minimizing the negative effect of small-scale research operations. Increased coordination and integration of agricultural research at the regional and global level can help avoid duplication, enhance the efficiency of small-scale organizations, and make research more cost-effective and impactful.

Community-Centered Sustainable Ecotourism Planning in the Bossou Forest Reserve, Guinea, West Africa

Forest reserves are spaces of conservation and are often spaces of ecotourism as well. Evidence suggests that local community participation in the conservation of the forest reserve space tends to break down under weak ecotourism sector management. The Bossou Forest Reserve (BFR) in Guinea, West Africa has deteriorated considerably due to the fragmentation of the reserve and the inexorable decline in Bossou chimpanzee populations since the 1970s. The situation is largely attributable to several complex and interrelated factors, including the lack of established processes to support meaningful community participation in conservation and ecotourism planning. Ecotourism planning, with the participation of local communities, is considered to strengthen the management of the BFR and conservation connectivity. This paper reports on an approach to sustainable ecotourism planning of the BFR using the Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC) framework to determine the drivers of change and livelihood concerns. Fieldwork undertook in 2019 entailed concept mapping activities which were followed by a participatory geographic information system (PGIS) approach to support community-scale ecotourism planning that considers the multiple needs of stakeholders. Data analysis resulted in a community-centered situational assessment and classification of opportunities, both of which inform ecotourism planning and social-ecological resilience. The study provides baseline data for developing a robust ecotourism management plan capable of coping with the changing internal and external stressors. PGIS-based ecotourism planning can support community priorities and is potentially applicable to other West African areas with similar ecological and livelihood settings.

Measurement of the axial vector form factor from antineutrino–proton scattering

Scattering of high energy particles from nucleons probes their structure, as was done in the experiments that established the non-zero size of the proton using electron beams1. The use of charged leptons as scattering probes enables measuring the distribution of electric charges, which is encoded in the vector form factors of the nucleon2. Scattering weakly interacting neutrinos gives the opportunity to measure both vector and axial vector form factors of the nucleon, providing an additional, complementary probe of their structure. The nucleon transition axial form factor, FA, can be measured from neutrino scattering from free nucleons, νμn → μ−p and {bar{nu }}_{mu }pto {mu }^{+}n, as a function of the negative four-momentum transfer squared (Q2). Up to now, FA(Q2) has been extracted from the bound nucleons in neutrino–deuterium scattering3–9, which requires uncertain nuclear corrections10. Here we report the first high-statistics measurement, to our knowledge, of the {bar{nu }}_{mu },pto {mu }^{+}n cross-section from the hydrogen atom, using the plastic scintillator target of the MINERvA11 experiment, extracting FA from free proton targets and measuring the nucleon axial charge radius, rA, to be 0.73 ± 0.17 fm. The antineutrino–hydrogen scattering presented here can access the axial form factor without the need for nuclear theory corrections, and enables direct comparisons with the increasingly precise lattice quantum chromodynamics computations12–15. Finally, the tools developed for this analysis and the result presented are substantial advancements in our capabilities to understand the nucleon structure in the weak sector, and also help the current and future neutrino oscillation experiments16–20 to better constrain neutrino interaction models.

Public Procurement And Project Management At Transitional Context : Analysis Of Single Source Contracting Practices

Procurement of goods, works and services are considered as key functions of every government to achieve their development strategy goals which consumes the large amount of national GDP and annual budget. Public procurement shall be carried out in a transparent, accountable, effective, competitive and efficient manners with high level of integrity. Procurement and contracting operations using single-source or direct contracting method (an alternative to competitive options) creates a lot of controversies. The aim of this study is to explore the issues and practices of single source procurement and contracting methods, their justifications and impact on the project performance and sustainability. Adopting the mixed approach of qualitative and content analysis techniques; case study of conflict effected nations is conducted. For this purpose, a systematic literature review (SLR) of 15 conflict affected nations in Asia is carried out and case study of Timor-Leste located in East-Asia and Nepal located in South-Asia is conducted on the basis of research purposive approach. Similarly, a group discussion, preliminary interviews and in-depth interviews are also conducted involving project stake holders and then simple triangulation approach is applied for verification and validation purpose. Findings from in-depth interviews of 30 experienced participants, 5 group discussions and 10 preliminary interviews are included in this research paper. The participants have identified 15 key factors those are responsible for single-source contracting decisions like poor institutional capacity, political interference, corruption motives, weak private sector competition, decision delays, collusions among bidders, emergency situations and others. Identified consequences of direct contracting methods are delivery of goods and services in poor quality, cost overrun, promote corruption, social conflict, injustice, political instability including overall projects performance. It is expected that the findings of this research will contribute to a better understanding towards proper application of the available competitive methods of public procurement and contracting operations rather than selecting the non-competitive choices.

The current state and ways of development of innovative infrastructure of Stavropol krai

The purpose of the article is to study the features of the existing innovation infrastructure and the prospects for the development of the innovative potential of Stavropol Krai as one of the primary factors of economic growth in the region. To achieve this goal, a thorough analysis of the current state of the innovative component of the regional economy was carried out on the basis of key statistical indicators of innovation activity, the leading social institutions and organizations that have a significant impact on the formation of the innovation climate in the region were identified, the mechanisms of public-private partnership as one of the most effective methods of financial and organizational support for business in the process of innovation activity were carefully considered. As a result of the work done, the distinctive features of the innovation economy in Stavropol Krai and the weakest sectors have been identified, on the basis of which recommendations have been developed for the qualitative stimulation of local manufacturers of knowledgeintensive products, increasing their interest in reorienting business from traditional development models to innovative ones, increasing the level of innovation literacy among the population and, as a consequence, their confidence in innovation-oriented business. The data obtained made it possible to predict the state of the main indicators of innovative development of Stavropol Krai for a period of up to three years, which indicates the presence of a significant potential of the region with competent management of available resources and support from the state. The high relevance of the research is due to the importance of creating an extensive and well-functioning innovation infrastructure in Stavropol Krai, stimulating innovative business activity and achieving a high level of public confidence in innovative transformations as key drivers of economic recovery and improving the well-being of the region as a whole

Cooperation and innovation in Italian agribusiness between theoretical analysis and empirical evidence

The Covid-19 pandemic has affected all economic sectors. The agri-food sector has also suffered very clear effects, especially in those production contexts characterized by corporate atomization, lack of cooperation, and innovation. An agrifood system, characterized by low levels of innovation and dependence on foreign countries for many raw materials and foodstuffs, must necessarily recover margins of competitiveness if it is to reverse course. This study analyses the current production scenario of the Italian agri-food industry and suggests strategies to recover margins of competitiveness. The study reveals a weak agricultural sector, while the food industry and distribution are highly competitive. Today, small agribusinesses are unable to be competitive as they increasingly operate in a globalized market that leads to disconnections between production and consumption. Cooperation strategies (aggregation of production supply), which are the basis for innovation based on high investments, are the basis for the resilience of agri-food enterprises. • Cooperation represents a strategy to increase the competitiveness of the business system. • Innovation is the engine for growth and development. • Agricultural businesses must become more competitive and create a system.