Weak Hierarchy Research Articles

체계기능언어학의 주기어 위계 연구

Objectives The purpose of this study is to explicitly show how the hierarchy of periodicity in Korean texts is ana-lyzed based on Systemic Functional Linguistics.
 Methods The hierarchy of periodicity is viewed as having an expanding structure, like the flow of water, which expands into small waves, large waves, and tidal waves. It is explained that when the flow of text expands from clause to paragraph (→ chapter → text), it does not continue in a straight line, but expands like a wave in a circle. Assuming that this hierarchy of periodicity has genre differences, this paper analyzed the text of political news-paper articles related to the ‘Itaewon tragedy’ in written language and the text of parliamentary meeting related to the ‘Itaewon tragedy’ in spoken language.
 Results In terms of the hierarchical structure of the periodical, the newspaper article and the meeting showed different characteristics. The newspaper article (Text-I) was relatively well organized and followed the typical hi-erarchical structure of a periodical. In particular, it showed that it faithfully followed the structure of HyperTheme - (Elaboration) - HyperNew, which is necessary to organize paragraphs (paragraphs). It also followed the structure of MacroTheme - (Paragraph) - MacroNew when organizing units larger than paragraphs. The meeting text, on the other hand, shows a weak hierarchy, as the MacroTheme is sometimes omitted, and when organizing para-graphs, the HyperNew following the HyperTheme is omitted before moving on to the next topic, the MacroTheme.
 Conclusions This paper introduced the concepts of hierarchy of periodic words and serial word expansion of dis-course as two double-headed wagons for studying discourse meaning. I hope this article to be useful for future research on periodicity in Korean texts of various genres, as it demonstrates how to analyze discourse at the para-graph and text level beyond the analysis of ‘clause’ units, and examines the genre differences between them.

An interval convexity-based framework for multilevel clustering with applications to single-linkage clustering

Hierarchies of sets, and most multilevel clustering models, have been characterized as convexities induced by interval functions satisfying specific properties, thus giving rise to a unifying framework for characterizing multilevel clustering models. Here, we show that this unifying framework can be relevant to data mining practice. First, we provide a flexible characterization of hierarchies and weak hierarchies as interval convexities. Second, we investigate the Apresjan hierarchy and the Bandelt and Dress weak hierarchy, and characterize them as interval convexities. Third, we propose a method for computing recursively a sequence of path-based dissimilarities which decreases from an arbitrary dissimilarity downto its subdominant ultrametric. We prove that these path-based dissimilarities define two sequences of nested families of interval convexities. One sequence increases from the Apresjan hierarchy to the single-link hierarchy, and the other from a subset of the single-link hierarchy to the Bandelt and Dress weak hierarchy. Applications to the simplification and validation of the single-link hierarchy of an arbitrary dissimilarity are discussed.

Centrality on the periphery: an analysis of rural settlement hierarchy in the Dutch part of the Roman limes

The Lower Rhine region was of crucial importance for the Roman empire as a transit zone from Gaul to the North Sea. The river Rhine functioned both as a transport artery and as a defence line. Huge investments were made in the first century CE to protect this economic lifeline, by installing a line of forts and legionary camps along the river from Cologne up to the North Sea, known as the Lower Germanic limes. Unlike areas further south, however, its hinterland did not witness a development towards a ‘central place’ settlement pattern, but instead shows seemingly separate trajectories of development of the ‘urban’ and ‘rural’ settlements. In this paper, the apparently weak socio-economic interaction between the towns, forts and rural hinterland is analysed using a model of settlement hierarchy originally developed by Bertoncello et al. (2012). Data on building materials and ceramic imports found in archaeological surveys and excavations in the Dutch part of the region were used as indicators of socio-economic status, and settlements were classified accordingly. Statistical and spatial analysis of the resulting settlement classification revealed a weak hierarchy of rural settlement in the region, that was to some extent influenced by the development of towns.

Catch-me-if-you-can: the overshoot problem and the weak/inflation hierarchy

We study the overshoot problem in the context of post-inflationary string cosmology (in particular LVS). LVS cosmology features a long kination epoch as the volume modulus rolls down the exponential slope towards the final minimum, with an energy density that scales as {m}_s^4 . It is a known fact that such a roll admits attractor tracker solutions, and if these are located the overshoot problem is solved. We show that, provided a sufficiently large hierarchy exists between the inflationary scale and the weak scale, this will always occur in LVS as initial seed radiation grows into the tracker solution. The consistency requirement of ending in a stable vacuum containing the weak hierarchy therefore gives a preference for high inflationary scales — an anthropic argument, if one likes, for a large inflation/weak hierarchy. We discuss various origins, both universal and model-dependent, of the initial seed radiation (or matter). One particularly interesting case is that of a fundamental string network arising from brane inflation — this may lead to an early epoch in which the universe energy density principally consists of gravitational waves, while an LVS fundamental string network survives into the present universe.

A General Framework for Identifying Hierarchical Interactions and Its Application to Genomics Data

The analysis of hierarchical interactions has long been a challenging problem due to the large number of candidate main effects and interaction effects, and the need for accommodating the “main effects, interactions” hierarchy. The two-stage analysis methods enjoy simplicity and low computational cost, but contradict the fact that the outcome of interest is attributable to the joint effects of multiple main factors and their interactions. The existing joint analysis methods can accurately describe the underlying data generating process, but suffer from prohibitively high computational cost. And it is not straightforward to extend their optimization algorithms to general loss functions. To address this need, we develop a new computational method that is much faster than the existing joint analysis methods and rivals the runtimes of two-stage analysis. The proposed method, HierFabs , adopts the framework of the forward and backward stagewise algorithm and enjoys computational efficiency and broad applicability. To accommodate hierarchy without imposing additional constraints, it has newly developed forward and backward steps. It naturally accommodates the strong and weak hierarchy, and makes optimization much simpler and faster than in the existing studies. Optimality of HierFabs sequences is investigated theoretically. Simulations show that it outperforms the existing methods. The analysis of TCGA data on melanoma demonstrates its competitive practical performance. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.

A novel robust structural quadratic forecasting model and applications

Recently, big data have been collected and stored for the purpose of forecasting in modern operations management. Nevertheless, a massive amount of data information does not provide additional advantages as expected when implementing forecasting or decision-making tasks but causes a waste of time and memory for collection, storage, and computing. Besides hierarchical time series forecasting, strong and weak hierarchies in variable space have also been studied for years. To this end, structural variable selection methods that extract vital information from data by distinguishing important variable from nuisance variable with strong or weak hierarchy are favored by scholars. However, the existing structural variable selection methods focus on establishing models with Gaussian or binomial noises without considering heavy-tailed distributions. Therefore, in this paper, we investigate a robust structured variable selection approach called structural quadratic quantile regression. The model hierarchies are achieved using a proper design of an optimization with check loss function for robustness, regularization term, and one constraint. In computation, a novel algorithm is derived based on Dykstra's algorithm and the proximal alternating direction method of multipliers (pADMM), and its convergence is theoretically guaranteed. Finally, the efficacy of the proposed approach is demonstrated using both simulation and empirical applications from numbers of scientific domains in forecasting.

Search optimization, funnel topography, and dynamical criticality on the string landscape

A striking feature of our universe is its near criticality. The cosmological constant and weak hierarchy problems, as well as the metastability of the electroweak vacuum, can all be understood as problems of criticality. This suggests a statistical physics approach, based on the landscape of string theory. In this paper we present a dynamical selection mechanism for hospitable vacua based on search optimization. Instead of focusing on late-time, stationary probability distributions for the different vacua, we are interested in the approach to equilibrium. This is particularly relevant if cosmological evolution on the multiverse has occurred for a finite time much shorter than the exponentially-long mixing time for the landscape. We argue this imposes a strong selection pressure among hospitable vacua, favoring those that lie in regions where the search algorithm is efficient. Specifically, we show that the mean first passage time is minimized for hospitable vacua lying at the bottom of funnel-like regions, akin to the smooth folding funnels of naturally-occurring proteins and the convex loss functions of well-trained deep neural networks. The optimality criterion is time-reparametrization invariant and defined by two competing requirements: search efficiency, which requires minimizing the mean first passage time, and sweeping exploration, which requires that random walks are recurrent. Optimal landscape regions reach a compromise by lying at the critical boundary between recurrence and transience, thereby achieving dynamical criticality. Remarkably, this implies that the optimal lifetime of vacua coincides with the de Sitter Page time, τcrit ∼ MPl2/H3. Our mechanism makes concrete phenomenological predictions: 1. The expected lifetime of our universe is 10130 years, which is ≳ 2σ from the Standard Model metastability estimate; 2. The supersymmetry breaking scale should be high, ≳ 1010 GeV. The present framework suggests a correspondence between the near-criticality of our universe and non-equilibrium critical phenomena on the landscape.

Axiomatic characterization of transit functions of weak hierarchies

Transit functions provide a unified approach to study notions of intervals, convexities, and betweenness. Recently, their scope has been extended to certain set systems associated with clustering. We characterize here the class of set systems that correspond to k-ary monotonic transit functions. Convexities form a subclass and are characterized in terms of transit functions by two additional axioms. We then focus on axiom systems associated with weak hierarchies as well as other generalizations of hierarchical set systems.

HIERARCHIES OF FORCING AXIOMS, THE CONTINUUM HYPOTHESIS AND SQUARE PRINCIPLES

AbstractI analyze the hierarchies of the bounded and the weak bounded forcing axioms, with a focus on their versions for the class of subcomplete forcings, in terms of implications and consistency strengths. For the weak hierarchy, I provide level-by-level equiconsistencies with an appropriate hierarchy of partially remarkable cardinals. I also show that the subcomplete forcing axiom implies Larson’s ordinal reflection principle atω2, and that its effect on the failure of weak squares is very similar to that of Martin’s Maximum.

Semi-Supervised Nonlinear Distance Metric Learning via Forests of Max-Margin Cluster Hierarchies

Metric learning is a key problem for many data mining and machine learning applications, and has long been dominated by Mahalanobis methods. Recent advances in nonlinear metric learning have demonstrated the potential power of non-Mahalanobis distance functions, particularly tree-based functions. We propose a novel nonlinear metric learning method that uses an iterative, hierarchical variant of semi-supervised max-margin clustering to construct a forest of cluster hierarchies, where each individual hierarchy can be interpreted as a weak metric over the data. By introducing randomness during hierarchy training and combining the output of many of the resulting semi-random weak hierarchy metrics, we can obtain a powerful and robust nonlinear metric model. This method has two primary contributions: first, it is semi-supervised, incorporating information from both constrained and unconstrained points. Second, we take a relaxed approach to constraint satisfaction, allowing the method to satisfy different subsets of the constraints at different levels of the hierarchy rather than attempting to simultaneously satisfy all of them. This leads to a more robust learning algorithm. We compare our method to a number of state-of-the-art benchmarks on $k$ -nearest neighbor classification, large-scale image retrieval and semi-supervised clustering problems, and find that our algorithm yields results comparable or superior to the state-of-the-art.

Quantifying dominance of adult female white-tailed deer in the presence of abundant food

Dominance is a behavioural mechanism that allows individuals to access and monopolize resources which should ultimately improve their fitness. Hierarchy strength should be strongest when resources are limited; however, this relationship is not consistent. We provided abundant food to assess whether hierarchy strength was consistent with resource abundance using 9 groups of captive female white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). We further assessed how body mass, age and testosterone levels were associated with rank position. Deer displayed a weak hierarchy with a mean linearity () of 0.39 (SD = 0.09) and a mean directional consistency index of 0.83 (SD = 0.06). Rank was related to body mass (, slope = 0.011), but not age or testosterone levels (). We demonstrate that hierarchy strength was weak in the presence of abundant food resources and suggest the possibility that dominance is a plastic behaviour that may vary with resource abundance.

Environmental governance in a contested state:the influence of European Union and other external actors on energy sector regulation in Kosovo

This article examines environmental governance in Kosovo, with a particular focus on the energy sector. The article considers the degree to which the emerging model of environmental governance is characterised by hierarchical and non-hierarchical modes of coordination. We examine the roles of a number of domestic institutions and actors – ministries, agencies, and regulatory bodies– and the influence of external actors, including the European Union, the United States, and Serbia. The European Union is building Kosovo’s own hierarchical governance capacity by strengthening domestic institutions, whilst the United States focuses primarily on market liberalisation, whilst simultaneously supporting European Union efforts. Moreover, environmental policy change is not wholly or predominantly driven by domestic actors, which can partly be attributed to Kosovo’s limited domestic sovereignty. We conclude that the emerging model of environmental governance in Kosovo is characterised by a weak hierarchy, partly as a result of external actor involvement, which disincentivises the government from responding to domestic non-state actor pressure.

Coordination in multilevel network-centric control systems of regional security: approach and formal model

The paper deals with development of methods and tools for mathematical and computer modeling of the multilevel network-centric control systems of regional security. This research is carried out under development strategy implementation of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation and national safeguarding for the period before 2020 in the Murmansk region territory. Creation of unified interdepartmental multilevel computer-aided system is proposed intended for decision-making information support and socio-economic security monitoring of the Arctic regions of Russia. The distinctive features of the investigated system class are openness, self-organization, decentralization of management functions and decision-making, weak hierarchy in the decision-making circuit and goal generation capability inside itself. Research techniques include functional-target approach, mathematical apparatus of multilevel hierarchical system theory and principles of network-centric control of distributed systems with pro-active components and variable structure. The work considers network-centric management local decisions coordination problem-solving within the multilevel distributed systems intended for information support of regional security. The coordination problem-solving approach and problem formalization in the multilevel network-centric control systems of regional security have been proposed based on developed multilevel recurrent hierarchical model of regional socio-economic system complex security. The model provides coordination of regional security indexes, optimized by the different elements of multilevel control systems, subject to decentralized decision-making. The model specificity consists in application of functional-target technology and mathematical apparatus of multilevel hierarchical system theory for coordination procedures implementation of the network-centric management local decisions. The work-out and research results can find further application both within the coordination problem-solving of managerial decision-making in the multilevel network-centric control systems used for different subject domains, and within the analysis and synthesis problem-solving of integral complex security index of the regional socio-economic system, represented as regional security index matrix.

Teaching communication skills: beyond wishful thinking.

Communication skills tend to decline with time unless they are regularly recalled and practiced. However, most medical schools still deliver clinical communication training only during pre-clinical years although the clinical environment is considered to be ideal for acquiring and teaching clinical communication. The aim of this article is to review the barriers that prevent communication skills teaching and training from occurring in clinical practice and describe strategies that may help enhance such activities. Barriers occur at several levels: students, junior doctors and clinical supervisors sometimes have negative attitudes towards communication training; structured training in communication skills is often insufficient; clinical supervisors behave as poor role models and lack effective communication and teaching skills; finally, there are organisational constraints such as lack of time, competing priorities, weak hierarchy support and lack of positive incentives for using, training or teaching good communication skills in clinical practice. Given the difficulty of assessing transfer of communication skills in practice, only few studies describe successful educational interventions. In order to optimise communication skills learning in practice, there is need to: (1.) modify the climate and structure of the working environment so that that use, training and teaching of good communication skills in clinical practice becomes valued, supported and rewarded; (2.) extend communication skills training to any field of medicine; (3.) provide regular structured trainings and tailor them to trainees' needs. Practical implications of such findings are discussed at the end of this review.

Preferred hierarchy scales from the product landscape

The product landscape method has been recently proposed to solve hierarchy problems such as the cosmological constant problem. We suggest that the parameter distribution on logarithmic scales should be used as a benchmark for hierarchy, and the preferred hierarchy scales can be obtained from the distribution peak. It is shown that generating hierarchy from purely product distribution is very inefficient. To achieve a reasonably acceptable efficiency, other effects such as accumulation of weak hierarchy in the effective theory should be incorporated.

Zero texture lepton mass matrices and near tribimaximal mixing in the SO(10) theory

We have described the quark and lepton masses and mixings in context of non-SUSY SO(10) and "four-zero-texture" (FZT). In the FZT case, the fermion masses and the mixing angles can be related. We predict the neutrino masses using the near tribimaximal (TBM) mixing and the triminimal mixing. Our results show that under TBM, the neutrinos have a normal, but weak hierarchy. Variations of the neutrino masses under the "Near TBM-scenario" are also discussed.

Empathy versus parsimony in understanding post-conflict affiliation in monkeys: model and empirical data.

Post-conflict affiliation between former opponents and bystanders occurs in several species of non-human primates. It is classified in four categories of which affiliation received by the former victim, ‘consolation’, has received most attention. The hypotheses of cognitive constraint and social constraint are inadequate to explain its occurrence. The cognitive constraint hypothesis is contradicted by recent evidence of ‘consolation’ in monkeys and the social constraint hypothesis lacks information why ‘consolation’ actually happens. Here, we combine a computational model and an empirical study to investigate the minimum cognitive requirements for post-conflict affiliation. In the individual-based model, individuals are steered by cognitively simple behavioural rules. Individuals group and when nearby each other they fight if they are likely to win, otherwise, they may groom, especially when anxious. We parameterize the model after empirical data of a tolerant species, the Tonkean macaque (Macaca tonkeana). We find evidence for the four categories of post-conflict affiliation in the model and in the empirical data. We explain how in the model these patterns emerge from the combination of a weak hierarchy, social facilitation, risk-sensitive aggression, interactions with partners close-by and grooming as tension-reduction mechanism. We indicate how this may function as a new explanation for empirical data.

Brane localization and stabilization via regional physics

Extra-dimensional scenarios have become widespread among particle and gravitational theories of physics to address several outstanding problems, including cosmic acceleration, the weak hierarchy problem, and the quantization of gravity. In general, the topology and geometry of the full spacetime manifold will be non-trivial, even if our ordinary dimensions have the topology of their covering space. Most compact manifolds are inhomogeneous, even if they admit a homogeneous geometry, and it will be physically relevant where in the extra-dimensions one is located. In this letter, we explore the use of both local and global effects in a braneworld scenario to naturally provide position-dependent forces that determine and stabilize the location of a single brane. For illustrative purposes, we consider the 2-dimensional hyperbolic horn and the Euclidean cone as toy models of the extra-dimensional manifold, and add a brane wrapped around one of the two spatial dimensions. We calculate the total energy due to brane tension and bending (extrinsic curvature) as well as that due to the Casimir energy of a bulk scalar satisfying a Dirchlet boundary condition on the brane. From the competition of at least two of these effects there can exist a stable minimum of the effective potential for the brane location. However, on more generic spaces (on which more symmetries are broken) any one of these effects may be sufficient to stabilize the brane. We discuss this as an example of physics that is neither local nor global, but regional.

Environmental Taxes, Inequality and Technical Change

Environmental innovations heavily depend on government policies and consumers’ behaviour. This paper addresses the issue of how these two factors interact in shaping the transition to a green technology. We extend models of technological selection with heterogeneous agents and learning by including a weak hierarchy between green and polluting goods. For general distributions of agents’ income and the explicit inclusion of a carbon tax, the model is not analytically tractable so we derive our results using numerical simulations. Given the level of income, carbon taxes are more effective when technological improvements brought about by wealthy pioneer consumers suffice in inducing the remaining population to buy the green good. In this case, a negative relationship between income inequality and tax effectiveness emerges. Taxes on polluting production have a regressive effect since they are mainly paid by poorer people who consume less of the green good. For these people, a negative wealth effect strongly contrasts the standard substitution effect of the tax. Finally, both lower inequality and taxes have the expected effect for intermediate levels of the learning parameter.

Exploring the parameter space of texture four-zero quark mass matrices

We have attempted to extend the parameter space of the elements of the texture four-zero Hermitian quark mass matrices, to include the case of ‘weak hierarchy’ amongst them along with the usually considered ‘strong hierarchy’ case. This has been carried out by giving wide variation to the hierarchy defining parameters DU and DD, having implications for the structural features of the mass matrices. We find that not only are the weakly hierarchical mass matrices able to reproduce the strongly hierarchical mixing angles but also both the phases, having their origin in the mass matrices, have to be non-zero to achieve compatibility of these matrices with recent quark mixing data. Further noting the difference between the exclusive and inclusive values of Vub, we have carried out separate analyses corresponding to these.