Weak Entity Research Articles

EUROPEAN UNION AT THE DAWN OF TECHNOLOGICAL COLD WAR

The purpose of the study was to construct a picture of the EU’s global position in a world defined by the US-Chinese technological Cold War. Morphological analysis has been used to enable a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between the technological and social domains. Structured interviews were also used to support the analytical process. The results of the exploration showed a picture of the EU’s multi-level technological weakness compared to competing powers. While the EU is not a weak entity, its future international position will depend on the creation of its own technological capabilities and on cooperation with the United States. Both lines of action are subject to multiple risks. Firstly, some aggressive technological developments (such as the plans to place microchips production in Europe) can generate more problems than diversification. Secondly, the EU must extend its work on high-tech (primarily AI) beyond the logic of market regulation and focus on their geopolitical and military dimension. It must also be ready for possible obstacles in cooperation with the United States. The alternative to this track, as the analysis shows, is the technological, and hence the political and economic peripheral status, where two technological superpowers – the United States and authoritarian China will compete. The most negative result for the EU is the status of “digital colony”. The paper aspires to be a part of the effort to fill the existing void in the scientific output of Polish social sciences, regarding exploration of the geopolitical dimension of technological progress, especially its impact on EU’s position in the new power distribution model, which will be the result of the rivalry between the US and China.

The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and Protection of Rights and Freedoms

The main objective of the Constitutional Court is to protect rights and freedoms within its jurisdiction. The implementation of this objective is illustrated by the analysis how frequently the Court cited constitutional provisions concerning rights and freedoms in its decisions during the period of its work until 1 June 2020. The paper contains analysis of the data mentioned above. In a problematic way, the author demonstartes his approach to the understanding of the purpose of rights and freedoms in their relation to the duties of people. Theoretically, the intended purpose of rights and freedoms is to ensure the social freedom of people who are anxious for a fair social order, their full self-determination and the self-development of society. This implies that the Constitutional Court focuses not merely on the current protection of certain rights and freedoms, but on ensuring their priority in general in social and legal regulation, creating and maintaining a spirit of priority and overcoming the paternalistic order in the country. The priority of rights and freedoms extends not only to rights and freedoms expressly enshrined, but also to other people’s claims (legitimate interests, legitimate expectations). The latter are intended to guide implementation of other rights and freedoms, and, at the same time, to serve as the basis for the allocation of new rights. One of the manifestations of the priority of constitutional rights and freedoms is the direct application of rules that enshrine rights and freedoms by the Constitutional Court to the sectoral regulation, expanding the scope of rights and freedoms, particularly through the interpretation of constitutional concepts on the case-by-case basis. Particular attention is paid to the doctrinal views and approach of the Constitutional Court to the role of the category of human dignity in the systematic application of rights and freedoms. The paper has analysed how the Constitutional Court applies a well-known construction of a strong and weak entity in legal relations in its application to public power relations. Another aspect of the subject matter is the Court’s approach to securing the balance between different rights and freedoms.

RECENT TIE UP OF SBI WITH ITS ASSOCIATES: A PROBE OF PRE AND POST-MERGER ATTAINMENT THROUGH THE LENS OF CAMELS FRAMEWORK

The term ‘merger’ signifies the joining of two or more business concerns into a single one mainly with the purpose of generating much more effective output. But, sometimes these tie up events are done to absorb the weak entity with intention to cover up these sick entity’s loopholes. Merger in banking sector is now a latest trend to take over weak banks and enhance its business capability with capturing a huge portion of competitive market. In simple terms, banks are unified to enjoy the synergy benefits of the merger. State Bank of India which is currently the most popular one public sector bank of India also witnessed such kind of consolidation events primarily with its subsidiaries banks. The almost latest tie up deal of SBI with its five subsidiaries banks & Bharatiya Mahila Bank occurred on 1st April 2017 is the center point of this study around which analysis is rotating with the intention to examine the impact of consolidation on this largest bank’s performance through the lens of CAMELS framework. This article is purely based on secondary data and all the required facts & figures are congregated from ‘CAPITALINE- 2000 Database’. Three years pre tie up phase (i.e., from 2014-15 to 2016-17) & three years post tie up phase (i.e., from 2017-18 to 2019-20) of State Bank India are explored in this study. The findings of the study confirms that State Bank of India has failed to enjoy the benefits of merger as it take over its own associate banks which are already have high non- performing assets. Ratios related to capital adequacy do not point any remarkable improvements in post-merger phase. Similarly, bank has failed to improve its assets quality. Except Business per Employee all the management efficiency ratios have not gained enough mileage. Overall earnings capacity and liquidity of the bank has also deteriorated after merger. As a whole it can be opined that merger has not made any significant difference in financial performance of SBI, at least in short run. KEYWORDS: Merger & Acquisition, CAMELS, Assets Quality, Sensitivity, Banking Sector

An ontology of weak entity realism for HPC kinds

This paper defends an ontology of weak entity realism for homeostatic property cluster (HPC) theories of natural kinds, adapted from Bird’s (Synthese 195(4):1397–1426, 2018) taxonomy of such theories. Weak entity realism about HPC kinds accepts the existence of natural kinds. Weak entity realism denies two theses: that (1) HPC kinds have mind-independent essences, and that (2) HPC kinds reduce to entities, such as complex universals, posited only by metaphysical theories. Strong entity realism accepts (1) and (2), whereas moderate entity realism accepts only (1). Given its commitment to (2), strong entity realism is more theoretically complex than weak entity realism, with little explanatory payoff. Given their commitment to (1), moderate and strong entity realisms cannot explain how the identity conditions of HPC kinds are to be straightforwardly knowable. I argue that weak entity realism avoids such epistemic difficulties. I further rebut two plausible criticisms of weak entity realism, namely that weak entity realism cannot account for quantification over kinds, and that weak entity realism cannot provide identity conditions for HPC kinds which are both scientifically useful and objective. Given the theoretical costs of strong and moderate entity realism, and weak entity realism’s adequate response to its most plausible challenges, weak entity realism about HPCs is to be preferred, especially for biological and chemical kinds.

Протокол сертификации целостности облачных вычислений

We define a problem of certifying computation integrity performed by some remote party we do not necessarily trust. We present a multi-party interactive protocol that solves this problem under specified constraints. The protocol rely on a computing entity called weak reliable computing device that is able to produce certificate for a tiny computation. A complex computation of a user can be certified by relying on such weak entity if we translate the user program into an iterative form that converges to the result, a style resembling continuation-passing style programming paradigm. Each iteration of the computation can then be certified by the weak reliable computing device. To ensure the user that computation result was computed fairly and correctly, we put this mechanism into a multi-party incentivized context of several computing providers competing with each other for publishing the result and taking the reward, or finding an error in the published result of other parties. Together with computation result, the computation certificate is published. The certificate is constructed in such a way that other fair parties (auditors) are able to find divergent computation step in O(logn) steps, where n is a number of computing steps taken before reaching the result. If error is found, the auditor sends proof of the error (called refutation) in the trusted weak computing device that plays the role of autonomous transparent arbiter able to check refutation by replaying a tiny fraction of the computation. Comparing to the nearest related work, our protocol reduces a proof construction complexity from O(nlogn) to O(n) , turning a communication complexity to exactly one round using a certificate of a comparable length. We also give the formal specification for the protocol and prove some of its security properties in a specified threat-model. Experimental evaluation of the protocol in a model setting is provided.

Porozumienie Stronnictw Demokratycznych 1948-1950 – próba konsolidacji polskiej emigracji politycznej

Agreement of Democratic Parties in the Years 1948-1950 – an Attempt to Consolidate the Milieu of Polish Political Immigration
 After his arrival to London in 1947, Stanisław Mikołajczyk undertook endeavors to form a national committee, which would be a projection of the World War II quadruple agreement, which brought together Polish Peasant Party (Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe), Polish Socialist Party (Polska Partia Socjalistyczna), Labor Party (Stronnictwo Pracy) and National Party (Stronnictwo Narodowe). The creation of the Agreement of Democratic Parties was to be the initial step towards the future cooperation and functioning. Yet the National Party was not interested in such cooperation and the Agreement turned out to be a weak entity, unable to conduct active policy among Polish emigration. Differences between parties proved to be too big a barrier, among others regarding the question of the legality of Polish government in exile. The final blow to Mikołajczyk’s concept was the creation of Political Council by National Party, Polish Socialist Party and the Polish Liberty Movement “Independence and Democracy” (Polski Ruch Wolnościowy „Niepodległość i Demokracja”).

Implementación Asistida de Bases de Datos Relacionales en Firebird/Interbase

Un universo de discurso puede representarse a través de un diseño conceptual traducible en un modelo de datos lógico relacional y puede implementarse utilizando un sistema de gestor de bases de datos relacionales como Firebird/Interbase (FB). FB tiene una serie de tecnologías tales como: disparadores, procedimientos almacenados, tablas derivadas a partir de procedimientos; que permiten la resolución de los siguientes casos de implementación genéricos: atributos derivados, cardinalidad máxima, tipo - subtipo mutuamente excluyentes, entidad fuerte – entidad débil con discriminante ascendente consecutivo. Estos casos típicos se enmarcan en dos modelos de implementación posibles y extremos: interacción directa (modelo A) e interacción indirecta (modelo B) sobre las tablas de la base de datos. Se desarrollan cada una de estas implementaciones posibles en ambos modelos; se automatiza todo el desarrollo utilizando un software desarrollado como producto de este trabajo, que facilita la correcta implementación de bases de datos relacionales.

Extracting Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) From Relational Database Schem

Database Reverse Engineering (DBRE) is an operation used to extract requirements from any system. The operation is implemented to facilitate the understanding of the system that has a little documentation about design and architecture. DBRE is a very important process used when database designers would like to expand the system or transition to the latest technology in DBRE fields. In the relational database model DBRE try to extract Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) from relational database schema. Database designers find content of the data for a lot of attributes are not related with their names. In this paper, proposed methodology used to extract ERD from relational database schema with the attributes related with their names, both types of entities regular and weak entity, relationships and keys, which are found in the table that has extracted the relational database schema. The basic inputs of this approach are relational database schema that generated from database. The relational database schema used to extract the information about ERD. After that, obtain information that contain keywords help database designers to extract entities and their attributes semantics related with their names from relational database schemas. Then, Determine primary keys, foreign keys and constraints of the database system. In the final step, the ERD is successfully extracted

Advance Articulated Entity Relationship (AAER) Diagram for Relational Database

The Entity-Relationship model (ER) is a systematic way of describing and defining many systems. The Articulated Entity Relationship (AER) is an improved model from ERdiagram by adding Functional Dependences (FDs) and normalization levels in automatically form. This paper proposed an methodology to add a new notation exactly for weak entity type and relationship between the two entity types. This notations added to the AER-diagram to facilitate the conversion from one form to another, and to make it easy to understand by the user. In addition, to it reduces the time spent by developers and designers to transform the ER-diagram to the relation (table) quickly without having to re-conversion of more than one person in the database. So, the notations define the important information in this stage. That added when convert the AAER-diagram to relation(table) in database or other form. The new notations determine the special information, such as the composite primary key for weak entity type and the primary key of the entity type that become foreign key in the other relation of other entity type according to the cardinality of the relationship. In addition, to the weak entity type and relationship between the two entity types special attributes for each one in his relation, and determined composed attribute. It be explained in detail with examples in context of this paper.

A fine-grained analysis of the support provided by UML class diagrams and ER diagrams during data model maintenance

This paper presents the results of an empirical study aiming at comparing the support provided by ER and UML class diagrams during maintenance of data models. We performed one controlled experiment and two replications that focused on comprehension activities (the first activity in the maintenance process) and another controlled experiment on modification activities related to the implementation of given change requests. The results achieved were analyzed at a fine-grained level aiming at comparing the support given by each single building block of the two notations. Such an analysis is used to identify weaknesses (i.e., building blocks not easy to comprehend) in a notation and/or can justify the need of preferring ER or UML for data modeling. The analysis revealed that the UML class diagrams generally provided a better support for both comprehension and modification activities performed on data models as compared to ER diagrams. Nevertheless, the former has some weaknesses related to three building blocks, i.e., multi-value attribute, composite attribute, and weak entity. These findings suggest that an extension of UML class diagrams should be considered to overcome these weaknesses and improve the support provided by UML class diagrams during maintenance of data models.

Further Analysis of the Entity-Relationship Approach to Database Design

The nondeterministic or deterministic entity-relationship model of a database is formaRy defined as a user's view of that database in terms of a collection of time-varying relations: the regular or weak entity relations, or the regular or weak relationship relations. Both nondeterministic and deterministic entity-relationship models have the same strength to characterize information concerning entities and relationships which exist in our minds. An improved table form of the relations is introduced to provide a clear and concise user's view of databases. The basic concept of the entity-relationship approach to the logical database design is provided, and is used to derive 3NF relations. FinaUly, a method of representing physicaly these relations, which are generated by the use of the entity-relationship approach to the logical database design, is presented. Thus, the entity-relationship approach to the logical and physical database design can also be realized.