Weak Economic Conditions Research Articles

The Impact of Country Characteristics on Board Gender Diversity and Sustainability Performance: A Global Perspective

This study assesses the role of country characteristics on the association between board gender diversity and sustainability performance. It evaluates the significance and relevance of country characteristics in capturing the contextual sensitivity of the relationship between board gender diversity and sustainability performance. Using a sample of 5087 firms from 50 countries, the study establishes that the presence of females on corporate boards enhances sustainability performance. However, the strength of this relationship is contingent on the characteristics of the country within which a firm operates. Specifically, the positive relationship between board gender diversity and sustainability performance is more pronounced in countries with higher cultural orientations on individualism, uncertainty avoidance, indulgence, and femininity. More substantial financial development, an application of civil law and legal systems and weaker economic conditions in a country also facilitate female directors in enhancing sustainability performance. The study provides deeper insights into how country factors interact with gender on the board factor in leading the sustainability performance of firms.

Diversification of rendang daun kayu: Strengthening the food security of the Minangkabau community

Rendang is one of the traditional Minangkabau culinary preparations of West Sumatra, Indonesia, that has gone global. Rendang sometimes uses meat, but some use plants as the main ingredient. Weak economic conditions and the high price of meat in the market do not become an excuse for Minangkabau people not to eat rendang because rendang culinary can be processed with vegetable-based ingredients. In Nagari Harau, Lima Puluh Kota Regency, West Sumatra, wood leaves from wild plants can be processed into a very delicious rendang culinary. They call it “rendang daun kayu.” Diversification of rendang daun kayu can be an exciting effort to improve the food security of the Minangkabau people. Thus, this article will discuss efforts to diversify rendang daun kayu as a strategy to strengthen the food security of the Minangkabau community. The qualitative descriptive method was used in this research. Primary data, secondary data, interview guidelines, and in-depth interview activities supported data collection. Informants were selected using snowball sampling. Source triangulation analysis was used to answer the research objectives. Based on the research results, it is known that the diversification of rendang daun kayu is the development of rendang culinary dishes using locally available wood leaf raw materials. Diversification of rendang daun kayu is an innovative step towards more robust food security for the Minangkabau people. Diversifying rendang daun kayu is expected to create food security for the Minangkabau community.

The prediction of colorectal cancer: Perspective of smoking and socioeconomic influence of culture in East Java with SEM analysis

Purpose: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a global malignancy with 10.2% of cases, ranking third in worldwide cancer cases. According to Indonesia Health Research, CRC's prevalence has risen significantly, reaching 1, 8 per mile in 2018, and reports rising cancer cases in the past 5 years. This study explores the relationship model between smoking, socioeconomics, and CRC, considering cultural moderation.
 Design/Methodology/Approach: Conducted as a retrospective study with 212 respondents, comprising 172 cases of left-sided colorectal cancer (left CRC ) and 40 cases of right-sided colorectal cancer (right CRC) from three cultural areas. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) employing Warp-PLS was utilized for data analysis.
 Finding: A significant positive relationship was found between smoking and CRC prediction (β = 0,081, p-value = 0,040). This pattern also applies to socioeconomic status and CRC prediction (β = 0,311, p-value = <0,001). The influence of culture on both relationships is not the same. The relationship between smoking and CRC prediction is not influenced by culture (p-value = 0,318). Conversely, the relationship between socioeconomic status and CRC prediction is influenced by culture (β = 0,078, p = 0,047).
 Conclusion: Poor smoking habits and weak economic conditions influence the prediction of CRC negatively in East Java Province. Unfavorable cultural practices further worsen the relationship between weak socioeconomic status and poor CRC prediction in East Java Province. Recommendations suggest that preventing adverse CRC outcomes can be achieved through smoking cessation and improving socioeconomic conditions. Preventive efforts to enhance socioeconomic conditions should consider local cultural nuances.
 Research limitation: This research is limited to a population group in East Java Province, Indonesia, divided into three cultural areas: Mataraman, Arek, and Pendalungan.

The Effect of Audit Tenure, KAP Reputation, and The COVID-19 Pandemic on Audit Quality

This study aims to empirically determine the effect of tenure audits, the reputation of public accountants, and the COVID-19 pandemic on audit quality in manufacturing companies in the consumer goods industry sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the 2016-2020 period. This research is quantitative research with a population of 52 companies and sampling techniques carried out using the purposive sampling method to obtain a sample of 32 companies. The results showed that audit tenure has a positive effect on audit quality, meaning that the longer the audit tenure, it will encourage the creation of understanding for an auditor of the company being audited. Furthermore, the reputation of KAP negatively affects audit quality, this shows that non-Big Four KAP has no less good performance, so it can improve audit quality. The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively affected audit quality, which means that weak economic conditions have provided obstacles for the Company and also KAP, causing audit quality to decline.

Not all are alike: Assessing the effect of geopolitical risk on regional renewable energy development in China

Frequent recent episodes of geopolitical risk have spurred scholarly interest in its economic and environmental implications. Compared with previous research, this study constructed a panel data set of China's 30 provinces/municipalities to assess how geopolitical risk affects the development of renewable energy. The results of both linear and nonlinear analysis reveal that the effect of geopolitical uncertainty is not alike and is region- and state-dependent. Compared to its effect in China's eastern and central regions, geopolitical risk exerts a negative effect on renewable energy development in the western region. This negative effect tends to be more pronounced in areas characterized by relatively weak economic and social conditions. We also observe a threshold effect between them, as geopolitical risk typically weakens (enhances) renewable energy development when the economic condition is at a lower (higher) level. Finally, a sound financial system oriented toward “going green” and a stronger environment of technological innovation lessen the harmful effect of geopolitical risk. These findings provide targeted insights for policymakers seeking to improve local economic conditions, promote energy transition, balance regional energy inequality, and realize sustainable development.

Shaping the European Alps: Trends in landscape patterns, biodiversity and ecosystem services

Landscape appearance is controlled by a range of different environmental and human-induced factors, although there is still a lack of knowledge about the significance of individual factors. Our goal was to identify the factors that were significant for landscape change in the European Alps and to rank them according to their importance. Therefore, we mapped landscape change with a standardized survey methodology in six typical socio-ecological regions with strongly differing socio-economic and natural conditions. The results clearly showed that significant landscape change has taken place in all regions over the last 150–200 years, affecting biodiversity and ecosystem services (ES). In general, the areas used for agriculture have decreased in all regions, particularly the traditionally used forms (−72.7 % to −6.9 %). The greatest decrease took place in the high elevation, agriculturally unfavourable areas (-72.6 % to −41.6 %) and regions with weak economic conditions (−62.9 % to −20.9 %). The forest has spread on a large scale on the abandoned land in economically strong regions but also settlements and monotone and intensively used cultures. As a consequence of the landscape changes, plant species diversity declined, particularly in favourable regions with a good site and economic conditions (−62.7 % to −7.2 %), while it decreased far less in the economically unfavourable regions (−20.1 % to −0.7 %). Regulation & maintenance and cultural ESs have also decreased, whereas provisioning ES generally increased. Our results also showed that the regional framework conditions play a much more important role in landscape development in the European Alps than national frameworks. Higher “green subsidies” reduced the intensification trend in agriculture, but also led to increased abandonment. In addition, the landscape also remained more diverse, biodiversity declined less and many ecosystem services increased. This demonstrates that interpreting historical landscape dynamics and analysing impacts on ecosystem services can be a valuable guide to sustainable decision-making processes.

Lemah Ekonomi Antara Takdir dan Struktur Sosial (Suatu Kajian Tafsir Tematik)

This research aims to explain the issue of economic weakness from the perspective of al-Qur'anic tafsir by presenting the interpretations of scholars, and provide perspectives on economic empowerment by Islam and the government. The background of this topic is the increasing poverty rate in Indonesia with data from the Central Statistics Agency that in December 2022 increased by 9.57 percent. The economic weakness is divided into two, namely natural and structural. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with thematic interpretation analysis. The results of this study show that the Qur'an is concerned about the economically weak through Zakat, while the government has implemented various support programs for the poor, such as the National Safety Net (JPS), low-interest loans, and others. Weak economic conditions can occur naturally with weak natural resources and physical deficiencies. Structurally, economic weakness is caused by imbalance of power, unavailability of jobs, low education, and abuse of power. The Qur'an provides a solution so that the economy must rotate to all levels of society, it should not rotate only in the environment of the rich and rulers. Suggestions for future research to be able to examine the issue of economic weakness with a broader perspective and to include other terms that lead to the issue.

Fenomena Praktik Penghindaran Pajak Saat Pandemi Covid-19 Pada Perusahaan Property Dan Real Estate

During the Covid-19 pandemic, Indonesia's tax revenues decreased due to weak economic conditions. The government seeks to increase economic activity by providing tax incentive programs to companies as affected taxpayers. However, companies take advantage of the program to carry out tax planning with tax avoidance. The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors that influence tax evasion in property and real estate companies during the Covid 19 pandemic which are listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). This study uses quantitative research. The population of this study are property and real estate companies listed on the IDX. The sampling technique used purposive sampling. The data in this study is secondary data obtained from the IDX. The data used in this study amounted to 78 data. The data analysis method uses panel data regression analysis with Eviews 12 software. The independent variables in this study are institutional ownership, profit levels, firm size and fixed asset intensity. In this study, the results were obtained that institutional ownership had a significant influence on tax avoidance in property and real estate companies during the Covid-19 pandemic. Meanwhile, profit levels, company size and fixed asset intensity did not have a significant effect on tax evasion in property and real estate companies during the Covid-19 pandemic.

How Do Sustainability Stakeholders Seize Climate Risk Premia in the Private Cleantech Sector?

This paper explores the strategies and practices of capturing climate risk premia for venture capital (VC) fund managers and entrepreneurs in the private cleantech sector. It also examines the impact of the feed-in tariffs (FITs) policy on the management of cleantech investments. It is shown that a longer investment period, less investment capital in cleantech investment management strategies, and optimistic climate risk management practices will help investors to better capture climate risk premia. In fact, the FITs policy will give rise to VC fund managers and entrepreneurs having a positive view regarding the prospects of the cleantech sector, motivating them to make long-term investments. Furthermore, it is shown that the greater the impact of the FITs policy, the greater the climate risk premia to be captured. In addition, the captured climate risk premia are greater in weaker economic conditions and in times of increased uncertainty with regard to product demand.

Tharu And Buksa Tribes’ Attitudes Toward Child And Maternal Health And Educational Services In Uttarakhand: A Qualitative Study

Despite the government of India's admirable efforts to assist tribal people and help them develop, they are unable to resolve their problems. Even today, many tribal problems persist in India. The aim of this paper is to explore attitudes and barriers toward child health, maternal health, and educational services in two tribal populations, i.e., the Tharu and the Buksa, in Uttarakhand. In March 2016, qualitative research was conducted through a self-developed questionnaire. This interview schedule is being used to assess the concept and usage of child and maternal healthcare services and educational services with samples aged 25 to 50 years from the Tharu (50) and the Buksa (50) tribes of Uttarakhand. The study found that the primary barriers to utilizing healthcare facilities are direct and indirect financial barriers; travel distances to medical facilities; subpar public transportation; hospital staff members perceived to act negatively toward patients; and inadequate infrastructure. The location of schools, weak economic conditions, lack of awareness, medium of language, geographical conditions, and discrimination were found to be the barriers to utilizing educational services. The study's conclusion draws attention to the obstacles that patients face in using healthcare facilities; these obstacles are not always caused by the patient's socioeconomic situation but also heavily dependent on other contextual factors and the standard of the medical care being provided. The difficulties in using educational services are also highlighted.

DAMPAK PELAKSANAAN PERATURAN GUBERNUR NO. 25 TAHUN 2017 PASAL 7 TENTANG KETENTUAN LIMA HARI KERJA TERHADAP KEHARMONISAN RUMAH TANGGA (STUDI DI KANTOR CAMAT SEKOTONG KABUPATEN LOMBOK BARAT)

The results of this research show that the perception of male and female employees at the Subdistrict Office regarding the five-day working day provision is that all of them say that they dominate the families of male and female employees at the Sekotong Subdistrict Office to support their families even though they have to work up to five working days, this It can be seen from the jobs of husband and wife whose income is different. Looking at the results of interviews conducted by researchers, the perceptions of male and female employees regarding the five-day working day provisions in the Sekotong Subdistrict Office environment are more focused because they have to follow regulations that must be obeyed and work also because of economic factors. The impact of marriages carried out while still working has positive and negative implications for household harmony. It has positive implications, namely the creation of a harmonious family and more enthusiasm in carrying out daily activities (earning a living) because marriage is carried out with careful planning, full of responsibility, honesty, and mutual understanding within the family, developing the principles of deliberation, openness to each other, respecting each other, plus the husband support his wife's career. Meanwhile, the negative implications are that the family is not in harmony, because they have to work from morning to evening, even longer than office hours because they have to complete unfinished office work. There is no time for family, lack of communication and lack of love for wife and children and seeing the weak economic condition of the family. Apart from that, if a husband and wife both work from morning to evening, problems will arise in the family, such as lack of attention, lack of communication between wife and children and lack of togetherness (staying overnight).

Prevalence Of Malaria Among Blood Donors in The National Center for Blood Transfusion and Research in Sana’a Yemen

Background: Malaria has been killing millions of people worldwide. World Health Organization estimates that there are 300 million to 500 million of people infected with malaria. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore the prevalence of malaria parasites among the blood donors attending the National Center for Blood Transfusion and Research in Sana’a, Yemen over a period of 6 months. Methods: Data collected from the National Center for Blood Transfusion and Research records for the year of 2012 and 2020. Secondary data were taken from 12.000 donors from 2012 and 18,000 from 2020. The records contain the patient’s number, blood bag, type of examination: cassette and confirmatory tests such as ELISA and type of malaria test. Results: In 2020, there were 814 Malaria-infected blood donors (97.8%), whereas, in 2012, there were only18 Malariainfected blood donors (2.2%). The male donors more infected (99.2%) than female donors (0.8%). The number of donors with blood group O+ were the highest infected people (50.4%), while the least infected donors is AB- (0.1%). The number of infected people with Plasmodium falciparum (24%) is the highest compared with other types of malaria (4%). The most packed cell volume (PCV) ratio among donor was 49%, the lowest PCV ratio in donors is 95% and 60% respectively. Conclusion: The study showed that the war played a significant role in increasing the number of people suffering from malaria and that the situation is worsening due to lack of awareness, migration and weak economic conditions.

Interpreting the Placeness of Scavenger Children through Dream Houses Images

Home and neighborhood are sight that are attached to the memory of every child and will provide a different experience for each of them. A child who lives in a city has a different experience of space from one who lives in a village, as well as those who live by the river and those who live on the edge of the railroad tracks. This study aims to trace the meaning of placeness for children in suburbs with weak economic conditions and still living in non-permanent homes. Placeness will be tracked through the resulting image. The method used is observation and interpretation. Observations are done by looking at the condition of the house and the surrounding environment, then giving instructions and facilities for children to draw a house according to their dreams. The drawing process is observed with minimal guidance so that children can be more free, imaginative, and creative in producing drawings. After that, the drawings were collected and asked each child to explain its meaning, the child's explanation was added with a description of the interpretation using a content analysis approach. Research showed that each child draws a dream house that is different from the house they live in, the drawing of the house is made permanent, larger and mostly multi-storey (two floors), there is a river, a swimming pool, with trees and flowers around it and a picture of the sun and clouds in the background. This phenomenon is the condition of the environment that is close to his house, rivers, various luxury two-story housing, swimming pools and the sun and clouds are common objects and are always present every day in children's lives.

A sharia economic collaboration model and its positive impact on developing of poor villages: A study in Indonesia

The economic development of villages has a substantial impact on community welfare. It can become the backbone of the national economy. However, significant obstacles in village development are lack of human resources (HR), high poverty rates, poor common welfare, justice, and prosperity values. In 2022, in Indonesia there are 9584 underdeveloped villages. Some of the causes of the weak economic condition of a village are economic potential was not optimized, and excessive government interference stifled creativity and independence. This study seeks to explore the extent of the positive impact of the sharia economic implementation model in developing the village’s economy and the model’s potential as an alternative solution to building the economy of poor villages. This paper used descriptive qualitative methods, observations, and interviews with community leaders, community representatives, and the regency office. The results show that the economic development strategies carried out by Gerdu Village had three stages, namely (1) education and cooperation, (2) implementation and management, and (3) evaluation and planning. In addition, the internal driving factor behind the success of the village’s development lies in the activeness of village leaders in implementing sharia economics. As for cooperation with external parties, National Zakat Institution, related local department government, and other institutions around the village have also actively assisted in its development. Positive impacts on the community include increased employment opportunities, income, tourist visits, and tourism and language village programs. This study is expected to be one of the references to explain the Islamic economy’s role in advancing the poor village’s economy. AcknowledgmentWe would like to express our utmost gratitude to the Department of Sharia Economic Law Study Program, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta and the Department of Islamic Economics, Universitas Airlangga for supporting this study and its publication process.

Analysis of the main design and operating parameters of the device for the fermentation of bird droppings

The study on the utilization of poultry droppings put forward the need for the constructive and technological improvement of the biofermentation device. A drum-type bioreactor better meets the requirements for the technological process of eco-friendly biologically active fertilizer production from livestock and poultry wastes. However, the great size of the heat transfer surface of the bioreactor drum and its significant ejection momentum during spinning require quite a lot of energy. To decrease this consumption, the main constructive parameters should be optimized. The main reason is the sharp increase in prices for mineral fertilizers, the weak economic condition of most farms, the lack of advanced processing technologies and the use of organic fertilizers.
 Our aim in these studies was to analyze the types of design and operating parameters of the device for the fermentation of bird droppings. To this end, we conducted a study on the disposal of bird droppings, and also put forward the need for constructive and technological improvement of the biofermentation device. One of such ways to solve the problem was a drum-type bioreactor, which, according to our research indicators, better meets the requirements for the technological process of producing environmentally friendly biologically active fertilizers from animal husbandry and poultry waste, however, the size of this equipment of the heat transfer surface of the bioreactor drum and its significant emission pulse during rotation require a rather large waste of energy. To reduce this consumption, it is necessary to optimize the basic design parameters.
 Devices that work continuously were recognized as the most promising. They fully meet the technological and operational requirements

Corruption, institutional quality and shadow economy in Asian countries

ABSTRACT This study analyzes the effects of corruption and institutional quality on shadow economy to test the hypothesis of greasing and sanding the wheels of corruption. After empirically studying 29 Asian countries, our results indicate that corruption and institutional quality have a positive and negative impact on shadow economy, respectively. Furthermore, the interaction of corruption and economic freedom has a negative impact on shadow economy, whereas corruption and democracy have a positive impact on shadow economy, confirming that corruption works better to ‘grease of the wheels’ in weak economic institutions conditions and in strong political institutions conditions.

Constraints in Implementing Decentralisation in Zambia

Purpose: Against a backdrop of Zambia’s continued weak economic conditions and with many local authorities, experiencing declining local revenues and financial performance, this paper presents a synthesis of the local government turnaround findings. It aims to identify the constraints to decentralization and recovery strategies based on the evidence provided by pragmatic research.
 Design/methodology/approach: The questionnaire survey was carried out over a period of two weeks from sixth to 20 May 2019. 120 questionnaires were distributed via online to all 120 respondents using purposive and critical case sampling. The questionnaire was created and deployed using free online software (kobotoolbox) to the 120 critical case and purposively selected respondents. Out of 120 respondents 103 responded creating a survey response rate of above 85%.
 Findings: The research found that the major constraints in implementing decentralisation included; Continued delay to release decentralised functions by central government; lack of political will from central government; failure to implement the agreed decentralised structure by central government; failure to relinquish some revenue streams to local authorities; governments unclear policy guidance on decentralization; lack of a standardised system as well as a monitoring mechanism; and failure to generate adequate own revenue by local authorities.
 Research implications: This research assumes a significant role in formulation of policy for local government tier and could provide a basis for further research in this area as well as designing policies for an improved local government fiscal system.
 Practical implications: this study adds pragmatic perspectives towards resolving revenue problems faced by Zambia’s local authorities.
 Originality/value: This paper compiles facts and offers practitioners an evidence-based view through investigating Zambia’s local government economic structure, analyzing forces underlying them and examining their consequential cultural interplay.
 Keywords: Decentralisation; Local Authority; Local Revenue

Pandemi Döneminde Milletlerin Zenginliği: Aşı Eşitliği

Aggressive global dissemination of the coronavirus indicated the urgency of the development of vaccines at an unprecedented rate and scale. The limited production and short supply of vaccines which were reserved mostly for the advanced economies were the greatest problems of 2021. For emerging economies, this timeline will stretch to late 2022 or early 2023. As a part of systematic immunization programs, the development, licensing, and implementation of the vaccines against the Covid-19 virus started to address health service inequalities among countries. While on one hand vaccination is regarded to be one of the most cost-effective interventions in public health during the pandemic, on the other hand, the introduction and sustainable supply of vaccines needed to be supported and ensured by decision-makers and governments. Due to the weak economic conditions of developing countries, they could not provide enough financial and health support to their citizens during this period. However, since the global GDP loss from not inoculating all countries is higher than the cost of manufacturing and distributing vaccines globally, there has been a growing demand to international cooperation to have global vaccination without omitting any countries. This paper focuses on the economic and social costs and benefits of vaccinations during the Covid-19 pandemic period in advanced, middle, and low-income countries. Accordingly, macroeconomic and social impacts of vaccination will be discussed and some policy suggestions will be put forth to get more benefits from the vaccination both for economic and health outcomes.

Legal Analysis of Right to Environment through Legislative and Judicial Discourse

Climate change is a great threat to Pakistan owing to its weak economic condition. Floods and storms are the consequences of rising temperatures and extreme temperatures. Rising temperature and resultant heat have raised concerns regarding food, water, and security. At the same time, water-stressed conditions have decreased agricultural yield. This research investigates all these factors that have threatened the existence of people by causing high health risks that lead to climate change-induced migration. On the basis of elaborate scrutiny of the threatened environment, its reasons, and laws enacted in this regard, researchers here chalk out certain recommendations to protect and preserve the environment.

Concepts and Provisions For Recovery Of A Case Through A Justice-Based Restorative Approach By The Prosecutor's Regulation No. 15 In The Year 2020

Background: The Restorative Justice Approach is one of the solutions for settling criminal cases, namely by prioritizing the subject matter of criminal acts and carrying out settlements outside the court, as well as restoring the situation. The Attorney General's Office of the Republic of Indonesia issued a regulation in the form of Attorney General's Regulation Number 15 of 2020 concerning the Termination of Prosecution Based on Restorative Justice.
 Purpose: To find out and analyze the implementation of Restorative Justice by the Public Prosecutor regarding the Prosecutor's Regulation Number 15 of 2020 concerning Termination of Prosecution Based on Restorative Justice by looking at several requirements that must be met.
 Method: The research method used is normative juridical, the type of data used in this research is qualitative data, which is categorized into two types, namely primary data and secondary data.
 Results: Restorative Justice as an approach to peace between victims and perpetrators have occurred in many prosecution cases at the Prosecutor's Office. In this case, the prosecutor's office hears the community's voice and wants justice for people with weak economic conditions before the law. However, in this case, the Prosecutor's Regulation Number 15 of 2020 still has requirements for cases or perpetrators who can or cannot stop use based on restorative justice.
 Conclusion: Based on the results of the study it was concluded that the prosecutor's office listens to the voice of the community and wants justice for people whose economic conditions are weak before the law. However, the Prosecutor's Regulation Number 15 of 2020 still requires cases or actors who can or cannot stop use based on restorative justice.