Weak Class Research Articles

Source separation and classification using generative adversarial networks and weak class supervision

In this paper, we propose a decomposition-based weakly-supervised model that utilizes the class labels of the sources present in mixtures. We apply this weak class supervision approach to superimposed handwritten digit images using both non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) and generative adversarial networks (GANs). In this way, we can learn non-linear representations of the sources. The results of our experiments demonstrate that the proposed weakly-supervised methods are viable and mostly on par with the fully supervised baselines. The proposed joint classification and separation approach achieves a weakly-supervised source classification performance of 90.3 in terms of F1 score and outperforms the multi-label source classifier baseline of 68.2 when there are two sources. The separation performance of the proposed method is measured in terms of peak-signal-to-noise-ratio (PSNR) as 16 dB, outperforming the class-informed sparse NMF which achieves separation of two sources with a PSNR value of 13.9 dB. We show that it is possible to replace supervised training with weakly-supervised methods without performance penalty.

고고자료로 본 변·진한의 기원과 다호리집단의 재검토

This study intended to examine the origin and establishment of Byeonhan and Jinhan based on its organic relationship with the late Bronze Age. The Byeonhan region can be discussed in relation to the Songguk-ri cultural area and the Jinhan region, to the Geomdan-ri cultural area. The Songguk-ri cultural area can be viewed as a vertical society due to the advancement of class differentiation, while the Geomdan-ri cultural area is presumed to be a horizontal society with weak class differentiation. The old Byeonhan site shows the characteristic of large dolmen construction following the introduction of the slender bronze dagger culture in the 3rd to 2nd centuries BC, while the old Jinhan site, where class differentiation was relatively weak, clearly shows the transition to wooden coffin graves in relation to immigrants around the 2nd to 1st centuries BC. The Byeonhan region shows traces of cultural homogeneity spreading through sea routes along the southern coast of Gyeongsangnam-do since the late Bronze Age. The Changwon Daho-ri Group, which had the largest number of wooden coffin grave groups in the Byeonhan region, was identified as a ‘port city state’ based on geopolitical location and excavated artifacts.

An assessment of heterogenous ensemble classifiers for analyzing change‐proneness in open‐source software systems

AbstractSoftware managers constantly look out for methods that ensure cost effective development of good quality software products. An important means of accomplishing this is by allocating more resources to weak classes of a software product, which are prone to changes. Therefore, correct prediction of these change‐prone classes is critical. Though various researchers have investigated the performance of several algorithms for identifying them, the search for an optimum classifier still persists. To this end, this study critically investigates the use of six Heterogenous Ensemble Classifiers (HEC) for Software Change Prediction (SCP) by empirically validating datasets obtained from 12 open‐source software systems. The results of the study are statistically assessed using three robust performance indicators (AUC, F‐measure and Mathew Correlation Coefficient) in two different validation scenarios (within project and cross‐project). They indicate the superiority of Average Probability Voting Ensemble, a heterogenous classifier for determining change‐proneness in the investigated systems. The average AUC values of software change prediction models developed using this ensemble classifier exhibited an improvement of 3%‐9% and 3%‐11% respectively when compared with its base learners and homogeneous counter parts. Similar observations were inferred using other investigated performance measures. Furthermore, the evidence obtained from the results suggests that the change in number of base learners or type of meta‐learner does not exhibit significant change in the performance of corresponding heterogenous ensemble classifiers.

Congruence Representations via Soft Ideals in Soft Topological Spaces

This article starts with a study of the congruence of soft sets modulo soft ideals. Different types of soft ideals in soft topological spaces are used to introduce new weak classes of soft open sets. Namely, soft open sets modulo soft nowhere dense sets and soft open sets modulo soft sets of the first category. The basic properties and representations of these classes are established. The class of soft open sets modulo the soft nowhere dense sets forms a soft algebra. Elements in this soft algebra are primarily the soft sets whose soft boundaries are soft nowhere dense sets. The class of soft open sets modulo soft sets of the first category, known as soft sets of the Baire property, is a soft σ-algebra. In this work, we mainly focus on the soft σ-algebra of soft sets with the Baire property. We show that soft sets with the Baire property can be represented in terms of various natural classes of soft sets in soft topological spaces. In addition, we see that the soft σ-algebra of soft sets with the Baire property includes the soft Borel σ-algebra. We further show that soft sets with the Baire property in a certain soft topology are equal to soft Borel sets in the cluster soft topology formed by the original one.

Implementation of trauma-informed care and trauma-responsive services in clinical settings: a latent class regression analysis.

Engagement and retention in health care is vital to sustained health among people living with HIV (PLWH), yet clinical environments can deter health-seeking behavior, particularly for survivors of interpersonal violence. PLWH face disproportionate rates of interpersonal violence; clinical interactions can provoke a re-experiencing of the sequalae of trauma from violence, called re-traumatization. Trauma-informed care (TIC) is a strengths-based approach to case that minimizes potential triggers of re-traumatization and promotes patient empowerment, increasing acceptability of care. Yet, Ryan White HIV/AIDS clinics, at which over 50% of PLWH received care, have struggled to IMPLEMENT TIC. In this analysis, we sought to (1) identify unique sub-groups of HIV clinics based on clinical attributes (i.e., resources, leadership, culture, climate, access to knowledge about trauma-informed care) and (2) assess relationships between sub-group membership and degree of implementation of TIC and trauma-responsive services offered. A total of 317 participants from 47 Ryan White Federally-funded HIV/AIDS clinics completed a quantitative survey between December 2019 and April 2020. Questions included assessment of inner setting constructs from the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR), perceived level of TIC implementation, and trauma-responsive services offered by each respondent's clinic. We employed latent class analysis to identify four sub-groups of clinics with unique inner setting profiles: Weak Inner Setting (n = 124, 39.1%), Siloed and Resource Scarce (n = 80, 25.2%), Low Communication (n = 49, 15.5%), and Robust Inner Robust (n = 64, 20.2%). We used multilevel regressions to predict degree of TIC implementation and provision of trauma-responsive services. Results demonstrate that clinics can be distinctly classified by inner setting characteristics. Further, inner setting robustness is associated with a higher degree of TIC implementation, wherein classes with resources (Robust Inner Setting, Low Communication) are associated with significantly higher odds reporting early stages of implementation or active implementation compared to Weak class membership. Resourced class membership is also associated with availability of twice as many trauma-responsive services compared to Weak class membership. Assessment of CFIR inner setting constructs may reveal modifiable implementation setting attributes key to implementing TIC and trauma-responsive services in clinical settings. Introduction.

Geraghty Type Contractions in Relational Metric Space with Applications to Fractional Differential Equations

The present manuscript is devoted to investigating some existence and uniqueness results on fixed points by employing generalized contractions in the context of metric space endued with a weak class of transitive relation. Our results improve, modify, enrich and unify several existing fixed point theorems, The results proved in this study are utilized to find a unique solution of certain fractional boundary value problems.

Can helicopter parenting be beneficial for parent-child relationships? A person-centered approach in the United States and South Korea.

We aimed to uncover latent classes of maternal and paternal helicopter parenting among American and Korean college students and to examine whether latent classes of maternal and paternal helicopter parenting are associated with parent- child relationships. We conducted three-step latent class analyses using five helicopter parenting indicators for 433 mother-child and 401 father-child groups in the United States and 207 mother-child and 195 father-child groups in South Korea. We identified the same three helicopter parenting latent classes (strong, weak, and managed) in mother-child and father-child groups in the United States and Korea. In addition, we found that American and Korean college students in strong and managed helicopter parenting latent classes reported better parent- child relationships than those in the weak class regardless of parents' gender. Our findings indicate that helicopter parenting is multidimensional and can be similarly interpreted by college students in Western and Eastern societies. Further, our findings suggest that helicopter parenting could be helpful for college students to establish an intimate relationship with their parents.

A Class Functionalist Theory of Race

AbstractThis article makes a case for weak class reductionism. In particular, we advance a theoretical account that largely “reduces” a social construct called race to another social construct called class. Once you acknowledge that race is not itself a prime mover, but rather something to be explained, class as an explanans turns out to be a strong candidate. Before making this case, we distinguish our account from three alternative forms of class reductionism, which we reject: the notions that (1) class is a more fundamental form of identity than race; (2) class is of greater normative importance than race; and (3) race is an epiphenomenon of class, without independent effects. We then argue for one form of class reduction that establishes race as causally dependent on class. In particular, we provide a general defense of functional explanations, argue that capitalist class relations can functionally explain the persistence of race, and finally, delineate the limits of that explanation. Because the nature of functional explanation requires the explanandum to have important effects in the world, this argument puts race at the center of any discussion of capitalist class relations in racialized societies and explains it on the basis of its effects rather than its causes. Nonetheless, as we show in our conclusion, none of these arguments imply that race or racism is inherent to capitalist class relations. Racism may be explained by capitalism, even if it is not necessary for it.

Pelaksanaan Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan Di Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri 9 Kampar

This study aims to determine the implementation of the education unit level curriculum at MTsN 9 Kampar, Tambang District, Kampar Regency. This research is a field research that is qualitative analysis. This research also uses descriptive data, because the research is done by interpreting, describing the data, classifying the form of the data, then proceeding with interpretation and finally extrapolating, which concerns the meaning and results of the research achieved as a contribution of thought. Based on the results of the study, it showed that the implementation of KTSP at Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri 9 Kampar still encountered problems including the teacher not making learning module programs for students, not using media and varied learning resources, weak class management in the learning process and still traditional learning models at Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri 9 Kampar are the following symptoms: Not making learning module programs for students, Not using varied learning media and sources, Weak classroom management in the learning process and Still traditional learning models

On admissible singular drifts of symmetric α‐stable process

AbstractWe consider the problem of existence of a (unique) weak solution to the SDE describing symmetric α‐stable process with a locally unbounded drift , , . In this paper, b belongs to the class of weakly form‐bounded vector fields, the class providing the L2 theory of the non‐local operator behind the SDE, i.e. . It contains as proper sub‐classes other classes of singular vector fields studied in the literature in connection with this operator, such as the Kato class, the weak class and the Campanato–Morrey class (in general, such b makes invalid the standard heat kernel estimates in terms of the heat kernel of the fractional Laplacian). We show that the operator with weakly form‐bounded b admits a realization as (minus) Feller generator, and that the probability measures determined by the Feller semigroup (uniquely in appropriate sense) admit description as weak solutions to the corresponding SDE. The proof is based on detailed regularity theory of in , .

The Teichmüller problem for L^p-means of distortion

Teichmüller's problem from 1944 is this: Given \(x\in [0,1)\) find and describe the extremal quasiconformal map \(f\colon\mathbb{D}\to\mathbb{D}\), \(f|\partial \mathbb{D}=\) identity and \(f(0)=-x\leq 0\). We consider this problem in the setting of minimisers of \(L^p\)-mean distortion. The classical result is that there is an extremal map of Teichmüller type with associated holomorphic quadratic differential having a pole of order one at 0, if \(x\neq 0\). For the \(L^1\)-norm it is known that there can be no locally quasiconformal minimiser unless \(x=0\). Here we show that for \(1\leq p<\infty\) there is a minimiser in a weak class and an associated Ahlfors-Hopf holomorphic quadratic differential with a pole of order 1 at \(f(0)=-x\). However, this minimiser cannot be in \(W^{1,2}_{loc}(\mathbb{D})\) unless \(x=0\) and \(f=\) identity. Hence no minimiser for the \(L^p\)-Teichmüller problem can be locally quasiconformal other than the identity. Similar statements holds for minimisers of the exponential norm of distortion. We also use our earlier work to show that as \(p\to\infty\), the weak \(L^p\)-minimisers converge locally uniformly in \(\mathbb{D}\) to the extremal quasiconformal Teichmüller mapping, and that as \(p\to 1\) the weak \(L^p\)-minimisers converge locally uniformly in \(\mathbb{D}\) to the identity.

Fulminant Antibody-Mediated Rejection in a Stable Lung Transplant Recipient Post COVID-19 Vaccination

IntroductionVaccination against COVID-19 in immunocompetent individuals has demonstrated high efficacy in disease prevention while significantly reducing severe infections and hospitalizations. COVID-19 vaccination is endorsed in immunosuppressed recipients of solid organ transplant. Trials have examined safety data in this population, with no published reports of increased risk of antibody-mediated rejection (AMR). We present a case of probable mRNA vaccine induced AMR in a previously stable lung transplant recipient.Case ReportA 27-year-old bilateral lung transplant recipient for cystic fibrosis related lung had grade 2 rejection with class II antibodies 2 months post-transplant that was treated with methylprednisolone with good response. He was then event free for over two years. He developed acute onset of dyspnea, dry cough, non-pleuritic chest pain, and general malaise 24 hours after receiving his second dose of the Pfizer mRNA vaccine. Over the subsequent 3 weeks, he deteriorated with worsening exertional dyspnea and desaturation. He was admitted to hospital with rapidly progressive type 1 respiratory failure. A CT angiogram of the chest demonstrated findings consistent with organizing pneumonia versus opportunistic infection. Bronchoscopy was negative for infectious etiology. He was treated with a methylprednisolone pulse to treat the organizing pneumonia seen on imaging and potential AMR. He required intubation and mechanical ventilation on post admission day (PAD) 4. Human leukocyte antigen testing demonstrated de novo class II donor specific antibody (DR12) and possible weak class I reactivity. With declining status and refractory hypoxemia, 5 cycles plasma exchange (PLEX) alternating with thymoglobulin were administered. He became dependent on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with poor lung compliance. Antibody levels decreased but remained elevated. Subsequent therapy included thymoglobulin (total dose 7mg/kg), 5 additional cycles of PLEX, and intravenous immunoglobulin and Daratumumab on PAD 38. He died PAD 47 when life sustaining measures were removed due complications from Clostridium difficile infection.SummaryThis case of probable AMR post mRNA vaccination in a lung transplant recipient raises clinical suspicion for a serious adverse event and contributes to safety data for this select population.

The digitization of the society of the European Union in 2018 and 2021

From year to year, an increase in the availability and use of information and communication technology (ICT) is observed. Therefore, it is important to reduce the imbalance in the use of ICT, which will contribute to the improvement of life and development of the society. The article presents the application of the k-means method to classify European Union (EU) countries in terms of the use of ICT by natural persons living in the EU in 2021 compared to the situation in 2018. The empirical material used in the analyses came from the resources of the European Statistical Office (Eurostat). The obtained results of the classification research of EU member states showed that the awareness of the society as well as knowledge of ICT and digital skills increase every year, however, the dynamics of this growth turned out to be significantly different in terms of territories. Germany turned out to be a surprise, as in 2021, compared to 2018, a significant decrease in all examined ICT indicators was recorded, which resulted in the shift of this country from the first to the third – the weakest class.

Global solution in a weak energy class for Klein-Gordon-Schrödinger system

<abstract><p>Based on the possible singularity of stationary state, we revisit the initial boundary value problem of the classical Klein-Gordon-Schrödinger (KGS) system in one space dimension. The wellposedness is established in a class of Sobolev NLS solutions together with exponentially growing KG solutions.</p></abstract>

Investigation of Groundwater Potential Using Remote Sensing and Hydro-geophysical Techniques: A Case Study of the Telidjene Basin (Eastern Algeria)

The present study aims to assess groundwater potential in the Telidjene Basin located in the semi-arid part of eastern Algeria, applying an innovative approach combining both remote sensing and hydrogeophysics methods. A re-interpretation of geophysical data and vertical electrical sounding (VES) measurements were applied and calibrated with the borehole data to map the deep structures that may control the presence of groundwater and identify the geological and hydrogeological setting. Morphometric factors affecting recharge were mapped using several types of remote sensing data (SRTM DEM, Landsat-8). Thematic maps were overlaid using the multicriteria method and GIS to detect potential recharge areas. The results show that the main factors influencing recharge are fracturing and drainage density. Four potential recharge areas were identified over a 547 km2 area of the basin. 20% of the area falls in the weakest class, 32% in the weak class, 3% in the moderate, and 16% in the strongest. Furthermore, the study reveals that an alluvial aquifer with a thickness of up to 60m, spreading over the surface, along the Wadi Telijene and the alluvial soil, is deposited unconformably on Cretaceous terrain containing aquifer horizons of varying thickness and different electrical resistivities (10–150 Ωm), drawing an anticlinal structure with lithostratigraphy interrupted by a series of faults and spurs of Aptian and Triassic age. The south-western part of the basin has a high to moderate recharge and storage capacity. Its alluvial cover is directly fed by precipitation and fractured limestones deposited in a syncline outcropping on the edges forming an alluvial and carbonate bilayer aquifer. This study concluded that an integrated approach, involving recent, efficient, and inexpensive technology, such as remote sensing and conventional geophysical method, can be successfully used to identify groundwater potential in the study area.

Synoptic analysis of the most durable pollution and clean waves during 2009-2019 in Tehran City (capital of Iran).

The present study was done to analyze and compare synoptic conditions during the most durable pollution and clean waves (MDPW and MDCW) in Tehran City (capital of Iran). For this purpose, air quality index (AQI) data were first obtained during 2009–2019 from the Tehran Air Quality Control Company in Tehran Province. Then, a threshold of (AQI ≤ 101) representing a polluted and unhealthy atmosphere was considered as MDPW, and a threshold of (AQI ≤ 50) representing a clean (good) air was selected as MDCW in Tehran City by identifying the polluted days. The results showed the presence of MDPW during 43 polluted days from November 21, 2010 to January 2, 2011. Intensity and frequency of the polluted days during statistical period showed a decreasing trend that coincided with an increasing trend of precipitation. Analysis of synoptic conditions occurred during 43 days of MDPW indicated penetration of Siberian high-pressure from the east at sea level and extension of sub-tropical anticyclone in mid-level from the west that led to development of an anticyclone circulation with descending and converging flow in Iran and surrounding region. As a result, a calm and sustainable climate and stable concentration of pollutants were observed throughout Tehran City. Backward trajectory of sources and entry route of the polluted air to Tehran City during peak days of pollution showed that desert regions of southern Iraq and central Iran along the southern and southwestern parts played a major role in increasing concentration of pollutants during occurrence of durable wave. Different routes were observed in entry of dusty and the polluted air to Tehran City according to hybrid single-particle Lagrangian integrated trajectory (HY SPLIT) model, but in most of peak days, the areas that were near and adjacent to Tehran City with height of less than 1000 m played a greater role in particle transport. Investigation of instability indices during MDPW showed that in most days of pollution, values of instability intensity were classified into weak class and lower troposphere (1000–850 hPa) compared to higher levels, and degree of stability and calmness of the atmosphere was more. So that, the highest frequency of temperature inversions occurred near the earth's surface.

An Improved Aggregated-Mosaic Method for the Sparse Object Detection of Remote Sensing Imagery

Object detection based on remote sensing imagery has become increasingly popular over the past few years. Unlike natural images taken by humans or surveillance cameras, the scale of remote sensing images is large, which requires the training and inference procedure to be on a cutting image. However, objects appearing in remote sensing imagery are often sparsely distributed and the labels for each class are imbalanced. This results in unstable training and inference. In this paper, we analyze the training characteristics of the remote sensing images and propose the fusion of the aggregated-mosaic training method, with the assigned-stitch augmentation and auto-target-duplication. In particular, based on the ground truth and mosaic image size, the assigned-stitch augmentation enhances each training sample with an appropriate account of objects, facilitating the smooth training procedure. Hard to detect objects, or those in classes with rare samples, are randomly selected and duplicated by the auto-target-duplication, which solves the sample imbalance or classes with insufficient results. Thus, the training process is able to focus on weak classes. We employ VEDAI and NWPU VHR-10, remote sensing datasets with sparse objects, to verify the proposed method. The YOLOv5 adopts the Mosaic as the augmentation method and is one of state-of-the-art detectors, so we choose Mosaic (YOLOv5) as the baseline. Results demonstrate that our method outperforms Mosaic (YOLOv5) by 2.72% and 5.44% on 512 × 512 and 1024 × 1024 resolution imagery, respectively. Moreover, the proposed method outperforms Mosaic (YOLOv5) by 5.48% under the NWPU VHR-10 dataset.

Using GIS and remote sensing for the mapping of potential groundwater zones in fractured environments in the CHAOUIA-Morocco area

The present study is a contribution to the effort of using new technologies (GIS and remote sensing) for the prospection of groundwater in fractured environments in the lower Chaouia region, which is characterized by the presence of nongeneralized water tables. Its main objective is to design a GIS prototype, coupled with the multi-criteria analysis AHP, as an efficient decision support tool for the mapping of potential groundwater zones and to define the most suitable sites for the implementation of future productive drilling. The combination of multi-source data (remote sensing, hydrographic, lithologic, fracturing, climatic, topographic, drilling, etc.) mainly obtained from new geomatics technologies has made it possible to set up a geo-spatial database. The most significant factors, namely, lithology, slope, lineaments, drainage density, land use, TWI and rainfall, were taken into account and assigned weights according to their relative importance in order to determine the potential groundwater areas. The combination of the different parameters conditioning the existence of reservoirs in fractured environments in a GIS facilitated the spatial analysis and cartographic restitution of zones with aquifer potential. The study area is dominated by the Very Weak and Weak classes (51%), followed by the Medium class (31%), and finally the Strong and Very Strong classes (18%). The validation of the obtained model was made on the basis of the superimposition of the exploitation flows of the existing boreholes and springs in the study area on the resulting thematic map, which reveals the reliability of the results and that the selected parameters that were highlighted to define the potential groundwater zones were satisfactory.

P170 The validity and utility of the SLE-key® rule-out serological test when applied in a selected cohort of patients with SLE and other connective tissue diseases

Abstract Background/Aims We aimed to establish the validity of the SLE-key® rule-out test and analyse its utility in distinguishing systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) from other autoimmune rheumatic connective tissue diseases. Methods We used data from the Lupus Extended Autoimmune Phenotype (LEAP) study, which included a representative cross-sectional sample of patients with a variety of rheumatic connective tissue diseases, including SLE, mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), inflammatory myositis, systemic sclerosis, primary Sjögren’s syndrome and undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD). The modified 1997 ACR criteria were used to classify patients with SLE. Banked serum samples were sent to Immune-Array’s CLIA- certified laboratory Veracis (Richmond, VA) for testing. Patients were assigned test scores between 0 and 1 where a score of 0 was considered a negative rule-out test (i.e. SLE cannot be excluded) whilst a score of 1 was assigned for a positive rule-out test (i.e. SLE excluded). Performance measures were used to assess the test’s validity and measures of association determined using linear regression and Spearman’s correlation. Results Our study included a total of 155 patients of whom 66 had SLE. The mean age in the SLE group was 44.2 years (SD 13.04). 146 patients (94.1%) were female. 84 (54.2%) patients from the entire cohort had ACR SLE scores of ≤ 3 whilst 71 (45.8%) had ACR SLE scores ≥ 4. The mean ACR SLE total score for the SLE patients was 4.85 (SD 1.67), ranging from 2 to 8, with mean disease duration of 12.9 years. The Sensitivity of the SLE-Key® Rule-Out test in diagnosing SLE from other connective tissue diseases was 54.5%, specificity was 44.9%, PPV 42.4% and NPV 57.1 %. 45% of the SLE patients had a positive rule-out test. SLE could not be ruled out in 73% of the MCTD patients whilst 51% of the UCTD patients had a positive Rule-Out test and >85% of the inflammatory myositis patients had a negative rule-out test. ROC analysis generated an AUC of 0.525 illustrating weak class separation capacity. Linear regression established a negative correlation between the SLE-key Rule-Out score and ACR SLE total scores. Spearman’s correlation was run to determine the relationship between ACR SLE total scores and SLE-key rule-out score and showed very weak negative correlation (rs = -0.0815, n = 155, p = 0.313). Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that when applied in clinical practice in a rheumatology CTD clinic setting, the SLE-key® rule-out test does not accurately distinguish SLE from other CTDs. The development of a robust test that could achieve this would be pivotal. It is however important to highlight that the test was designed to distinguish healthy subjects from SLE patients and not for the purpose of differentiating SLE from other connective tissue diseases. Disclosure S. Achieng: None. J.A. Reynolds: None. I.N. Bruce: Other; I.N.B is a National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Senior Investigator and is funded by the NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre. M. Bukhari: None.

Explicit List-Decodable Codes with Optimal Rate for Computationally Bounded Channels

A stochastic code is a pair of encoding and decoding procedures (Enc, Dec) where \({{\rm Enc} : \{0, 1\}^{k} \times \{0, 1\}^{d} \rightarrow \{0, 1\}^{n}}\). The code is (p, L)-list decodable against a class \(\mathcal{C}\) of “channel functions” \(C : \{0,1\}^{n} \rightarrow \{0,1\}^{n}\) if for every message \(m \in \{0,1\}^{k}\) and every channel \(C \in \mathcal{C}\) that induces at most pn errors, applying Dec on the “received word” C(Enc(m,S)) produces a list of at most L messages that contain m with high probability over the choice of uniform \(S \leftarrow \{0, 1\}^{d}\). Note that both the channel C and the decoding algorithm Dec do not receive the random variable S, when attempting to decode. The rate of a code is \(R = k/n\), and a code is explicit if Enc, Dec run in time poly(n).Guruswami and Smith (Journal of the ACM, 2016) showed that for every constants \(0 < p < \frac{1}{2}, \epsilon > 0\) and \(c > 1\) there exist a constant L and a Monte Carlo explicit constructions of stochastic codes with rate \(R \geq 1-H(p) - \epsilon\) that are (p, L)-list decodable for size \(n^c\) channels. Here, Monte Carlo means that the encoding and decoding need to share a public uniformly chosen \({\rm poly}(n^c)\) bit string Y, and the constructed stochastic code is (p, L)-list decodable with high probability over the choice of Y.Guruswami and Smith pose an open problem to give fully explicit (that is not Monte Carlo) explicit codes with the same parameters, under hardness assumptions. In this paper, we resolve this open problem, using a minimal assumption: the existence of poly-time computable pseudorandom generators for small circuits, which follows from standard complexity assumptions by Impagliazzo and Wigderson (STOC 97).Guruswami and Smith also asked to give a fully explicit unconditional constructions with the same parameters against \(O(\log n)\)-space online channels. (These are channels that have space \(O(\log n)\) and are allowed to read the input codeword in one pass.) We also resolve this open problem.Finally, we consider a tighter notion of explicitness, in which the running time of encoding and list-decoding algorithms does not increase, when increasing the complexity of the channel. We give explicit constructions (with rate approaching \(1 - H(p)\) for every \(p \leq p_{0}\) for some \(p_{0} >0\) ) for channels that are circuits of size \(2^{n^{\Omega(1/d)}}\) and depth d. Here, the running time of encoding and decoding is a polynomial that does not depend on the depth of the circuit.Our approach builds on the machinery developed by Guruswami and Smith, replacing some probabilistic arguments with explicit constructions. We also present a simplified and general approach that makes the reductions in the proof more efficient, so that we can handle weak classes of channels.