Way Of Energy Supply Research Articles

Ways of Energy Supply in the Republic of Armenia

This article discusses the only Armenian nuclear power plant operation in Transcaucasia, the energy demand of the population of the Republic of Armenia, the restoration and secondary launch of nuclear power plants, environmental impact assessment, and prospects for the development of nuclear energy in the country. Data on personnel dose loads, emissions and discharges of nuclear power plants, soil and water pollution in the monitoring area for 2020 are presented.

Effect of Different Synthesis Approaches on Structural and Thermal Properties of Lanthanide(III) Metal\u2013Organic Frameworks Based on the 1H-Pyrazole-3,5-Dicarboxylate Linker

The impact of different synthetic procedures such as: hydrothermal, mechanochemical and precipitation on the structure and thermal properties of coordination polymers of 1H-pyrazole-3,5-dicarboxylic acid (H3pdca) with selected lanthanide ions was determined. The prepared complexes of the general formula: Ln2(Hpdca)3⋅nH2O, where Ln = Eu(III), Nd(III), Tb(III) and Er(III); n = 6 or 7 were fully investigated by: elemental analysis, Energy-Dispersive X-Ray (ED-XRF) and infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, powder as well as single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods and thermal analysis (TG-DSC and TG-FTIR) in various atmospheres. It was proved that all used strategies offer high yields of reactions along with crystallinity of the obtained products. The X-ray diffraction methods allowed to conclude that the complexes with the same metal ions exhibit the same crystal structure despite different synthesis routes. On the other hand, the coordination polymers of Eu(III), Tb(III) and Er(III) prepared under different conditions are isomorphous. Only neodymium(III) compounds have a different crystal structure. Thermal stability of the produced complexes was correlated with the synthesis conditions, in particular with the way of energy supply. It was found that the highest thermal stability was exhibited by the complexes prepared under the hydrothermal conditions. Additionally, based on the volatile products of metal complexes decomposition, the mechanism of their pyrolysis was proposed in relation to their structures.

Power Flow Optimization Problems for Multi-Energy Systems

Flow distribution calculation is the determination of the values of the state parameters at the nodes and connections of the system that satisfy the Kirchhoff laws. This calculation is necessary to determine the existence and admissibility of operating states in a multi-energy systems, as well as in singleproduct systems. In addition, it is an essential component of solving the problems of optimization of states in order to ensure the minimum cost of production, transmission and distribution of energy resources. Traditionally, a means of such minimization is the redistribution of the load between sources, consumers and storage of energy resources. As a consequence, this redistribution applies to the elements of transmission and distribution networks. This means are supplemented also by the possibility of converting energy resources from one type to another in multi-energy system. Covering the needs of the end consumer in different types of energy can be provided from different primary energy carriers through the chain (sequence) of their transfer and transformation from one type to another. Such a variety of the ways of energy supply, along with the possibilities of storing (accumulating) energy, pro-vides necessary degrees of freedom for solving states optimization problems.

Toward Sustainable Energy-Independent Buildings Using Internet of Things

Buildings are one of the primary consumers of energy. In addition to the electricity grids, renewable energies can be used to supply the energy demand of buildings. Intelligent systems such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and wireless sensor technologies can also be applied to manage the energy consumption in buildings. Fortunately, integrating renewable energies with these intelligent systems enables creating nearly zero-energy buildings. In this paper, we present the results of our experimentation to demonstrate forming such a building and showing the benefits for building users and the society. We create a system by integrating photovoltaic (PV) technology with an IoT-based control mechanism to supply and consume energy. We further illustrate “how the integration of IoT and PV technology can bring added value to the users?”. To this end, we evaluate the performance of our system against conventional ways of energy supply and consumption for a lighting use case in a dairy store. We also investigate the environmental and economic impacts of our system. In our implementation, for the IoT-based control system, we have used a set of sensors, a server, and a wireless network to control the energy consumption. We developed a web application for user interaction and software-based settings. To control the lighting system, we developed an algorithm that utilizes the ambient light, users’ movements inside the store and a historical dataset. The historical dataset was collected from the users’ behaviour as a training set for the algorithm for turning on and off the lights. We also designed an electricity management system that computes the energy generation by the PV panels, controls the energy supply, and imports and exports electricity to the grid. The results show that our system is an efficient approach for creating energy-independent buildings by integrating renewable energies with IoT-based control systems. The results also show that our system not only responds to the internal demand by using domestic supply, but it also (i) offers economic benefit by exporting extra renewable electricity to the grid, and (ii) prevents producing huge amounts of CO2. Our system is one of the first works to achieve a nearly zero-energy building in the developing countries with low electricity accessibility.

Using of digital technologies in the educational process of higher school

The transformation of the global economic space at all levels of socio-economic eco-systems has been indicated, which is caused by the digitalization of all spheres of public life. The level of transformation of world civilization is commensurate with the revolution of including new ways of energy supply for industry and people’s life, bright discoveries, that change the space due to the achievements of scientific and technological progress.The role of digitalization in the educational process of higher education in the formation of social skills, high professional competencies of future graduates and their demand in the labormarket has been investigated. Problems of introduction of digital technologies in higher Education institutions, connected with weak preparation of the teaching staff and students in the sphere of use of computer technologies, technical problems and change of the purpose of educational activity have been identified. The results of the introduction of elements of digital technologies in the technological process of teaching students basic disciplines on the example of microeconomics have been revealed empirically. The result of the research is a real improvement in the assimilation of theoretical material using digital technologies, a better understanding of it and the possibility of its application in professional activities.It has been concluded, that it is necessary to include elements of digital technologies in the educational process of higher education, because they provide new opportunities for teachers increasing the interest and involvement of students in the studied disciplines and for students in the implementation of their creative and intellectual potential, obtaining deeper knowledge and skills in demand. For the country, this is an opportunity to get managers and specialists of the future, able to ensure stable economic growth and social development of the nation.

Application of Distributed Energy System in Iron and Steel Industry and Its Policy Impacts

After years of development, the concept and connotation of Distributed Energy System (called as DES) are gradually unified. As a way of energy supply in the demand, a revolution of traditional energy system, DES is a new concept of energy conservation in the iron and steel industry, which has been vigorously advocated by the state, and warmly supported and concerned by the international environmental protection work. Iron and steel industry is a high energy consumption industry. With a large number of complex energy conversion and utilization, the production process has developed or is developing a certain amount of DES. According to the definition of the World Alliance for Decentralized Energy (WADE), this paper describes the most representative several DESs in China, and discusses its influences on the energy system of iron and steel enterprises. Finally, some policy suggestions for distributed energy system utilization in iron and steel industry are put forward for the developing countries.

Alternative Ways of Energy Supply in Rural Areas

Alternative Ways of Energy Supply in Rural Areas

Differences of two-component droplets breakup at the high temperatures

Heated liquid droplets may break up in the puffing and micro-explosion regimes. Many gas-vapor-droplet technologies can be improved significantly by using partial or full dispersion and explosive breakup of parent-droplets in a rational and controlled manner. Here we present the findings of experimental research into the fragmentation of boiling two-component droplets of different origin: emulsions, solutions, slurries, and immiscible two-liquid droplets. We consider three ways of energy supply to the droplet – conductive, convective, and radiative – typical of the current thermal liquid treatment technologies. We also identify the conditions that can provide monotonous evaporation, rapid fragmentation, and droplet aerosol. For the most interesting behavior – micro-explosion – the charts are obtained showing droplet heating times before breakup, number and size of child-droplets, and the ratio of the evaporation surface area before and after atomization. We show how much interference is brought by the main factors and processes – temperature, heat fluxes, component concentrations, dimensions or droplets, and their total evaporation surface areas. The scientific novelty of the research findings comes from the comparative dependences of fuel droplet fragmentation characteristics on the magnitude of the heat flux supplied at the heating temperatures ranging from 250 to 450 °C. These functions can be used to predict the optimal schemes of combined heat exchange with several heating mechanisms. This way we can provide the fastest possible micro-explosive breakup and ignition with relatively low energy costs. The practical value of the experimental results is attached to the key characteristics of micro-explosive breakup obtained for a wide range of promising fuels. These characteristics include the minimum heating times, the required threshold values of heat fluxes, and the necessary proportions of flammable and non-flammable components. The functions obtained are important for the testing and development of micro-explosion models, especially in order to update the characteristics of child-droplets. The number of child-droplets ranges from 2 to 3 to several hundreds or even thousands, and their size is several orders of magnitude smaller than that of the parent-droplet. These characteristics traditionally require updating during simulation by arranging more experiments.

Optimal Design of Quadrature-Shaped Pickup for Omnidirectional Wireless Power Transfer

This paper proposes an optimal design of quadrature-shaped pickup to satisfy various demands on performance at special positions for omnidirectional wireless power transfer (WPT). Omnidirectional WPT technology as a brand new way of energy supply has shown great potentials for charging objectives at all directions. In order to ensure the energy can be transmitted to arbitrary spatial directions, the orthogonal structure of three circular transmitting coils has been widely accepted matched with non-identical current control scheme. However, there are still some special positions where the transmitted power drops to the bottom which is not suitable for applications. Accordingly, this paper proposes an optimal design analysis for the quadrature-shaped pickup to satisfy different demands on either power or efficiency at such positions. The simulated analysis and experimental results are both given to verify the enhancement of the proposed quadrature-shaped pickup, which aims to provide a reference to fabricate an appropriate pickup up for utilizations.

Phase transitions in polymers under influence of microwave electromagnetic field

The performance of the microwave installation in a periodic mode during realization of the technological process with a phase transition without the expressed mass transfer is considered. The mathematical model of heat and mass transfer, describing phase transitions in polymers under the influence of a microwave electromagnetic field, is received. Determining experimental values, included in the ratios for the processing time of the polymeric material, it is possible to investigate the phase transitions in the object and the ways of energy supply, e.g. convective, radiant, on the phase transitions in the object.

The choice of the optimal level of the primary energy index for the collective residential buildings

This paper presents an optimal method of choosing a primary energy ratio, depending on the solutions regarding the building’s technical equipment. A global cost method was used in the analysis, as that method allows for determining the requirements in relation to the type of the building and the way of energy supply. Analysis regards five –storey building, where 4 floors were repetitive. The building represents a standard of the collective residential buildings. 4 chosen scenarios were analysed: basic one (thermal protection requirements following the requirement valid in Poland in 2008 – SEB), presently valid (including a modernisation helping to fulfil the actual building rules) – SEB*, low energy building – LEB and passive building standard – VLEB.

Quercetin suppresses the mobility of breast cancer by suppressing glycolysis through Akt-mTOR pathway mediated autophagy induction

Tumor metastasis is the primary factor causing death of cancer patients and it is a study emphasis in cancer treatment to suppress tumor metastasis by inhibiting glycolysis, which is the main way of energy supply for cell mobility in tumor. In the present study, we aimed to explore the effect of quercetin, a bioactive flavonoid, on tumor metastasis and cell glycolysis and its related functionary mechanism in breast cancer progression. Firstly, trans-well invasion assay and wound healing assay indicated that quercetin effectively suppressed cell mobility. The corresponding western blot revealed that quercetin treatment down-regulated the expression of cell migration marker proteins, such as matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), MMP-9 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The further experiments exhibited that quercetin successfully blocked cell glycolysis by inhibiting the level of glucose uptake and the production of lactic acid, and also decreased the level of glycolysis-related proteins Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), Glucose transporter1(GLUT1) and Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA). The above results revealed that quercetin might inhibit glycolysis to limit the migration of tumor cells by reducing the acidity of the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, our further investigation showed that quercetin induced obvious autophagy via inactivating the Akt-mTOR pathway. At the same time, the application of autophagy inhibitor 3-MA and Akt-mTOR pathway inducer IGF-1 further demonstrated that quercetin exerted inhibiting effect on cell mobility and glycolysis through Akt-mTOR pathway mediated autophagy induction. At last, the in vivo experiments also showed that quercetin treatment could suppress tumor growth and metastasis, inhibit glycolysis and induce autophagy through the inhibition of p-AKT/AKT. Taken together, we firstly revealed that quercetin suppressed the progression of breast cancer by inhibiting cell mobility and glycolysis through Akt-mTOR pathway mediated autophagy induction and may provide a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer treatment.

Air-Stable CpCoI-Phosphite-Fumarate Precatalyst in Cyclization Reactions: Comparing Different Methods of Energy Supply.

The robust CoI precatalyst [CpCo(P{OEt}3)(trans‐MeO2CHC=CHCO2Me)] was investigated in cyclotrimerizations, furnishing benzenes and pyridines from triynes, diynes and nitriles, comparing the influence of different ways of energy supply; namely, irradiation and conventional (thermal) or microwave heating. The precatalyst was found to work under all conditions, including the possibility to catalyze cyclotrimerizations at room temperature under photochemical conditions at longer reaction times. Performance of the reactions in a microwave reactor proved to be the most time‐efficient way to rapidly assemble the expected reaction products; however, careful selection of reaction conditions can be required. The synthesis of pyridines and isoquinolines successfully involved the utilization of versatile functionalized nitriles, affording structurally interesting reaction products. Comparison with the known and often applied precatalyst CpCo(CO)2 demonstrated the significantly higher reactivity of the CpCoI–phosphite–olefin precatalyst.

MiR‑186 functions as a tumor suppressor in osteosarcoma cells by suppressing the malignant phenotype and aerobic glycolysis.

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone malignancy among children and adolescents. Deregulation of microRNAs has been well documented in OS, while the putative effects of miR‑186 have not been identified yet. In the present study, we assessed the expression of miR‑186 in a cohort of 40 OS tissues and explored its effects on OS cells. As expected, miR‑186 was suppressed in OS tissues compared with relative normal tissues. Overexpression of miR‑186 inhibited cell proliferation, arrested the cell cycle progression and suppressed the cell invasion of the HOS and U2 OS cell lines. These results indicated the tumor‑suppressive role of miR‑186 in OS. Among the target genes of miR‑186, we found that pituitary tumor transforming gene1 (PTTG1) may be a target gene of miR‑186 in OS and that the overexpression of PTTG1 could partially abolish miR‑186‑mediated suppressive effects on OS cells. Aerobic glycolysis is the major way of energy supply and is one of the characteristic phenotypes of tumor cells. In addition, we found that overexpression of miR‑186 significantly suppressed the expression of hypoxia‑inducible factor 1 (HIF‑1) and inhibited the glucose uptake and lactate production of OS cells. Collectively, our findings demonstrated that miR‑186 functions as a tumor suppressor in OS cells partially by targeting PTTG1 and that HIF‑1‑mediated suppression of aerobic glycolysis may be also involved in its suppressive effects.

Photovoltaic Measurement Using Microprocessor Logger and Current Sensor

Nowdays, energy demand increase every years. Some obstacles stand in the way of energy supply. Some obstacles are energy limitation, climate change and environmental regulation. The change of conventional energy to renewable energy is the future solution. The development of renewable energy is the main priority, based on Indonesian government regulations. The potential of solar energy in Indonesia is very large because it is located in the equator. The research tries to measure solar energy in Indonesia region, it use atmega328p microprocessor logger and INA219 current sensor module. The measurement result is used to determine the photovoltaic stand-alone system performance. Measurement variables are sun irradiance, voltage, current, power, energy and temperature. The research method is measurement comparison between photovoltaic system with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and without MPPT. Sun irradiation measurement with solar power meter is compared with sun irradiation data from NASA. Performance Ratio of the photovoltaic system with MPPT is better than the photovoltaic system without MPPT, the best photovoltaic system with MPPT Performance Ratio (PR) result is 0.93.

Research and Application of Distributed Energy Integration Optimization for Sino-German Building in the Cold Area of China

With the global energy demand growth, caused by excessive energy consumption and environmental pollution is increasingly serious. And the building energy consumption accounts for about 40% of the global total energy consumption, with great potential for energy saving. Especially in the cold area of northeast China, the summer is very hot and the winter is long and cold. And extreme weather often occurs,the hot and cold polarization is serious. So china cold area need a stable way of energy supply, In the long run, DES systems are an essential part. DES system as a system that can be distributed on the user terminals and supplies energy, is more durable and less prone to massive power outages than a power grid system. To a large extent, it improves the fragility of traditional grid system, avoids the phenomenon of large-scale power outage and solves the problem of long-distance transmission loss.The author mainly describes the application of DES system in the severe cold area of China. Taking the of Shenyang Jianzhu University as an example, the author introduces the DES system including dual-source heat pump unit. This DES system involves a variety of energy forms and energy conversion devices. By promoting the use of low-texergyerature energy of the solar and air or ground, not only low-quality heat needs are met, but also high-quality energy is saved and the overall energy efficiency is improved. The author mainly analyzes the representative winter and summer seasons of Shenyang Jianzhu University Sino-German building, and the energy supply method using distributed energy system is compared with the conventional energy supply method using only the grid.And the Pareto function is introduced which including the best possible trade-offs between the economic and exergy inputs objectives, is obtained by minimizing a weighted sum of the total energy cost and total primary exergy input using branch-and-cut. The results show that energy costs can be significantly reduced through optimized operation of distributed energy systems compared to conventional energy supply systems that use grid-only power supply, and can significantly improve the overall effective energy efficiency to achieve energy saving and emission reduction.

A comprehensive method of surface-line-point energy planning considering low-grade heat: A case study of an eco-agricultural park in Tianjin, China

Buildings account for approximately 50% of the total energy consumption in the world. Efforts have been made to substitute low-grade thermal energy for fossil fuel to achieve thermal comfort in buildings in order to save energy and reduce air pollution. Generally, these efforts are either an incentive policy from the government or the specific technology on how to use one certain low-grade energy. However, the energy planning for a regional architectural complex or how to evaluate the applications of different forms of energy in advance is less published. For this reason, a comprehensive energy planning method for regional architecture complex using low-grade energy, named surface-line-point, is proposed in this article. The important indexes of the energy level gap and exergy price are adopted for surface planning. Exergy analysis can be used to realize the line planning. Hourly load simulation can be used to optimize the operation performance of machine and complete the point planning. The correctness and feasibility of this method is validated through a case study of eco-agricultural park in Tianjin. The surface-line-point planning can be further applied to other building groups to help the engineer select the most appropriate ways of energy supply.

Возобновляемые источники энергии и региональная перспектива устойчивого развития Центральной Азии

In the conditions of increasing consumption of energy-related natural resources, the role of developingalternative energy sources rises as a factor in ensuring energy security is growing. Reducing theenvironmental burden on the environment is a contribution to the establishment of sustainable development.The energy resources that are traditionally used on a large scale by mankind – oil, natural gas, coal,are limited, can be exhausted before the year 2100. Lack of resources and uneven distribution amongcountries raises concerns about the future rational consumption and ways to replace energy dependenceon fossil fuels. In this regard, much attention is paid to renewable energy sources, such as sun, wind,water, subsoil heat, biomass, etc. The use of renewable energy sources will help in solving the accumulatedenvironmental problems, and along with them solve economic, social, political issues. The CentralAsian region has a significant amount of natural resources, including oil and gas as the main sources ofenergy, which are the main export items of Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, and water energy belongs tothe subjects of the export dispute of Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. To maintain the stability anddevelopment of Central Asia, alternative ways of energy supply must be developed. In the region, theissue of the potential and conditions for the development of RES in the countries of Central Asia, theimpact of the development of renewable energy sources on the future of the development of the regionis relevant. The aim of this article is to determine the contribution of the renewable energy sources in themaintenance of sustainable regional development of the Central Asia with main stress on the UN Goal-7.Key words: renewable energy sources, sustainable development (SD), hydro energy, wind energy,solar energy, biomass energy.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOLAR MODULES OPERATION IN THE ARCTIC CLIMATE OF RUSSIA AND CANADA

The paper makes a comparison and reveals the common and distinctive features in the energy supply of the two major Arctic powers–Russia and Canada. The paper analyzes the problem of reliable power supply to remote consumers of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation and Canada's Arctic territories with their consumers in the form of communities and mining enterprises. The existing energy supply for the Arctic consumers has been considered and the main problems associated with this situation have been revealed. Regions with centralized and decentralized energy supply are identified. It was found that in most remote settlements, the only reliable source of electricity today is diesel power plants (and hydroelectric power plants in Canada). The negative factors of this way of energy supply are air and noise pollution of surrounding areas, fire hazard, high fuel consumption as well as the probability of spilling diesel fuel during its transportation. These factors are mainly due to the fact that in the Arctic zone either outdated or end-of-life equipment is used. One of the solutions to the problem of reliable electricity supply can be the use of renewable energy sources, in particular solar energy because the one is the most promising, widely distributed and clean source of energy. The paper describes the experience of operating solar modules in the Arctic part of Russia and Canada and gives the most reliable power supply scheme for these territories. The paper analyzes the factors affecting the generation of electricity from solar modules. The main conclusions are drawn on the problem of the operation of solar modules in a wide range of characteristics and the need for adaptation of the modules to the conditions of the Arctic climate.

THE STUDY OF FEATURES OF CONTROL OF TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS FOR RECEIVING THE APPLE SNACKS

The article is devoted to the use of modern methods of the study of vegetable raw material for apple snacks production. To establish the optimal variety of apples there was used the analysis of technological parameters that depend on their chemical composition, especially on the quantity of dry substances, sugar-acid index and food fibers content. The study of inactivation degree of oxidative enzymes and possibility to prevent the protopectin hydrolysis process allowed establish the effectiveness of preliminary preparation of apples. The research-industrial drying setting, constructed by the authors, gave a possibility to study the different drying processes at the expanse of combination of convective and thermoradiative ways of energy supply and to establish the optimal regime of apple snacks drying. This elaboration allows receive product with high organoleptic indices, shorten the drying process and lower specific energy consumption.