Way Analysis Of Variance Research Articles

The effect of mesoporous silica doped with silver nanoparticles on glass ionomer cements; physiochemical, mechanical and ion release analysis

BackgroundThe purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of adding mesoporous silica with silver nanoparticles to conventional glass ionomer cements (GIC) on its, physical, chemical, mechanical properties and ion release analysis.MethodsSynthesized mesoporous silica with silver nanoparticles were added in 1, 3 and 5% by weight to the liquid component of GIC forming three experimental groups and compared with plain GIC as control group. Physical and chemical characterization were conducted using nano-computerized tomography (NanoCT) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Surface microhardness, water sorption and solubility were analyzed. Ion release was investigated using Inductive Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy and High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Statistical analysis between different groups for the set parameters using parametric and non-parametric tests. The results were analysed using one way analysis of variance (p < 0.05).ResultsSynthesized mesoporous silica with silver nanoparticles were of 7.28 ± 5.0 nm in diameter with a spherical morphology. NanoCT revealed less porosities for 3 wt %. Microhardness showed a statistically significant difference for 5 wt% at day 1 and 21 ( p < 0.0001). Water sorption values decreased significantly on day 14 compared to day 7 for control, 1, 3 and 5 wt%. Control specimens showed highest concentration of fluoride release followed by 5, 3 and 1 wt%.ConclusionMesoporous silica with silver nanoparticles modified glass ionomer cements showed comparable microhardness to conventional GIC. Ion release was evident from the modified specimens. Silver remained within the GIC for atleast four weeks following incorporation.

UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF ENHANCED PUBLIC HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEMS: A SURVEY ON TECHNOLOGICAL INTEGRATION AND PUBLIC HEALTH BENEFITS

Introduction: Various changes in technologies have impacted the public health monitoring systems especially in the United States. AI and IoT, Big Data, block chains have enhanced the ways that diseases are monitored, vaccinations are administered and emergency responses are coordinated. Issues like the infrastructure constraints, privacy issues and variability in technological implementation graduality’s limit the extent to which these technologies can be scaled up in U.S. public health systems. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of technological improvement on the improvement of the public health monitoring systems in United States. It assesses the utilization of superior technologies and considers the observed enhancement of general health status together with the problems identified in the application of technologies. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional survey was filled by 400 participants from the PH and technology workers working throughout the USA in the public health sector. Community and purposive sampling techniques were used and data were self-administered from the participants through an online structured questionnaire. The survey included questions about participants’ degrees of awareness of AI, IoTs, Big Data and blockchain, concerning their applicability to public health surveillance and the potential challenges to their application. Descriptive statistics, chi-square, independent sample t test, one way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were conducted in SPSS V 26. Results: The current study revealed that the use of AI, IoT, Big Data and blockchain technologies has accelerated the enhancement of public health surveillance, including disease detection and vaccination management. Awareness of these technologies was directly related to perceived impact on public health to the extent of r = 0.75, p &lt; 0.001. Other issues like lack of funding, lack of technical knowledge and issues surrounding privacy were cited as major reasons for inadequate scaling up. Conclusion: The results point out that new technology has a potential for advancing the system for monitor public health in the United States but there are some barriers. Challenges that prevent expansion and growth of these technologies include inadequate infrastructure, funding and data protection must be overcome in order to enhance the efficiency of the technologies to deliver on their intended health benefits. More work is necessary to expand understanding of longevity of these phenomena and ways of preventing these challenges.

Bond strength of polymer clay with room temperature vulcanizing maxillofacial silicone – An in vitro study

Aim: To assess and analyze the bond strength of polymeric organic clay and heat polymerized PMMA with RTV maxillofacial silicone with and without an adhesive primer. Settings and Design: The use of polymeric clay as a substructure for implant retained maxillofacial silicone prosthesis is suggested. However, the bond strength of polymeric clay with room temperature vulcanizing (RTV) maxillofacial silicone and heat polymerized polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA) with RTV maxillofacial silicone has yet to be studied. Materials and Methods: Fifty two samples were prepared in total. Group 1 (n = 13) silicone and PMMA without primer. Group 2 (n = 13) silicone and PMMA with primer. Group 3 (n = 13) silicone and polymer clay without primer. Group 4 (n = 13) silicone and polymer clay with primer. The samples were of dimensions of 75 mm × 10 mm × 3 mm. For groups 1 and 2, samples were fabricated with PMMA over which RTV silicone was manipulated, packed and vulcanized for 24 h. For Groups 3 and 4, polymer clay was molded to the required dimensions and hardened. RTV maxillofacial silicone was manipulated and packed over it and vulcanized. For Group 2 and 4 samples, primer was applied to the uncovered part of PMMA and polymeric clay respectively. The samples were subjected to a 180° and 90° (t peel test) peel strength test, respectively. Statistical Analysis Used: One way analysis of variance was used to analyze bond strength, which was then followed by a post hoc Tukey’s test. Results: The mean bond strength of silicone and PMMA without primer was 0.35 ± 0.07 mN/m, while silicone and PMMA with primer had a mean bond strength of 0.41 ± 0.04 mN/m. The mean bond strength of silicone and polymer clay without primer and silicone and polymer clay with primer was found to be 0.45 ± 0.13 mN/m and 0.30 ± 0.05 mN/m, respectively. An 80% research power and a 95% confidence interval were used in the statistical analysis. A significance threshold of P &lt; 0.05 was applied. Conclusion: The silicone to heat polymerized PMMA primer bond strength is the same as the silicone to polymer clay primer bond strength. Bond strength of polymer clay and maxillofacial silicone without primer is better than with primer. Therefore, without primer application, polymer clay substitutes PMMA as an interface between maxillofacial silicone material and attachments/keepers.

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF HARDNESS AND SURFACE ROUGHNESS AFTER DIFFERENT COOLING PROCEDURES OF HEAT CURE DENTURE BASE MATERIALS

Aim: To evaluate the influence of different cooling procedures on mechanical properties of DPI &amp; LUCITONE heat cure poly methyl methacrylate denturebase materials before andafter 1year of brushing simulation. Materials And Methods: A total of 100 specimens were prepared using two heat cure denture base materials i.e, DPI and LUCITONE. The specimens in each group were subdivided into five groups (n=10 ) based on the cooling procedure followed: A: Flask remains in water bath till room temperature B: Remove flask from water bath, bench cool for 30min and then cool under running water for 15min C: Remove flask from water bath, bench cool for 10min and then cool under running water for 15min D: Remove flask from water bath and bench cool till room temperature E: Remove the flask from water bath and cool under running water for 15 minutes.After finishing and polishing, samples were placed in a brushing machine to simulate one year of mechanical cleansing. The specimens were tested for surface roughness with profilometer and hardness with Vickers hardness tester before and after brushing. Results were statistically analysed by two and one- way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) plus Tukey post hoc tests. Results: Specimens with type C(Remove flask from water bath, bench cool for 10min and then cool under running water for 15min)cooling procedures have high hardness values, among whichLucitone showed better properties. Surface roughness did not show significant changes among different groups. Brushing did not significantly affect surface roughness and hardness of denture base materials. Conclusion: Two of the treatments tested, Treatment C: bench-cooling for 10 min and cooling under running water for 15min and Treatment A: cooling in water-bath till room temperature provided the highest hardness values.

Growth performance and proximate composition of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) fingerlings fed varying inclusion levels of ripe banana (Musa Sapientum) peel

The cost of fish feed is of great concern in fish farming. The growth performance and proximate composition of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings fed varying inclusion levels of ripe banana peels as a possibility of replacing soybean as a component of the fish feed were evaluated for a period of 12 weeks. 250 C. gariepinus fingerlings were acclimated for 2 weeks and fed to satiation morning and evening. Five isocaloric and nitrogenous diets were prepared from ripe banana peel thus: 0% (Control), 25% (T25), 50% (T50), 75% (T75) and 100% (T100) inclusion levels to replace equal weights of soybean, respectively. Some growth parameters such as standard length (SL), total length (TL) and weight were determined on weekly basis. The proximate compositions of the fish in each treatment and control were determined at the end of the experiment. The data generated were subjected to one way analysis of variance and considered significant at P≤0.05. From the results; the weight, SL and TL mean values measured in the control were significantly higher than other treatments in most of the weeks of the experiment. The highest weight in the control was 52.43±10.80g while the highest amongst other treatments was 30.67±6.69g obtained in T75 at the end of the 12 weeks. The ash content, crude fibre and fat contents were mostly significantly in T75 and T100. The highest moisture content (12.88±0.74%) was also obtained in T100. The crude protein content was significantly higher in the control than other treatments with 68.69±0.35% at the end of the 12th week. The results of this research has shown that banana peel can be included up to 75% level of inclusion as possible replacement for soybean in fish meal production and therefore, capable of reducing the cost of fish production incurred by farmer. For optimal performance, the crude protein content should be improved upon by inclusion of other cheap protein sources.

Evaluation of Serum Electrolytes among Geriatric and Non-Geriatric Men in Osisoma, ABA, Nigeria

Background: Ageing is a progressive development associated with a decline in the physiological functions, which increases susceptibility to organ dysfunction (especially the kidney) in geriatrics. This facilitates the risk of electrolyte imbalance, as the kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining these electrolyte concentration. Aim: This was a cross-sectional study designed to evaluate serum sodium ( ), potassium ( ), chloride ( ), and bicarbonate ( ) levels, and understand their prevalence among apparently healthy geriatric and non-geriatric men residing in Osisoma, Aba. Methodology: A total of 100 apparently healthy participants were enrolled for this study, comprising of 50 geriatric men aged 65 years and above, and 50 non-geriatric men aged 20-30 years. From both groups, serum samples were used for the analyses of sodium ( ), potassium ( ), chloride ( ), and bicarbonate ( ) using Spectrophotometer. The data obtained was analyzed statistically using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS version 25), student’s t-test, one way analysis of variance (ANOVA), pearson correlation coefficient and P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The mean values of sodium (136.6+3.9mmol/L), potassium (3.9+0.5mmol/L), chloride (100.2+3.9mmol/L) and bicarbonate (24.4+4.3 mmol/L) levels in geriatric subjects showed no statistical significant difference (P &gt; 0.05) when compared to the mean values of sodium (136.9+2.3 mmol/L), potassium (3.9+0.4 mmol/L), chloride (100.8+2.8 mmol/L) and bicarbonate (24.9+3.9 mmol/L) in non-geriatric subjects. The study also revealed a significant difference (P = 0.001) in the mean value of bicarbonate (24.8+4.3 mmol/L; 25.8+1.9mmol/L, and 18.1 +3.3 mmol/L) among geriatric subjects, when compared based on age range using ANOVA. There was a significant negative correlation between the ages and bicarbonate levels (r = -0.4, P = 0.008), a non-significant positive correlation between ages and sodium levels (r = 0.1, P = 0.498), and chloride levels (r = 0.2, P = 0.125), and a non-significant negative correlation between the ages and potassium levels (r = -0.1, P = 0.691) in geriatric subjects. Conclusion: The result from this study showed no significant alteration of serum electrolytes between geriatric and non-geriatric subjects, and a significant alteration of bicarbonate levels among the geriatric subjects. This present study has shown that ageing without any comorbidities has lesser effect on serum electrolytes.

Shilajit (Mumio) Elicits Apoptosis and Suppresses Cell Migration in Oral Cancer Cells Through Targeting Urokinase-type Plasminogen Activator and Its Receptor and Chemokine Signaling Pathways

Background Shilajit a natural phytomineral has a proven record of treating many human body ailments. Purpose This study aimed to explore the influence of Shilajit on cell proliferation and apoptosis induction in oral cancer cells (OCC) and to comprehend the molecular mechanism associated with OCC migration. Materials and Methods Human gingival fibroblast (hGF) and OCC (KB-1 (KERATIN-forming tumor cell line HeLa)) were exposed to Shilajit solution dilutions. Cell growth and apoptosis were measured by MTT and Annexin-V tests (control/test group). Cellular morphology using an inverted microscope, cellular apoptosis using acridine orange/ethidium bromide dual staining, reactive oxygen species production analysis using 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) staining, and gene protein expression using real-time polymerase chain reaction test were used to measure study outcomes. The data enumerated were the average of three trial experiments. Categorical and numerical data were expressed as frequency distribution and means, respectively. Differences in groups (control/test; zero/24 h/48 h) were determined using Student’s t-test and one way analysis of variance, with probability ‘ p’ value considered significant at ≤0.05. Results The viability of OCC exhibited a concentration and time-dependent response to Shilajit. Notably, Shilajit demonstrated selectivity against cancer cells. Through an examination of the Annexin-V apoptosis assay, it was observed that Shilajit induces apoptosis by upregulating the proapoptotic gene expression ( p ≤ 0.05) and downregulating antiapoptotic proteins ( p ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, the impact of Shilajit on cell migration decreased significantly when compared to control cells through modulating the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR) and chemokines gene expression. Conclusion Shilajit exhibited greater cytotoxicity, decreased OCC proliferation and migration, and initiated OCC apoptosis as equivalent to normal cells. These promising outcomes indicate that Shilajit holds potential as a robust, promising option for oral cancer treatment, underscoring the need for further research in this domain.

Burnout Professional Fulfilment and Sleep Quality in Indian Healthcare Workers in Times of the Covid-19 Pandemic

Aim and Background: With more than 210 nations affected, the SARS-COV-2 became the most widespread worldwide pandemic. As of 14 April 2022, over 500 million cases were confirmed globally Given these numbers, it was hardly surprising that the Covid-19 epidemic significantly strained healthcare systems worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the degree of Burnout, Professional fulfilment, and Sleep quality across various groups of healthcare professionals working during the Covid-19 pandemic and looked for any correlation between these three variables. Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional observational research design and gathered data from respondents across various regions of India through an anonymous online or paper-based questionnaire tailored to the preferences of each participating Healthcare Worker (HCW). The assessment of professional fulfilment was conducted by employing the Stanford Professional Fulfillment Index and the sleep quality of healthcare workers was determined via the use of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. The variables were analyzed using statistical tools; Chi-square test, Fisher’s Exact test,Kruskal-Wallis One Way Analysis of Variance and Spearman’s rank correlation Results: Burnout was notably higher among the HCWs with poorer Sleep quality and lower in HCWs with higher Professional Fulfilment. Correlations further revealed that Burnout scores positively correlated with Work exhaustion and Interpersonal Disengagement Conclusion: This illustrates that HCWs with poorer sleep quality and lesser professional fulfilment experienced greater burnout at work during the COVID-19 pandemic Clinical significance: These insights guide healthcare providers and policy markers to optimize the well being of Healthcare Workers and foster informed preparedness in case of future pandemics. Keywords: COVID-19, PSQI, HCW, SPFI, Burnout, Professional Fulfilment, Sleep Quality.

Stimulation of citric acid production by heat shock promoting &lt;i&gt;Aspergillus niger&lt;/i&gt; using nitrogen enriched &lt;i&gt;Dioscorea bulbifera&lt;/i&gt;

High cost of substrate and how to stimulate citric acid are among the factors that mitigate citric acid production. Exploiting a cheap substrate for citric acid production will be a viable alternative in order to reduce the cost of citric acid production. Therefore, the aim of this research was to evaluate the potential of wild Dioscorea bulbifera tubers for citric acid production. Experimental procedures were designed to determine the effect of different concentrations of wild Dioscorea bulbifera, different nitrogen sources and effect of different concentrations of nitrogen sources on citric acid production. The data obtained were analyzed using one- way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results of the experiment showed that wild Dioscorea bulbifera tuber was able to produce citric acid. The concentration of acid produced increased from 5 % to 20 % citric acid up to 8.5 ±1.0 g/lafter 96 hours of fermentation. Among the different nitrogen sources used to supplement wild Dioscorea bulbifera, the medium with ammonium nitrate produced the highest citric acid concentration of 10.5 ±1.5 g/l after 96 hours of fermentation. Meanwhile, when the concentration of the amonium nitrate were varied, 0.4 % was the optimum for the maximum citric acid concentration of 14.8 ±2.0 g/l after 96 hours of fermentation (P&lt; 0.05). In conclusion, Dioscorea bulbifera tubers is suitable for citric acid production and supplementation of the medium with ammonium nitrate as a nitrogen source had a positive effect on the yield.

Spirulina sebagai Pengganti Artemia untuk Meningkatkan Produksi Larva Ikan Patin Pangasius hypophthalmus

The provision of quality and sufficient shrimp fry for production is largely determined by the management of maintenance during larval stadia. This study aims to obtain the best treatment of natural feed in the form of Spirulina sp. and Artemia sp. as feed supplements to improve the growth performance and survival rate of patin fish larvae. The experiment used a Complete Randomized Design consisting of 4 feed treatments and 3 replicates: A (Artemia sp. 100%), B (Artemia sp. 100% and Spirulina sp. 100%), C (Artemia sp. 50% and Spirulina sp. 50%), and D (Spirulina sp. 100%). The larvae with a density of 50 heads/L were kept in the aquarium and fed according to the treatment. The density of Spirulina sp. administered was 104–105 cells/mL maintained until day 7 according to the treatment. The parameters measured included growth performance, which included specific growth rate (SGR), survival (SR), absolute length growth (PPM), and analysis of larval digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase, and protease). The data were analyzed using one way-analysis of variance and continued with Duncan's Multiple Range Test with a 95% confidence interval using SPSS version 22.0. The results showed that the administration of Spirulina sp. produced better SGR, SR, PPM, amylase enzyme, lipase, and protease activities compared to the control (100% administration of Artemia sp.). The best treatment was given by 100% Spirulina sp. treatment. Keywords: Artemia sp., digestive enzymes, patin fish larvae, Spirulina sp.

Ginsenoside Rh2 suppresses ferroptosis in ulcerative colitis by targeting specific protein 1 by upregulating microRNA-125a-5p

BackgroundWorldwide, ulcerative colitis (UC) is becoming increasingly fast growing. Ginsenoside Rh2 has been reported to alleviate UC. However, the latent biological mechanism of Rh2 in the treatment of UC remains uncertain. In this study, the goal was to determine the therapeutic effect of Rh2 on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC.MethodsA DSS-induced UC mouse model was established and divided into 7 groups for Rh2 gavage and/or miR-125a-5p lentivirus injection (n = 10 per group). Colonic specimens were collected for phenotypic and pathological analysis. miR-125a-5p and specific protein 1 (SP1) expression, inflammation-related factors IL-6 and IL-10, and apoptosis were detected in mice. Human normal colon epithelial cell line NCM460 was treated with H2O2 and ferric chloride hexahydrate to construct an in vitro cell model of colitis and induce ferroptosis. Independent sample t-test was used to compare cell proliferation, cell entry, apoptosis, and oxidative stress between the two groups. One way analysis of variance combined with the least significant difference t test was used for comparison between groups. Multiple time points were compared by repeated measurement analysis of variance.ResultsDSS-induced UC mice had significantly decreased body weight, increased disease activity index, decreased colon length, and decreased miR-125a-5p expression (all P < 0.05). In the DSS-induced mouse model, the expression of miR-125a-5p rebounded and ferroptosis was inhibited after Rh2 treatment (all P < 0.05). Inhibition of miR-125a-5p or upregulation of SP1 expression counteracted the protective effects of Rh2 on UC mice and ferroptosis cell models (all P < 0.05).ConclusionsRh2 mitigated DSS-induced colitis in mice and restrained ferroptosis by targeting miR-125a-5p. Downregulating miR-125a-5p or elevating SP1 could counteract the protective impacts of Rh2 on ferroptotic cells. The findings convey that Rh2 has a latent application value in the treatment of UC.Graphical

Effect Of Drying Method On Theantioxidant, Phytochemical, Antinutrient And Selected Chemical Properties Of Turmeric Powder

Background: Turmeric (Curcumin longa) is one of the known spices that have culinary uses as well as medical and medicinal uses. It is a golden spice derived from the rhizome of curcuma longa plant which belongs to the family of Zingiberaceae. Turmeric is a therapeutic plant that is consumed as a flavouring, preservative and colouring agent. Turmeric has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and phytochemical properties. The main active ingredient in turmeric is curcumin. Curcumin has free radical scavenging properties. Despite the health benefits of turmeric, few people use it partly because of the cumbersomeness of the preparation, staining and drying out of the tubers during storage. This study produced turmeric powder and evaluated the effect of drying method on the antioxidant, phytochemical, antinutritional and chemical properties of the products in view of ascertaining the best processing method in terms of nutrient retention. Materials and Methods: In this randomized controlled study, three kilograms (3 kg) of turmeric rhizome were cleaned, peeled, sliced thinly and shared into three equal parts. One part was shade dried for 5 days, the second, sun dried for 48 h and the third oven dried at 55±10C for 6 h. The dried samples were milled separately and analyzed for antioxidants (curcumin, beta carotene, vitamins C and E), phytochemicals (flavonoids, total phenol, saponin and alkaloids), antinutrients (phytate, tannin and oxalate) and some chemical properties (moisture, fat, calcium, iron, zinc and iodine). Data obtained were analyzed statistically using one way analysis of variance and means separated using Duncan new multiple range test. Significance was accepted at 5 % probability (p&lt;0.05). Results: The beta carotene, vitamin C, E and curcumin contents were high ranging from 24.54 to 27.78, 662.24 to 1397.55, 12.54 to 17.88 and 16.39 to 17.89 mg/100g, respectively, suggesting antioxidant potential of turmeric. The high flavonoid content (7.23 to 9.28 %) indicated that turmeric may have inhibitory activity against disease causing organisms and may act as biological response modifier. The low values of alkaloid and saponin obtained maybe an indication of potency of the product. The low values of phytate (0.88 to 1.1 2 %), tannin (2.02 to 3.96 %) and oxalate (0.15 to 0.20 %) are suggestive of high nutrient bioavailability. The samples exhibited low calcium, iron, zinc, and high iodine values (1.01 to 1.63 %, 0.20 to 0.31, 1.27 to 3.11 and 7.27 to 25.86 percent respectively. Significant (p&lt;0.05) variations existed among the values indicating drying techniques influence. Conclusion: The results obtained from the study showed that method of drying has significant effect on the parameters analyzed. Sun drying or shade drying are preferred for turmeric powder processing.

Carcass Essential Amino Acids Profile of &lt;i&gt;Clarias gariepinus &lt;/i&gt;(Burchell, 1822) Fingerlings Fed Different Levels of Maca (&lt;i&gt;Lepidium meyenii&lt;/i&gt;, Walp.) Root Powder as Feed Additive

This research was carried out to determine the carcass essential amino acids profile of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings fed different levels of Maca root powder as a feed additive. Five (5) isonitrogenous (40% crude protein) and isocaloric (1,732kcal kg-1 gross energy) diets were formulated, where Maca root powder in the form of feed additive was included at 0.0g/100g (TM0), 0.25g/100g (TM1), 0.5g/100g (TM2), 0.75g/100g (TM3) and 1.0g/100g (TM4) inclusion levels, diet without Maca root powder (TM0), served as the control diet. Formulated diets were fed to Clarias gariepinus fingerlings (n = 300, 10.0±0.00g) in fifteen (15) rectangular plastic tanks (n = 20) at a fixed feeding rate of 3% body weight twice daily between the hours of 8:00 - 9:00 am and 4:00 - 5:00 pm at regular interval and adjusted after every two (2) weeks of sampling for a period of twelve (12) weeks. At the end of the research three (3) Clarias gariepinus from each treatment were sacrificed with the carcass subjected to essential amino acids analysis. Data collected were analysed using one - way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at P = 0.05. All the nine (9) essential amino acids were found in the final carcass profile of the Clarias gariepinus. Carcass histidine value (15.81mg/g) was highest in fish fed diet TM3 and least (10.02mg/g) in the fish fed the control diet (TM0), carcass isoleucine value (25.42mg/g) was highest in fish fed diet TM3 and least (18.20mg/g) in the fish fed control diet (TM0), while the carcass leucine value (14.17mg/g) was highest in fish fed diet TM4 and least (11.98mg/g) in the fish fed control diet (TM0), carcass lysine value (20.13mg/g) was highest in fish fed diet TM3 and least (14.68mg/g) in the fish fed control diet (TM0), carcass methionine value (33.07mg/g) was highest in fish fed diet TM3 and least (26.80mg/g) in the fish fed control diet (TM0), carcass phenylalanine value (22.24mg/g) was highest in fish fed diet TM3 and least (17.69mg/g) in the fish fed control diet (TM0), carcass threonine value (22.23mg/g) was highest in fish fed diet TM3 and least (15.13mg/g) in the fish fed control diet (TM0), carcass tryptophan value (25.74mg/g) was highest in fish fed diet TM3 and least (20.92mg/g) in the fish fed control diet (TM0) and the carcass valine value (39.77mg/g) was highest in fish fed diet TM3 and least (32.95mg/g) in the fish fed control diet (TM0).. The incorporation of Maca root powder as a feed additive into the diet of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings increases the concentration of the carcass's essential amino acids and therefore the Clarias gariepinus can be a very important source of the essential amino acids. The incorporation of Maca root powder as a feed additive into the diet of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings is recommended for improving the Clarias gariepinus carcass essential amino acids profile.

Comparative Studies on Antibacterial Potentials of Cassia fistula and Carica papaya Leaf Extract against Selected Fish Pathogens

Aim: To investigate the antibacterial efficacy of Cassia fistula and Carica papaya leaf extracts against selected fish pathogens such as Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis and Micrococcus luteus, Study Design: To carry out the antibacterial sensitivity studies of C. fistula and C. papaya leaf extracts using one way analysis of variance. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biological Sciences, Bells University of Technology, Ota, Ogun State, between November 2022-April, 2023 Methodology: Leaves were subjected to aqueous extraction, and concentrated at 500C in hot air oven. The extracts were screen for biomolecules responsible for antibacterial activities. Antibacterial sensitivity test was carried out on bacteria pathogens using agar well diffusion technique. Results: Results showed that C. fistula leaf extract was more effective against A. hydrophila (20.00b ± 2.31 mm) and P. mirabilis (17.00b ± 1.15 mm) than C. papaya leaf extract. (14.00c ± 2.31 mm and 15.00c ± 1.15 mm), while C. papaya was only effective against V. parahaemolyticus (17.50b ±1.73 mm) than C. fistula (15.50c ± 0.58 mm). The results depicted significant difference (P˂0.05) in the inhibition zone among A. hydrophila, V. parahaemolyticus and P. mirabilis, except S. aureus (12.50b ± 1.73 mm) and M. luteus (11.50b ± 0.58 mm) (P˃0.05). Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations and Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations confirmed that C. fistula was more effective on A. hydrophila than C. papaya at a lesser dose with a marked difference (P˃0.05). Conclusion: C. fistula leaf extract exhibited higher antibacterial efficacy than C. papaya, showing that it is more effective against all tested bacteria except V. parahaemolyticus. This implies that C. fistula is an excellent antibacterial agent with capacity to destroy a wide range of bacteria than C. papaya. Therefore, it can be used to treat fish diseases and pond water against bacteria pathogens, including multidrug resistant bacteria.

Does Varying Platelet-Rich Fibrin Centri̇fugati̇on Protocols Enhance New Bone Formati̇on in Extracti̇on Site?

Finding a protocol that could prevent bone resorption and be implemented in clinical practice would be crucial in providing sufficient bone to replace missing teeth with implants. The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of different centrifugation platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) protocols in new bone formation and bone regenerative markers. This randomized clinical trial was conducted at Izmir Katip Çelebi Research Hospital, a population-based facility in Izmir. Study subjects were composed of patients who required extraction of anterior teeth. Exclusion criteria included periodontal disease, resorption of alveolar bone, defects, smoking, alcoholism, and systemic diseases. The independent variable was the PRF protocol. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of three groups: Leukocyte Platelet-Rich Fibrin (L-PRF), Advanced Platelet-Rich Fibrin (A-PRF) and control groups (healing naturally). The primary outcome of interest was the percentage of new bone formation, determined by analyzing the staining intensity in histomorphometric assessments of bone samples collected 8weeks after extraction. The secondary outcomes were regenerative effects measured by the immunohistochemical expression of markers such as osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Potential benefits were evaluated by clinical observations of pain, swelling, membrane visibility and healing. Age, sex and health conditions. Histologic comparative staining intensities and biomarkers expression between groups were evaluated by one way analysis of variance. A difference of P<.05 was considered statistically significant. The study included 57 subjects, with a mean age of 45years (±5.6); 29 were male (51%) and 28 female (49%). The control group had a mean new bone formation of 32.68% (±2.5), the A-PRF group 61.37% (±3.0), and the L-PRF group 70.74% (±3.5) (P<.001). The A-PRF group showed significantly higher osteocalcin expression than the control group (P=.013). Alkaline phosphatase and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression scores for PRF groups were significantly higher than the control group's (P=.001). Both groups demonstrated significantly lower pain scores, reduced gingival swelling, better membrane visibility, and healing compared to the control group. PRF enhanced bone formation rates, with L-PRF showing the most significant effect.

Macro Skills Development Management of Chinese EFL Learners in Taiwan (R.O.C.)

Managing students’ macro skills development is necessary for any nation especially for non- native English-speaking countries not only because it can fully benefit them from global commerce but also for the reason that nations with higher levels of English language skills have stronger economies and enjoy a higher quality of life. This study critically analyzed the macro skills development management of the Grade 5students of Taipei Municipal Shezi Elementary School. It employed the Descriptive Survey Research Method and Comparative Analysis that were both transcribed in English and Traditional Chinese languages. Weighted Mean, Frequency Count, and Percentage were used to determine the implementation extent of the macro skills development program for the Chinese EFL learners as perceived by the three stakeholder groups, namely: the English teachers, the school administrators, and the policymakers along the four language components, namely: Listening, Speaking, Reading, and Writing in terms of the three management functions, namely: Planning, Commanding, and Controlling. Moreover, Independent (Paired) t Test, One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and Post Hoc Test were utilized to ascertain the significant difference that exists on the implementation of the macro skills development program along the four language components in terms of the three management functions when categorized according to the perceptions of the three stakeholder groups. Furthermore, Frequency Count, Percentage, and Rank Order were employed to identify the factors attributed to the macro skills development of the Chinese EFL learners. The results of the study revealed that the macro skills development program for the Chinese EFL learners is highly implemented by the current educational managers of the state. It also went to show that the identified factors are rather pivotal to the realization and quality of bilingualism policy in the state. Thus, the BENEDICTUS Language Development Program Management Framework was created to help optimize the macro skills development management of EFL students around the world.

Survey of knowledge on calcium carbide use in fruit ripening and associated health risks among fruit sellers and consumers in Ado-Ekiti Nigeria

BackgroundThis study aimed to assess the methods used for ripening fruits by sellers and to examine the knowledge regarding the health risks associated with the use of calcium carbide (CaC2) among both fruit sellers and consumers in Ado-Ekiti.MethodsThe study employed a cross-sectional design, utilizing a semi-structured questionnaire administered in major markets within Ado-Ekiti. Knowledge levels were categorized into good (> 70% score), fair (50–69% score), and poor (< 50% score). One way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Independent sample t-test was used to indicate knowledge score difference with respect to socio demographic characteristics.ResultsThe study involved 357 consumers and 20 fruit sellers, with a majority being females (54.9% of consumers; 80.0% of sellers) and aged predominantly between 18–27 years and 28–39 years. The findings revealed that the use of CaC2 (50%) and natural ripening methods (100%) were common among fruit sellers. Sellers cited cancer (60%), bacterial infections (35%), and chest tightness (15%) as associated risks with CaC2 usage. Similarly, consumers expressed concerns about consuming CaC2-ripened fruits, attributing risks such as abdominal burns (70%), cancer (70.6%), and diarrhoea (67.3%). A significant proportion of sellers (90%) exhibited poor knowledge regarding the risks associated with CaC2, while 24.6% of consumers demonstrated fair knowledge on the subject.ConclusionThe study identified common fruit ripening practices among sellers. Fruit sellers showed poor knowledge, while consumers displayed fair to poor understanding of health risks linked to calcium carbide use in artificial fruit ripening.

Valuation of knowledge, attitude, practices of tuberculosis among the health care workers from Islamabad Pakistan

BackgroundTuberculosis (TB) as a foremost infectious disease adds massive burden to morbidity and mortality rate, despite of well-structured TB control programs around the globe. Inappropriate health care management system and poor implementation on standard in relevance to TB, remain some reasons causative to TB prevalence and its rising antimicrobial resistance. Health Care Workers (HCWs) laboring as a part of TB control system, are the vital warriors in achieving the goals of TB End Strategy by 2035. Their performance is influenced by their knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) toward this infectious disease. This study aimed to signify the role of KAP score of health care Workers in the better control and prevention of TB in the Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT), Pakistan. MethodsA cross-sectional study on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice study of Tuberculosis (TB) among health care Workers, was done in ICT, which is the capital of Pakistan. The KAP of TB was collected for the 306 Health Care Workers from all the Islamabad TB referring health facilities which refer the TB patients for testing to the National Reference Laboratory, Islamabad Pakistan. Eligible health care workers were requested to respond on KAP questionnaire after informed consent. KAP questionnaire comprised of knowledge, attitude, and practices section including demographic information. All the data was analyzed using IBM SPSS statistics 21. One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was applied to calculate KAP mean score against different variables. On the significant data sets of ANOVA output, Tukey's Multiple Comparison Test was applied for pairwise comparison. Pearson correlation coefficient was utilized to explore the association between two qualitative variables. The non-parametric tests were applied to evaluate difference of KAP score in relation to demographic covariates individually. ResultsFrom June to July 2023, we conducted TB KAP study among Health Care Workers of ICT, Pakistan. The average age was 33 years (range 26–30 years). Majority of the recruited subjects were not being trained for dealing with TB infection. The results demonstrated that Health Care Workers working were lacking their knowledge about mode of TB transmission, best diagnostic technique, and contraction of TB infections. The mean knowledge, attitude and practices mean scores were 15.05 (SD = 3.96), 83.68 (SD = 15.74) and 6.31 (SD = 2.21), respectively. Mean knowledge score of Health Care Workers were significantly related to their educational level and occupation while no significant association was declared with working experience as TB staff. Pearson coefficient of attitude score with knowledge of Health Care Workers was of weak level (0.28). Practice mean score was correlated to knowledge mean score at a moderate level (r = 0.40). On the other hand, practice score was r = 0.29 with attitude mean score had shown weak level correlation. A number of demographic factors were strongly linked to each of the mean score of knowledge, attitude, and practices. ConclusionThese findings highlighted the significant involvement of education, profession, and professional trainings in the better knowledge, attitude, and practices of the TB related health care Workers. For a better management system of infectious diseases like TB, a well-trained and professionally competent staff of Health Care Workers is important so as to achieve the goal of TB-End strategy by 2035 from Pakistan, which is the 5th highest burden country for TB.

Period poverty, reuse needs, and depressive symptoms among refugee menstruators in Jordan’s camps: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundPeriod poverty is a significant issue that impacts the physical and psychological well-being of menstruators worldwide which can further contribute to poor mental health outcomes. For menstruators living in refugee camps, access to menstrual hygiene products is often limited or non-existent, leading to increased anxiety, shame, and embarrassment. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of the period poverty and to comprehensively analyze the association between period poverty, reusing menstrual products, and depressive symptoms among menstruators living in refugee camps in Jordan.MethodsA cross-sectional study surveyed refugee menstruators living in camps in Jordan, aged post-menarche to pre-menopause. Data collection included socio-demographics, menstrual practices, and depressive symptoms using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Period poverty was assessed through affordability and frequency of struggles with menstrual products. Chi-squared test, independent sample t-test, One Way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Post hoc, and logistic regression models were used in the analysis.ResultsThe study included a diverse sample of 386 refugee menstruators living in camps in Jordan (mean age 32.43 ± 9.95, age range 13–55). Period poverty was highly prevalent, with 42.0% reporting monthly struggles to afford menstrual products, and 71.5% reusing menstrual products. Univariate analysis revealed that experiencing period poverty was significantly associated with a younger age of marriage, increased number of children, lower education level, lower mother and father education levels, unemployment, decreased monthly income, absence of health insurance, lower reuse need score, and increased PHQ-9 score (p < 0.05). Menstruators experiencing monthly period poverty were 2.224 times more likely to report moderate to severe depression compared to those without period poverty (95% CI 1.069–4.631, P = 0.033).ConclusionThis study highlights a significant association between period poverty and depressive symptoms among refugee menstruators in living in camps in Jordan, as high rates of period poverty were associated with a 2.2-fold increased likelihood of reporting moderate to severe depression. Addressing period poverty in refugee settings is crucial for mitigating depression risks and enhancing overall well-being.

Assessment of occlusion changes during laboratory phase of relining: An in vitro study.

Assessment of occlusion changes during laboratory phase of relining is essential to evaluate the occlusal discrepancies that could get incorporated in the denture with the use of different relining materials. Since the long term stability and functional success of the denture is heavily influenced by occlusion, an In-vitro study to assess these changes after relining is warranted. The aim of the study is to evaluate the changes in occlusion during laboratory phase of relining procedure. This is an in vitro study with a total of 30 specimen. A total of 30 maxillary standardized dentures were fabricated after mounting on a semi adjustable articulator. These samples will be divided into three groups based on the relining material used (Autopolymerizing resin, Heat-cure resin, Tissue conditioner). The vertical dimension, Centric contact points and eccentric contact points were measured before and after relining. The variables were tested to see if they had a normal distribution using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Parametric distribution was seen for ECP leading to further comparison using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Non-parametric distribution was found while testing the VD, CCP leading to adoption of Kruskal-wallis test for comparison of groups. Dunn Bonferroni test was done for VD since results were significant. The results of this in-vitro study showed statistically significant difference with respect to change in vertical dimension in all groups pre and post relining (P = 0.005). The centric contact points showed lesser variation in position when comparing the pre to the post relining phase with the use of autopolymerising resins, whereas heat cure resins and tissue conditioners showed statistically significant difference in the centric point contacts post relining. No statistically significant changes were seen in eccentric occlusion post relining in all groups. Tissue conditioners showed minimum mean changes in eccentric contacts. Within the limitations of this study, the use of autopolymerising resins depicted the most stable results with respect to occlusion, for relining of dentures.