Wax Preparations Research Articles

Topical application of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis L.) wax enhances the synthesis of pro-collagen III and hyaluronic acid and reduces inflammation in the ex-vivo human skin organ culture model.

Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis L.) wax was previously reported to increase cutaneous wound healing, ameliorate acne and psoriasis manifestations, and reduce oxidative stress and inflammation. However, its potential cosmetic properties have not been fully investigated. Thus, the current study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activities of jojoba wax and its impact on the synthesis of extracellular components following topical application. The fatty acid and fatty alcohol profiles of two industrial and two lab-scale cold-press jojoba waxes were analyzed along with total tocopherol and phytosterol content. The dermo-cosmetic effect of all jojoba wax preparations was evaluated ex-vivo, using the human skin organ culture model, which emulates key features of intact tissue. The ability of jojoba wax to reduce secreted levels of key pro-inflammatory cytokines and the safety of the applications in the ex-vivo model were evaluated. In addition, the impact on the synthesis of pro-collagen and hyaluronic acid levels upon treatment was investigated. The results demonstrate that topically applied jojoba wax can reduce LPS-induced secretion of IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα by approx. 30% compared to untreated skin. This effect was enhanced when treatment was combined with low non-toxic levels of Triton X-100, and its efficacy was similar to the anti-inflammatory activity of dexamethasone used as a positive control. In addition, mRNA and protein levels of collagen III and synthesis of hyaluronic acid were markedly increased upon topical application of jojoba. Moreover, the enhanced content of extracellular matrix (ECM) components correlated with the enhanced expression of TGFβ1. Collectively, our results further demonstrate that jojoba can reduce local skin inflammation, and this effect may be increased by emulsifier which increases its bioavailability. In addition, the finding that topical application of jojoba wax enhances the synthesis of pro-collagen and hyaluronic acid and may be beneficial in the treatment of age-related manifestations.

Penggunaan Soy wax dan Beeswax sebagai Basis Lilin Aromaterapi

The continuous use of paraffin wax produces pollutants that have a negative impact on health and the environment. Soy wax and beeswax candles are environmentally friendly materials because they produce fewer pollutants. This study aims to determine the best formula in the manufacture of aromatherapy candle preparations. This research was conducted using an experimental method. Aromatherapy candles are made by melting soy wax, beeswax, and stearic acid. Apply optimization based on the ratio formula of 75%:25% (F1), 50%:50% (F2), 25%:75% (F3) by evaluating physical properties such as organoleptic, melting point test, and burning time test to get the base The best aromatherapy candles from the use of soy wax and beeswax ingredients with the addition of stearic acid. The results of optimization of soy wax based on an organoleptic test, F1 and F2 have an even color and do not crack, F3 has an uneven color and does not crack. The melting point of wax preparations is 48°C-52°C, burning time 373 minutes-463 minutes. On the basis of the organoleptic test beeswax, F1 and F2 had an even color and did not crack, F3 had an even color and cracks. The melting point of the basic wax is 53°C-54°C, and the burning time is 443 minutes-499 minutes. From the results, it was found that the best formulas, namely F1 and F2, met the standards according to SNI, namely the color was uniform and not cracked and the melting point ranged from 42°C-60°C.

Anti-Herpes Simplex 1 Activity of Simmondsia chinensis (Jojoba) Wax

Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider) wax is used for various dermatological and pharmaceutical applications. Several reports have previously shown beneficial properties of Jojoba wax and extracts, including antimicrobial activity. The current research aimed to elucidate the impact of Jojoba wax on skin residential bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis), fungal (Malassezia furfur), and virus infection (herpes simplex 1; HSV-1). First, the capacity of four commercial wax preparations to attenuate their growth was evaluated. The results suggest that the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Malassezia furfur was unaffected by Jojoba in pharmacologically relevant concentrations. However, the wax significantly attenuated HSV-1 plaque formation. Next, a complete dose–response analysis of four different Jojoba varieties (Benzioni, Shiloah, Hatzerim, and Sheva) revealed a similar anti-viral effect with high potency (EC50 of 0.96 ± 0.4 µg/mL) that blocked HSV-1 plaque formation. The antiviral activity of the wax was also confirmed by real-time PCR, as well as viral protein expression by immunohistochemical staining. Chemical characterization of the fatty acid and fatty alcohol composition was performed, showing high similarity between the wax of the investigated varieties. Lastly, our results demonstrate that the observed effects are independent of simmondsin, repeatedly associated with the medicinal impact of Jojoba wax, and that Jojoba wax presence is required to gain protection against HSV-1 infection. Collectively, our results support the use of Jojoba wax against HSV-1 skin infections.

The anatomy museum of the University of Chile: a national monument

The accrual of anatomical preparations since the nineteenth century in Santiago, Chile, became the so called "anatomical cabinet" under the supervision of professor Julio F Lafargue. Afterwards, this cabinet evolved to form an anatomical museum in the mid twentieth century. It contained preparations using corpses whose identification was not known. Now, the corpses are donated through a body donation program that started thirty years ago. The collection contains, among other interesting items, a situs inversus preparation, Juan Martel's mummy, Tramond house wax preparations and a jibarized head. Nowadays, the museum is open to the community, its collection is recognized as a national historical monument, and has links with other university museums in the country and abroad.

Behaviour of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) during Dewaxing Process for Investment Casting of Proximal Humerus Implant

Investment casting has emerged as the foremost casting process for manufacturing of complex parts where better dimensional accuracy is required. Rapid Prototyping (RP) technologies is able to manufacture prototypes from various modelling materials. Stratasys Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) is a typical RP process that can fabricate prototypes from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) used in investment casting process. Elimination of steps in mould making required in the traditional pattern wax preparation makes it quicker and a cost effective process. This paper characterises the behaviour of two proximal humerus ABS pattern constructions, namely solid and hollow fabricated by the FDM 2000 during flash dewaxing process. The dewaxing process parameters such as, temperature and time were regulated and the remaining weight of ABS material in the ceramic mould was examined.

Multi-layer spiral CT with 2D and 3D volume rendered electronic reconstructions of wax models presumably dating back to the 18th century and the Bologna School

In January 2014, a wax, chalk and bone model presumably dating back to the 18th century and the Bologna School was found in the archives of the “Luigi Cattaneo” Anatomical Wax Museum. Consulting the “Catalogo delle preparazioni anatomiche in cera formanti il Gabinetto anatomico prima della Reggia Universita” ( “Catalogue of anatomical wax preparations forming the University’s first anatomy collection), among the wax models sold by Anna Morandi Manzolini to Count Girolamo Ranuzzi and subsequently acquired by the Institute of Sciences we discovered a description exactly matching the model in question: “Anatomic model of the muscles of the face, and of some muscles still pertaining to the neck, and a portion of the pectoral muscles, and deltoid muscles belonging to the chest”. A series of multi-later spiral CT scans (128 layers, Discovery CT750HD GE Healthcare) were obtained with 2D and 3D volume rendered electronic reconstructions of the model to provide further documentation useful for subsequent restoration and to yield details on production techniques and the model’s natural components (real bones interspersed with wax). The results provide further evidence that the model was made by Bologna’s 18th century Anatomical Wax Modelling School, namely by Anna Morandi Manzolini, showing numerous injuries to the wax and chalk structure and confirming the extreme accuracy and precision of the morphometric relations between the real bones and the soft tissues modelled in wax.

An overview on the classification and preparation of the emulsifying wax

Classification and preparation of the emulsifying wax have been discussed in the present article. The emulsifying wax is classified into four types of wax such as the cationic emulsified wax, the anionic emulsified wax, the non-ionic emulsifying wax and the amphoteric ionic type emulsified wax based on the properties of surfactant. Further, there are four types of preparation methods for the emulsifying wax are available such as the method of emulsifying agents dissolving in the water, the second in dissolving in the oil, the primary soap method and the taking turns adding method have been introduced also. Effects of the reaction conditions such as choosing the different emulsifying agents, the stirring speed, the emulsifying time and the ratio of emulsifying agents to wax on the emulsifying wax preparation have also been explained.

Moulage: "Lupus erythematosus".

The first description of lupus erythematosus was given by Pierre Louis Alphee Cazenave, who was a coworker of Laurent-Theodore Biett, in 1851. He used the French term “lupus erythemateux.” In 1856 Ferdinand Hebra translated this work into German and coined the term lupus erythematosus, which is the Latin translation, and in 1863 Isidor Neumann propagated the Greek term “lupus erythematodes.” In 1869 Moritz Kaposi published a comprehensive description of the cutaneous manifestations of lupus erythematosus. [1] The Federal Pathologic-Anatomical Museum in Vienna houses 36 moulages with the diagnosis of lupus erythematosus, one of which is shown on the cover of the first issue of Dermatology: Practical and Conceptual (Figure 1). The oldest one dates back to 1894. Most moulages originate from patients of Moritz Kaposi and Gustav Riehl, who succeeded his teacher Kaposi as the professor of Dermatologie und Syphilis at the University of Vienna in 1902. Figure 1. Moulage. “Lupus erythematosus”. Federal Pathologic-Anatomical Museum. Vienna, Austria, 1894. Moulages are wax preparations (molds from real patients) made for teaching purposes. All moulages at the Federal Pathologic-Anatomical Museum in Vienna were fabricated by the manufacturer Karl Henning and his son Theodor.

Preparation of waxes and humic acids from brown coal from the Sergeevskoe deposit

The comparative extraction of coal with organic solvents was performed. Humic acids were separated from solid residues. The yields, particle-size distributions, and chemical compositions of the resulting products were analyzed. It was demonstrated that brown-coal wax and humic fertilizers can potentially be obtained using coal from the Sergeevskoe deposit.

INFLUENCE OF POST-HARVEST TREATMENTS ON QUALITY OF GALIA MELONS DURING LOW TEMPERATURE STORAGE

A new post-harvest treatment for ‘Galia’-type melons has been developed for simultaneously clearing and disinfecting using hot water and brushes. Pre-storage heat treatment appears to be one of the most promising in post-harvest control decay. The efficiency of HWRB treatment was dependent on the temperature used and time of exposure. Fruits were placed on rotating brushes and rinsed with tap water followed by a hot water rinse (HWRB) at 50, 54, 58 and 60 ±1°C for 15 sec. The fruits were removed from the cartons and hand-sprayed until completely coated hand-sprayed with Zivdar wax (Safepack, Raanana, Decco, Israel) for melons, containing 2% (w/v) sodium bicarbonate (SBS) incorporated into wax represented the current commercial treatment. After drying, melons were repacked in the cartons and stored for 14 days at 2°C and 5°C and up to 5 days at 20°C (shelf life during retail and marketing). The optimal treatment to reduce decay while maintain fruit quality after prolonged storage and marketing simulation was 60 ±1°C for 15 sec. Treatment includes hot water drenching (60°C for 10-15 sec) applied while the fruit is rolling on soft brushes and followed by coating with a wax preparation containing 2% sodium bicarbonate. The efficacy of the new post-harvest practice (hot water washing, coating with wax preparation containing sodium bicarbonate) was confirmed in Galia melons. This practice improved the general appearance and reduced post-harvest decay while maintaining fruit quality.

Andreas Mettenleiter, Adam Christian Thebesius (1686–1732) und die Entdeckung der Vasa Cordis Minima: Biographie, Textedition, medizinhistorische Würdigung und Rezeptionsgeschichte, Sudhoffs Archiv, Beiheft 47, Stuttgart, Franz Steiner, 2001, pp. 580, illus. €96.00 (hardback 3-515-07917-3).

This book focuses on a medical dissertation, published in Leiden in 1708, in which the Silesian student Adam Christian Thebesius described his discovery of the “vasa cordis minima”, small veins originating in the coronary veins and opening into the cavities of the heart. Somewhat earlier, in 1706, Raymond Vieussens had already described these vessels, but with less precision and he was concerned with their physiological function rather than with their anatomical structure. Until the mid-nineteenth century their existence was contested because often they could not be made visible in wax preparations. Nowadays, the function of these “Thebesian veins” is still a matter of dispute, although they are generally considered to be of minor importance. The book contains a biography of Thebesius, an edition of both the dissertations of Thebesius and Vieussens with a German translation, a survey of the notions of the heart vessels before the eighteenth century, a description of the reception of Thebesius' discovery and a table which records the main results of 400 publications on these vessels published since 1708. Mettenleiter's text is saturated with scores of biographical and general medico-historical notes and is enlarged by various appendices containing source material on Thebesius, selected English translations and several excerpts of texts mentioned. It is the author's declared aim to compile and present all the material necessary to enable a discussion of the history of the discovery and of the function of the vasa cordis minima. His book is thus an interesting attempt to write history which is of immediate interest to modern research. The bibliographical records seem to be only of little help for medical scientists who are concerned with numerous methodological and technical details. But they might provide a good take-off point for a case study in the theory and sociology of modern science. As such, a study could focus on a well-defined and controversial research topic which is studied by scientists from various disciplines (physiology, heart surgery, embryology, etc.) which might furnish some new insights into the methods and cultures of medical research—and thus be of interest to the scientists themselves. Mettenleiter's book could therefore be a first small step towards a study of modern science. Unfortunately, it is also only a small step towards a historical study in its own right. The author confines himself to a description of the notions of various authors from the epic of Gilgamesh to the present time, enriched by the enumeration of countless “facts”. He thus reveals a positivistic conception of history which is, for example, visible in his characterization of Vieussens who, as a physiologist, was subject to the errors of his time but who nevertheless was a pioneering anatomist (p. 204). Such seeming contradictions should have encouraged the author to ask the questions which are at the core of modern historical research: how are discoveries integrated into the concepts of their time, why are they accepted or rejected, and which mechanisms within the scientific and other communities control these developments? Whoever would like to study the discovery of the Thebesian veins in such a manner will have to go back to the sources and Mettenleiter's book will be of only limited help. The first section of the book is devoted to the biography of Thebesius who is portrayed as a representative Silesian physician of his time. We do not, however, know much more about him than about many physicians of the period and therefore have only some general information about his family, studies and medical career; we get to know his few medical publications and poems, but we hear almost nothing about his patients, his professional contacts and his daily life and work as a physician. It has to be noted that this book is the dissertation of a medical student and therefore should be judged as such and be welcomed as a solid and reliable work that has, despite its shortcomings, a value as a collection and description of material pertaining to a minor discovery in the history of medicine.

Relative Importance of Odour and Taste in the One-Trial Passive Avoidance Learning Bead Task

BURNE, T. H. J. AND L. J. ROGERS. Relative importance of odour and taste in the one-trial passive avoidance learning bead task. PHYSIOL BEHAV 62(6) 1299–1302, 1997.—The relative importance of taste and odour cues in a one-trial passive avoidance learning (PAL) task was examined. One-day-old chicks were presented with a small bead and different combinations of the taste and odour of methyl anthranilate (MeA). The chicks had received three consecutive pretraining trials where they were presented with white, red, and blue beads. They were then trained with a red bead presented in one of four possible conditions: dry and unscented, with the odour but not the taste of MeA, with the bitter taste but not the odour of MeA (the chicks’ nostrils were occluded with a wax preparation), or with the taste and odour of MeA. Recall was tested 10 min after training by presenting a red and then a blue bead with no odour or taste added. The number of pecks made at the bead and the number of bouts of head shaking during each of the trials were scored. During testing, chicks that were trained with the odour of MeA alone pecked less at a red bead than at a blue bead, compared with chicks trained with a dry and unscented bead, indicating that they discriminated between the training bead and a bead of a different colour. There was no significant difference between the discrimination ratio of chicks trained with the odour, taste, or taste and odour of MeA. These results demonstrate that chicks can perform PAL using taste and/or odour cues.

The Anatomical Wax Preparations in the Josephinum in Vienna, Austria

As a teacher in this specialty I would wish that any surgeon-to-be consider the medico-historical museum in the Josephinum in Vienna as a part of his education. 1 Two important anniversaries in 1990 remind us of the establishment of this magnificent collection of anatomical wax preparations commissioned in 1775 to serve as teaching aids for military surgeons: February 20 and July 29. The former date is the bicentennial of the death of Emperor Joseph II (1741-1790), whose private munificence provided the means for this collection 2 and the latter, the 190th anniversary of the death of the first director and protochirurgus of the Military Medical Academy Giovanni Alessandro Brambilla (1728-1800). 3 All the exquisite erudition of medical scholars in Italy back to Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) in Padua and all the proud tradition of Italian handicraft went into the production of more than 1100 wax preparations 4 over a whole decade. Anyone

Morphology of Urogenital System in Female Echinopardalis atrata (Acanthocephala)

Four major areas of the urogenital system of Echinopardalis atrata are examined: (1) capsular protonephridial system, (2) uterine bell complex, (3) uterus, (4) vagina. Photomicrographs of cross sections from wax preparations depict morphological changes along the length of this system. Diagrammatic illustrations show relationships between excretory ducts and oviducts in the uterine bell complex. Relative positions of dorsal and ventral ligament accessory cells, median wall cells, and sheathing syncytium are also shown in this complex. The common oviduct and excretory canal join to form a ciliated urogenital canal that empties into the lumen of the uterus along the latter's anterior mid-dorsal surface. The excretory bladder is located on the inside mid-dorsal surface of the bell wall and is serviced by 2 nephridial canals--1 from each of 2 capsular protonephridia. The vagina affixes the posterior terminus of the uterus to the tegument and consists of an internal and external sphincter surrounding a hypodermal lining.

Immunocytochemistry of ovine sporozoan encephalitis and encephalomyelitis

An indirect immunoperoxidase procedure was developed to detect Sarcocystis spp meronts in paraffin wax sections of infected ovine tissues. Ten rabbits seronegative to Sarcocystis spp and Toxoplasma gondii were injected intradermally or subcutaneously over 2 months with varying quantities (150 to 750 μg) of purified soluble cystozoite antigen derived from ovine heart microcysts. Serum from each rabbit was tested against paraffin wax preparations of S. ovicanis cysts, second generation S. ovicanis meronts and T. gondii cysts. Sera from three rabbits reacted with S. ovicanis meronts without any cross reaction to T. gondii antigens. Toxoplasma gondii and Sarcocystis spp-specific sera were used to identify the sporozoa in six cases of naturally-occurring ovine encephalitis or encephalomyelitis. Sarcocystosis was diagnosed in four lambs and toxoplasmosis in one lamb. The generic identity of the sporozoan in the sixth case was not established as meronts reacted with both Sarcocystis spp- and T. gondii-specific sera. The study demonstrates the value of the immunohistological technique of visualizing sparsely distributed meronts in naturally-infected tissues and shows that sporozoa of the genus Sarcocystis and T. gondii, and possibly also sporozoa the identity of which is as yet unclear, are associated with encephalitis of sheep in Britain.

A novel wax stick preparation of anthralin

A new wax formulation of anthralin was compared with anthralin as used in the Ingram regimen for the treatment of chronic discoid psoriasis. In 16 out-patients 12 of the 13 who responded to the Ingram regimen also showed a satisfactory response to the wax preparation. The latter could be applied more rapidly and simply and may thus have a useful place in the domestic management of chronic psoriasis.

Field Performance of a New Formulation of the Screwworm Adult Suppression System12

A new pelletized formulation of the Screwworm Adult Suppression System (SWASS) was evaluated in Jeff Davis Co., TX, for effectiveness under field conditions. In 2 separate field evaluations, SWASS pellets prepared from 30.5% sugar, 30.5% dried blood, 7.5% corn cob grits, 2% dichlorvos, and 29.5% of a hardened wax preparation of swormlure-2 (82% swormlure-2, 18% wax) were applied aerially twice weekly at the rate of 1 kg/5.7 km2. In the 1st test, the SWASS pellets reduced populations of native screwwonn, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) ca. 84% and populations of secondary screwworm C. macellaria (F.), ca. 90%. In a 2nd test, the SWASS pellets reduced the native screwworm population ca. 72–95%. The new formulation of SWASS is compact and appears amenable to mass production.

硬石膏歯型の後処理による硬度膨縮の変化

At first the changes of hardness and dimension of the completed hydrocal dies by lubricating with separating medium for wax preparation were measured with the equipment deviced by the author. Water soaking lowered their hardness which was recovered by drying in air for one day, but glycerinsoaking lowered it rather slowly, irreversibly and progressively. Both caused superficial shrinkage during soaking and body expansion for one day after soaking and body expansion for one day after soaking. Vaseline caused little change of both hardness and dimension.Then, changes by soaking the dies in saturated ZnSO4 solution were measured. This treatment genarally lowered the hardness, more severely in fully hardened and well dried dies which absorbed more ZnSO4. It also caused superficial shrinkage during soaking and body expansion for one day after soaking. Some dies, which absorbed more ZnSO4 or failed to be washed after soaking, were spoiled by crystallization of ZnSO4 on their surfaces.

The Comparative Effectiveness of Certain Culicifuges under Laboratory Conditions

For the purpose of testing culicifuges numbers of Stegomyia fasciata (the Yellow Fever mosquito), bred in incubators, were placed in cages kept in the laboratory. The efficiency of the preparations was tested by coating the forearm with a definite quantity of one or other of them and exposing in a cage, each test being controlled by inserting after a short interval the other and untreated arm in the same cage, the number of bites being compared in each case. By this procedure it was hoped to obtain a measure of the relative protection which the culicifuges might be expected to afford when used under practical conditions against Anopheles mosquitoes.In the first series of trials conducted within 15 minutes of application, eight preparations out of a total of 22 tested gave satisfactory results. Their active ingredients were (1) Oil of Cassia and Camphor, (2 a) Oil of Cassia and Peppermint, (5) Oil of Eucalyptus and Citronella with Phenol, (9 a) Crude Naphthalene (coke oven) and Camphor, (10) Crude “Parasitox,” (15 a) Light Wood Oil, (21) Oil of Turpentine, (22 a) “Lawson's Anti-mosquito Compound.” These preparations were then tested to ascertain for what period their protection could be depended upon. Preliminary trials indicated that this period was not likely to extend for more than two hours between treatment of the arm and exposure in the cage. None of the preparations gave complete protection in this series of trials; the most efficient were Nos. 1, 21. 2 a, 15 a and 9 a, over a two hours period.It appeared, however, that the two experimenters were unequally attractive to the mosquito. Making allowance for this, preparations 2 a. 1, 15 a, and 21 were almost on a parity, followed by 9 a, 10 and 5 in order. A series of experimental trials based on this element of preference on the part of the mosquito was confirmatory of the factor of preference and showed a ratio of attraction of about the order of G. T. 3, A. B. 2.Observations on the behaviour of the mosquitoes during the tests suggest that the protection afforded does not result from a dislike of the insects to the culicifuge but to its obscuring the attractiveness of the human odour.Regarding the make up of the essential ingredients it was found that fluid preparations were inconvenient and tended to be wasteful in application. Soap preparations, unless very soft, are apt to be difficult of economic use and in either case are more readily dissipated by perspiration than waxy or greasy ones. Culicifuges prepared with grease are more easily applied but are not so lasting as those put up with wax. Soft wax preparations, correctly adjusted to the temperature in which it is proposed to use them, are most suitable for out of doors use, especially in the case of troops. The retarding of volatilisation caused by the admixture of the active ingredients with wax or grease is a distinct advantage, but care must be exercised in respect of the relative proportion of active substance to the base. The golden rule is to use as much of the active constituent and as small a quantity of the inert base as is consistent with convenient application and the prolonging of the period of efficiency, not, as most proprietary compounders appear to think, as little as possible.In choosing a culicifuge for use. the human factor of choice in regard to pleasing and unpleasing odours should be as little disregarded as consistent with efficiency. Where large quantities are needed cost is an important consideration, but must not be allowed to endanger the willing co-operation of the individuals it is desired to protect.