Wavelength Division Multiplexing Devices Research Articles

A flat-top arrayed waveguide grating base on cascading ‘A’ shape multimode interference

Today, large bandwidth is required to increase data transmission speeds, this requires an optimized design of the photonic devices. To achieve increasing bandwidth in the wavelength division multiplexing device’s arrayed waveguide grating (AWG). We have cascaded a special ‘A’ shape multimode interference (MMI) structure at the end of the input waveguide. ‘A’ shape structure is better able to get the ideal light field distribution, making the flattening effect more perfect. The ‘A’ shape MMI is designed by the linear spreading equation, the structure of the MMI can be easily and conveniently manufactured in a practical application. Simulation results show that increasing the 1 dB bandwidth to 0.7 nm and the 3 dB bandwidth to 1.6 ± 0.2 nm, the insertion loss is measured at 3.5 ± 0.3 dB, and the channel crosstalk is below −30 dB. It paves the path to achieve increasing bandwidth of AWG.

Monolithic Strong Coupling of Topological Surface Acoustic Wave Resonators on Lithium Niobate.

Coherent phonon transfer via high-quality factor (Q) mechanical resonator strong coupling has garnered significant interest. Yet, the practical applications of these strongly coupled resonator devices are largely constrained by their vulnerability to fabrication defects. In this study, topological strong coupling of gigahertz frequency surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonators with lithium niobate is achieved. The nanoscale grooves are etched onto the lithium niobate surface to establish robust SAW topological interface states (TISs). By constructing phononic crystal (PnC) heterostructures, a strong coupling of two SAW TISs, achieving a maximum Rabi splitting of 22MHz and frequency quality factor product fQm of ≈1.2 × 1013Hz, is realized. This coupling can be tuned by adjusting geometric parameters and a distinct spectral anticrossing is experimentally observed. Furthermore, a dense wavelength division multiplexing device based on the coupling of multiple TISs is demonstrated. These findings open new avenues for the development of practical topological acoustic devices for on-chip sensing, filtering, phonon entanglement, and beyond.

Low-cross-talk and thermo-insensitive CWDM (de)multiplexer assisted with compact MZIs and slot waveguides.

A low-cross-talk and thermo-insensitive 1×4 coarse wavelength-division multiplexing device is proposed on the silicon-on-insulator platform with the help of compact Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) and slot waveguides. The compact MZIs are used to achieve wavelength-insensitive power splitting. In the phase shifters, the trade-off between the opposite thermo-optical coefficients of the Si core and SU8 cladding in the slot waveguide is used to overcome the strong thermo-optic effect of silicon. The simulated results show that the cross talk is less than -20d B at central wavelengths and the temperature-dependent wavelength shift is reduced to ∼4.7p m/∘ C. For the four channels, the 1-dB and 3-dB bandwidths are ∼14n m and ∼18n m, respectively.

Deep learning enabled topological design of exceptional points for multi-optical-parameter control

Metasurfaces are 2D artificial nanostructures that exhibit fascinating optical phenomena and flexible capabilities. Multi-optical-parameter metasurfaces have advantages over single-function or single-dimensional metasurfaces, especially in practical applications like holography, sub-diffraction imaging, and vectorial fields. However, achieving multi-optical-parameter control is challenging due to a lack of design strategy, limited manipulation channels, and signal-to-noise ratio problems. Exceptional points (EPs) possess inherent polarization decoupling properties and allow for amplitude and wavelength modulation, opening up research prospects for multi-optical-parameter electromagnetic field modulation and developing compact integrated devices. Leveraging deep learning, we observe topological charge conservation and utilize the topologically protected optical parameter distribution around scattered EPs. Based on these, we introduce amplitude-phase multiplexing and wavelength division multiplexing devices. Our work allows rapid and precise discovery of EPs topology, offers a powerful tool for digging related physics, and provides a paradigm for multi-optical parametric manipulation with high performance and less crosstalk, which is critical for imaging, encryption, and information storage applications.

Parallel photonic acceleration processor for matrix-matrix multiplication.

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a highly parallel photonic acceleration processor based on a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system and a non-coherent Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) array for matrix-matrix multiplication. The dimensional expansion is achieved by WDM devices, which play a crucial role in realizing matrix-matrix multiplication together with the broadband characteristics of an MZI. We implemented a 2 × 2 arbitrary nonnegative valued matrix using a reconfigurable 8 × 8 MZI array structure. Through experimentation, we verified that this structure could achieve 90.5% inference accuracy in a classification task for the Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology (MNIST) handwritten dataset. This provides a new effective solution for large-scale integrated optical computing systems based on convolution acceleration processors.

Temperature-insensitive and fabrication-tolerant coarse wavelength division (de)multiplexing on a silica platform using an angled multimode interferometer.

Wavelength division (de)multiplexing (WDM) device is a crucial component for optical transmission networks. In this paper, we demonstrate a 4 channel WDM device with a 20 nm wavelength spacing on silica based planar lightwave circuits (PLC) platform. The device is designed using an angled multimode interferometer (AMMI) structure. Since there are fewer bending waveguides than other WDMs, the device footprint is smaller, at 21 mm × 0.4 mm. Owing to the low thermo-optic coefficient (TOC) of silica, a low temperature sensitivity of 10pm/°C is achieved. The fabricated device exhibits high performance of an insertion loss (IL) lower than 1.6 dB, a polarization dependent loss (PDL) lower than 0.34 dB, and the crosstalk between adjacent channels lower than -19 dB. The 3 dB bandwidth is 12.3∼13.5 nm. Moreover, the device shows a high tolerance with a sensitivity of central wavelength to the width of multimode interferometer < 43.75 pm/nm.

Research on Germanium Photodetector with Multi-Mode Waveguide Input

In this work, a vertical N-I-P germanium (Ge) photodetector (PD) with a multi-mode waveguide input is presented. The fabricated devices exhibit a low dark current of 10 nA at bias of −1 V, and a high responsivity of exceeding 0.75 A/W over the wavelength range from 1270 to 1350 nm. High-frequency characteristics measurements show that the photodetector has a 3 dB opto-electrical (OE) bandwidth of 23 GHz under −3 V bias, which can be further improved by optimization of the photodetector configuration. A 50 Gb/s clear eye diagram with a non-return-to-zero (NRZ) modulation format is demonstrated. By using a single-mode excitation source, which is used to simulate light coming from the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) devices, and sweeping its position, it is shown that the multi-mode input photodetector can be utilized in a WDM receiver to achieve both high responsivity and a flat-top passband.

Design of wavelength division multiplexing devices based on tunable edge states of valley photonic crystals.

Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) devices are key photonic integrated circuit (PIC) elements. Conventional WDM devices based on silicon waveguides and photonic crystals have limited transmittance due to the high loss introduced by the strong backward scattering from defects. In addition, it is challenging to reduce the footprint of those devices. Here we theoretically demonstrate a WDM device in the telecommunication range based on all-dielectric silicon topological valley photonic crystal (VPC) structures. We tune its effective refractive index by tuning the physical parameters of the lattice in the silicon substrate, which can continuously tune the operating wavelength range of the topological edge states, which allows the designing of WDM devices with different channels. The WDM device has two channels (1475 nm-1530 nm and 1583 nm-1637 nm), with contrast ratios of 29.6 dB and 35.3 dB, respectively. We demonstrated highly efficient devices for multiplexing and demultiplexing in a WDM system. The principle of manipulating the working bandwidth of the topological edge states can be generally applied in designing different integratable photonic devices. Thus, it will find broad applications.

Integrated silicon photonic MEMS

Silicon photonics has emerged as a mature technology that is expected to play a key role in critical emerging applications, including very high data rate optical communications, distance sensing for autonomous vehicles, photonic-accelerated computing, and quantum information processing. The success of silicon photonics has been enabled by the unique combination of performance, high yield, and high-volume capacity that can only be achieved by standardizing manufacturing technology. Today, standardized silicon photonics technology platforms implemented by foundries provide access to optimized library components, including low-loss optical routing, fast modulation, continuous tuning, high-speed germanium photodiodes, and high-efficiency optical and electrical interfaces. However, silicon’s relatively weak electro-optic effects result in modulators with a significant footprint and thermo-optic tuning devices that require high power consumption, which are substantial impediments for very large-scale integration in silicon photonics. Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology can enhance silicon photonics with building blocks that are compact, low-loss, broadband, fast and require very low power consumption. Here, we introduce a silicon photonic MEMS platform consisting of high-performance nano-opto-electromechanical devices fully integrated alongside standard silicon photonics foundry components, with wafer-level sealing for long-term reliability, flip-chip bonding to redistribution interposers, and fibre-array attachment for high port count optical and electrical interfacing. Our experimental demonstration of fundamental silicon photonic MEMS circuit elements, including power couplers, phase shifters and wavelength-division multiplexing devices using standardized technology lifts previous impediments to enable scaling to very large photonic integrated circuits for applications in telecommunications, neuromorphic computing, sensing, programmable photonics, and quantum computing.

16-Channel Wavelength Division Multiplexers Based on Subwavelength Grating

Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) plays an important role in optical interconnection. In this paper, a 16-channel WDM device is designed on a Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) substrate by using a sub-wavelength grating (SWG) structure, which can cover O-band and C-band at the same time, and the output channel is reversely coupled from the main waveguide to realize wavelength demultiplexing. The simulation results show that the loss of our 16-channel wavelength demultiplexing device is less than 0.5 dB and the crosstalk is less than 17 dB. When WDM is performed in O-band, the transmission loss of the C-band in the bus waveguide is less than 0.05 dB and is insensitive to the grating duty cycle, with good process tolerance. The footprint of the device is 200 μm × 150 μm, and the size of the single-channel filter is 200 μm × 2 μm, which can realize WDM with large bandwidth in a compact structure.

An ultra-narrow-band optical filter based on zero refractive index metamaterial

Owing to the photonic band gap effect and defect state effect, photonic metamaterials have received much attention in the design of narrow bandpass filters, which are the key devices of optical communication equipment such as wavelength division multiplexing devices. In this work, based on zero-index metamaterial (ZIM), a compact filter with both high peak transmission coefficient and ultra-narrow bandwidth is proposed. The photonic metamaterial with conical dispersion and Dirac-like point is achieved by optimizing the structure and material component parameters of dielectric rods with square lattice in air. It is demonstrated that a triply degenerate state can be realized at the Dirac-like point, which relates this metamaterial to a zero-index medium with effective permittivity and permeability equal to zero simultaneously. Electromagnetic (EM) wave can propagate without any phase delay at this frequency, and strong dispersion occurs in the adjacent frequency cone, leading to dramatic changes in optical properties. We introduce a ZIM into photonic metamaterial defect filter to compress the bandwidth to the realization of ultra-narrow bandpass filter. The ZIM is embedded into the resonant cavity of line defect filter, which is also composed of dielectric rods with square lattice in air. In order to increase the sensitivity of the phase change with frequency, the Dirac-like frequency is adjusted to match the resonant frequency of the filter. We study the transmission spectrum of the structure through the COMSOL Multiphysics simulation software, and find that the peak width at half-maximum of the filter decreases as the thickness of ZIM increases, and the peak transmittance is still high when bandwidth is greatly compressed. The zero phase delay inside the slab can be observed. Through field distribution analysis, the zero-phase delay and strong coupling characteristics of electromagnetic field are observed at peak frequency. The comparison with conventional photonic metamaterials filter is discussed. We believe that this work is helpful in investigating the realization of ultra-narrow bandpass filters.

Demonstration of a helix side-pumping coupler with ultra-high pump coupling efficiency

The integrated and all-fiberized space division multiplexing fiber amplifier (SDMFA) with high spatial signal gain is urgently needed. Due to the lack of fiber-based multimode wavelength division multiplexing coupling device, the side-pumping coupler is essential to form an all-fiberized SDMFA. Here, a helix side-pumping coupler with ultra-high pump coupling efficiency is proposed by winding a tapered pump fiber to the target fiber. First, we establish the theoretical model of the side-pumping coupler and analyze the influence of the tapered pump fiber parameters on the pump coupling efficiency. Then the coupler is fabricated by arcuate tapering and heating. Finally, a multimode pump source and three signal modes (LP01, LP11a, LP11b) are experimentally applied to verify the pump coupling efficiency and signal transmission efficiencies. Results show that the experimental results are in good agreement with the simulation conclusions, and under the premise that all signal modes transmission efficiencies are more than 94%, the pump coupling efficiency is higher than 97% by introducing a piece of coreless fiber as bridge fiber. This helix side-pumping coupler has advantages of low signal loss, ultra-high pump coupling efficiency and higher-order modes transmittable capability.

Four-channel CWDM transmitter chip based on thin-film lithium niobate platform

Multi-lane integrated transmitter chips are key components in future compact optical modules to realize high-speed optical interconnects. Thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) photonics have emerged as a promising platform for achieving high-performance chip-scale optical systems. Combining a coarse wavelength-division multiplexing (CWDM) devices using fabrication-tolerant angled multimode interferometer structure and high-performance electro-optical modulators, we demonstrate monolithic on-chip four-channel CWDM transmitter on the TFLN platform for the first time. The four-channel CWDM transmitter enables high-speed transmissions of 100 Gb/s data rate per wavelength channel (i.e., an aggregated date rate of 400 Gb/s).

16-channel O-band silicon-photonic wavelength division multiplexer with a 1 nm channel spacing

Silicon-photonic integrated circuits are a pivotal technology for the continued growth of data communications. A main task of silicon photonics is the wavelength division multiplexing of communication channels to aggregate bandwidths that exceed the working rates available in electronics. In this work, we design and implement a 16-channel, wavelength division multiplexing device in silicon-on-insulator. The device operates at the O-band wavelengths, centered at 1310 nm, which are favored by many data center applications. The spacing between adjacent channels is 0.96 nm (167 GHz), close to those of dense wavelength division multiplexing standards in the 1550 nm wavelength range (C band). The layout consists of 15 Mach-Zehnder interferometers, cascaded in a four-stage tree topology. The differential phase delay within each interferometer is precisely trimmed post-fabrication, through local illumination of a photosensitive upper cladding layer of As2Se3 chalcogenide glass. Trimming is performed subject to closed-loop feedback of transfer functions measurements. The devices can be useful in data center optical communications.

Metagrating-based acoustic wavelength division multiplexing enabled by deterministic and probabilistic deep learning models

Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), the technology that utilizes different wavelengths of carrier signal as independent information channels and helps to realize enhanced information density and functional diversity, is desired in various acoustic applications for the growing demand of higher transmission efficiency and lower cost. In this paper, we marry the rising concept of acoustic metagrating with the technology of WDM and demonstrate that interesting and distinct wavelength-dependent functionalities with unitary efficiency in prespecified frequency ranges can be realized by a simple grating structure. To this end, we integrate the particle swarm optimization with the deep learning technique to resolve the uncertainty issue and multi-objective problem and develop both deterministic and probabilistic neural networks for the inverse design of a metagrating-based WDM device. As a result, the computational cost is greatly reduced, and the probabilistic model reveals the sensitivity and flexibility of the parameters of the metagrating with respect to the desired functionality. In this paper, we not only provide an intelligent inverse design paradigm of high-performance WDM devices for multiple manipulation purposes but also present a feasible solution for the development of integrated acoustic devices for wavelength-dependent applications.

Parallel arrayed waveguide grating for wavelength-mode hybrid multiplexing.

The combination of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and mode division multiplexing (MDM) will increase the optical communication capacity significantly. In this configuration, we need multiple WDM devices serving as the inputs of the MDM device to excite modes at all the wavelengths. However, there is still no demonstration of integrated parallel WDM devices specifically designed for wavelength-mode hybrid multiplexing. Here, we propose and demonstrate a single 2 × 8 arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) for the multiplexing of 2 linearly polarized (LP) modes at 4 wavelengths with an MDM device. This parallel AWG concept can be further extended to support more wavelengths and introduce more spatial modes for high-capacity data transmission.

Ultrafast parallel single-pixel LiDAR with all-optical spectro-temporal encoding

Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) with scanning beam has been widely used in autonomous driving and large-scale manufacturing, where the fast-changing scene is of great interest. However, the acquisition rate of current LiDAR is limited by beam steering speed and the round-trip delay, hindering the development of video-rate LiDAR. Here, we uniquely combine all-optical encoders with wavelength-division multiplexing devices to implement spectro-temporal encoding on the illumination light. Parallel detection and fast spectral scanning can be achieved with only one laser and one single photodetector. Our result shows the fastest single-pixel LiDAR to date, and the detection speed can be multiplied with scalability. We demonstrate 3.56-fold improvement of speed for a maximum of 75 m detection range compared with a serial LiDAR. A record acquisition rate of 21.38 MHz for a maximum of 25 m detection range is obtained. This approach has the potential to break the limitation on current ultrafast single-pixel LiDAR and opens a new paradigm for ultrafast-frame-rate imaging systems.

Design and fabrication of SU-8 polymer arrayed waveguide gratings based on flexible PDMS substrates.

We investigated and fabricated 1×8 and 1×16 traditional/saddle arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) wavelength division multiplexing devices on flexible substrates. The core layer was made of the negative epoxy photoresist SU-8, and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) material was selected for the cladding based on the high refractive index difference. A chemical modification method of PDMS was proposed to enhance the film-forming characteristics of the SU-8 core layer on PDMS substrates. After fabricating and characterizing the optical properties of the AWGs, the dimensions of the proposed 1×8 and 1×16 AWGs were 0.9×0.8cm2 and 1.1×0.9cm2, respectively. Experimental results showed that the saddle-type 1×8 and 1×16 AWGs had good signal transmission characteristics, and the insertion losses were only 5.1 dB and 6.8 dB, respectively, which were lower than those of traditional-type AWGs with the same dimensions and number of waveguides.

Optical Cable Backbone Network Design In The Province Kalimantan East Use Technology DWDM OTN

In designing the backbone network for the province of East Kalimantan using Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) and Optical Transport Network (OTN) devices which cover 10 districts and cities consisting of 34 segments, of which 34 segments consist of 10 OTN DWDM sites and 16 Optical Land Amplifier sites ( OLA). From the results of the design and simulation of the backbone network, it was found that the value of the Optical Link Power Budget (OLPB) &lt; 50 dBm where this value is the ideal value in deploying a DWDM OTN backbone network, and the range of the Optical Signal Noise Ratio (OSNR) is between 20 dBm &lt; OSNR &lt; 40 dBm, which is the ideal value for OSNR, and has an Optical Rise Time Budget (ORTB) &lt; 60 ps, and also has a segment margin system of &gt; 7 dB.

Optical Cable Backbone Network Design In The Province Kalimantan Middle Use Technology DWDM OTN

In designing the backbone network for the province of East Kalimantan using Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) and Optical Transport Network (OTN) devices which cover 10 districts and cities consisting of 34 segments, of which 34 segments consist of 10 OTN DWDM sites and 16 Optical Land Amplifier sites ( OLA). From the results of the design and simulation of the backbone network, it was found that the value of the Optical Link Power Budget (OLPB) &lt; 50 dBm where this value is the ideal value in deploying a DWDM OTN backbone network, and the range of the Optical Signal Noise Ratio (OSNR) is between 20 dBm &lt; OSNR &lt; 40 dBm, which is the ideal value for OSNR, and has an Optical Rise Time Budget (ORTB) &lt; 60 ps, and also has a segment margin system of &gt; 7 dB.