Wavelength Allocation Algorithm Research Articles

Traffic prediction assisted wavelength allocation in vehicle-to-infrastructure communication: A fiber-wireless network based framework

The advent of the next generation of connected and autonomous cars offers immense opportunities for both users as well as service providers. In particular, fiber-wireless (FiWi) based vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) network can facilitate some of the stringent requirements of sixth-generation (6G) vehicular networks, including higher capacity, lower delay, and ubiquitous connectivity. FiWi based V2I network integrates the next generation passive optical network 2 (NG-PON2) with IEEE 802.11p based V2I network. In this work, we first review the various kinds of vehicular data traffic and their desired key performance indicators (KPIs), namely throughput, delay, and reliability. Depending on the KPI requirements, the V2I traffic is classified among four classes and assigned to different transmission containers (T-CONTs) of the optical network unit (ONU). Further, in order to minimize the delay of the network, we propose a machine learning (ML) based T-CONT priority assignment wavelength allocation algorithm that minimizes the number of wavelength switching instances in the PON. The performance of the proposed ML-based wavelength allocation algorithm is compared with the other approaches, namely random and equal T-CONT based wavelength allocation algorithms. Simulation results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm vis-a-vis other approaches in terms of end-to-end (e2e) delay, throughput, and reliability.

Self-Adaptive Resource-Allocation Scheme Combining Traffic Prediction With User Satisfaction in Multi-Wavelength VPON

In this paper, a self-adaptive resource-allocation scheme combining traffic prediction with user satisfaction is firstly established in multi-wavelength VPON. Among VPONs, by proposing a (wavelength utility)-based dynamic wavelength allocation algorithm, the optimal allocation of wavelengths can be achieved. In a VPON: under condition that the total requested bandwidth is larger than the total bandwidth, by introducing a bandwidth constraint factor <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ϵ</i> , the maximum amount of bandwidth granted for high-priority service can be limited, and the “starvation” problem of low-priority service can be prevented. By solving the user satisfaction model, not only the optimal allocation of low-priority service can be obtained, but also the comprehensive user satisfaction is maximized. Under condition that the total requested bandwidth is smaller than the total bandwidth, by combining an ANN prediction model with a user satisfaction model, a bandwidth allocation model based on traffic prediction and user satisfaction is created. By this model, not only the resource utilization is improved but also the transmission delay is reduced. At the same time, user satisfaction is maximized. By adjudicating on the set judgment condition, the self-adaptive function of control system for the above two conditions is implemented. By simulation, the effectiveness of the proposed scheme is demonstrated.

An Effective Evaluation of Wavelength Scheduling for Various WDM-PON Network Designs with Traffic Protection Provision

Recently, metropolitan and access communication networks have markedly developed by utilizing a variety of technologies. Their bearer communication infrastructures will be mostly exploiting the optical transmission medium where wavelength division multiplexing techniques will play an important role. This contribution discusses the symmetric sharing of common optical network resources in wavelength and time domains. Wavelength-Division Multiplexed Passive Optical Networks (WDM-PON) attract considerable attention regarding the next generation of optical metropolitan and access networks. The main purpose of this contribution is presented by the analysis of possible scheduling of wavelengths for our novel hybrid network topologies considered for WDM-PON networks. This contribution briefly deploys adequate Dynamic Wavelength Allocation (DWA) algorithms for selected WDM-PON network designs with the provision of traffic protection when only passive optical components in remote nodes are utilized. The main part of this study is focused on the use of wavelength scheduling methods for selected WDM-PON network designs. For evaluation of offline and online wavelength scheduling for novel hybrid network topologies, a simulation model realized in the Matlab programming environment allows to analyze interactions between various metropolitan and access parts in the Optical Distribution Network (ODN) related to advanced WDM-PON network designs. Finally, wavelength scheduling methods are compared from a viewpoint of utilization in advanced WDM-PON networks designs.

Bin-packing based offline dynamic bandwidth and wavelength allocation algorithms for power efficiency in Super-PON

Enduring the rapidly growing demand for high data rates is the main challenge for the current network providers. Super passive optical network (Super-PON), a prominent next generation Ethernet PON (NG-EPON) candidate, can suffice this exponentially increasing data rate requirements. However, to appease such requirements, it employs many transceivers and increases the power-consumption of the network. In this work, we focus on reducing the carbon footprint of Super-PON and propose power-efficient dynamic bandwidth and wavelength allocation (DBWA) algorithms, namely best fit bin-packing sleep mode aware (BF-SMA) and updated BF-SMA (UBF-SMA). The proposed algorithms use SMA for bandwidth scheduling and different bin-packing techniques for wavelength allocation. In bin-packing, the number of available wavelengths and their efficient allocation is based on the network load. For restricting the number of available wavelengths, we can switch off the non-essential transceivers at the OLT, which also helps in maximizing the wavelength utilization and increasing the power efficiency. The simulation results show that in comparison to the state-of-the-art DBWA algorithms, the proposed algorithms improve the power efficiency and reduce the average delay of a Super-PON system. Furthermore, we use Jain’s fairness index to validate the fairness of the proposed DBWA algorithms.

Bin-Packing-Based Online Dynamic Bandwidth and Wavelength Allocation Algorithm in Super-PON

Super passive optical network (Super-PON) is a next-generation Ethernet PON (NG-EPON) candidate that is envisaged to provide high data rate and low latency. For NG-EPON, there are two types of algorithms that manages bandwidth and wavelength scheduling, namely offline and online. The latter method is more scalable and efficient than the former method. Several online algorithms exist that propose schemes to manage wavelength and bandwidth scheduling. However, these algorithms lack in efficient wavelength utilization and switching. In this work, we propose a novel online bin-packing based dynamic bandwidth and wavelength allocation (DBWA) algorithm for Super-PON, namely updated best fit bin-packing (UBF-BP). This algorithm limits the wavelength switching per cycle, and uses the modified version of best fit bin-packing (BF-BP) technique for optimal wavelength allocation. Simulation results show that the proposed DBWA algorithm has a low complexity and overcomes the inefficiencies of wavelength utilization and switching. This results in lower network delay and higher channel utilization than the state-of-the-art DBWA. Furthermore, to verify the correctness of the proposed algorithm, we propose an analytical model and validate these simulation results with the analytical results.

Routing, Core and Wavelength Allocation in Multi-Core-Fiber-Based Quantum-Key-Distribution-Enabled Optical Networks

Quantum-key-distribution (QKD) enabled optical networks can provide secure keys for different kinds of applications to ensure the high security of communication processes. As the number of wavelength channels in a single-core fiber is limited, space division multiplexing (SDM) has been considered to be a valuable technique to provide more wavelength resources, which solves the problem of insufficient channel capacity. Due to the rapid expansion of data volume, the SDM-based QKD network has been regarded as an important paradigm. At the same time, resource allocation in multi-core optical networks is a problem worthy of studying. In this work, four routing, core, and wavelength allocation (RCWA) algorithms are proposed in the multi-core optical network for quantum service requests and classical service requests, which are referred to as RCWA without perception (RCWA-WP), RCWA with crosstalk perception (RCWA-XTP), RCWA with spectrum perception (RCWA-SP), and RCWA with core perception (RCWA-CP). Simulations are carried out to evaluate the network performance in terms of blocking probability, key utilization, and average crosstalk intensity. The comparative results indicate that the RCWA-SP algorithm can improve network performance and reduce the blocking probability, while the RCWA-XTP algorithm can reduce inter-core crosstalk during transmission.

Dynamic wavelength and bandwidth allocation for supporting diverse customers and prioritized traffic in NG-PON2 networks

Resource allocation is a fundamental task in any PON and it is necessary to have an efficient scheme that reduces delay, maximizes bandwidth usage, and minimizes the resource wastage. A variety of dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) and dynamic wavelength and bandwidth allocation (DWBA) algorithms have been proposed which are based on different PONs (e.g., EPON, GPON, XG-PON, 10G EPON, etc.). But to our knowledge, no DWBA scheme for NG-PON2 system, with diverse customers and prioritized traffic, has been proposed yet. In this work, this problem is addressed and five different dynamic wavelength and bandwidth allocation (DWBA) schemes are proposed. First, mixed integer linear programming (MILP) models are developed to minimize the total delay of the high-priority data. Due to the MILP’s high computational complexity, heuristic algorithms are developed based on the MILP model insights. The five heuristic algorithms are: No Block-Split Heuristic (NBH), Equal Block-Split Heuristic (EBH), Priority-Based No Block-Split Heuristic (P-NBH), Priority-Based Equal Block-Split Heuristic (P-EBH), and Priority-Based Decider Block-Split Heuristic (P-DBH). Six priority classes of requests are introduced with the goal of minimizing the total delay for the high-priority data and to lessen the bandwidth wastage of the system. Finally, experiments for the performance evaluation of the five DWBA schemes are conducted. The results indicate that P-NBH, P-EBH, P-DBH schemes show a 47.63% less delay and 30% of less bandwidth wastage on average for the highest priority data transmission than the schemes without priority support (NBH and EBH). Among these five schemes, NBH method has the highest delay, whereas EBH and P-EBH waste more bandwidth than the other schemes. P-DBH is the most efficient among the five, because this scheme offers the lowest delay for high-priority data and the minimum bandwidth wastage for lower priority ones.

ITU TWDM-PON module for ns-3

Optical fiber access systems are one of the driving forces behind the success of the Internet. Time- and wavelength-division multiplexing passive optical network (TWDM-PON) is regarded as the key technology for future Internet access networks. In this paper, we propose an ITU TWDM-PON module for the ns-3 network simulator and describe its concept and design specifications. The proposed module is developed based on the XG-PON module for ns-3. It can simulate G.989 standard-compliant data packet transmission in the upstream and downstream directions using multiple wavelength channels. It enables us to evaluate the performance issues that arise with the TWDM-PON development, including various dynamic bandwidth allocation and dynamic wavelength allocation algorithms. The proposed module is expected to become a good platform for studying future access networks composed of TWDM-PON and mobile networks by enabling us to simulate dynamic wavelength and bandwidth allocation.

A learning algorithm for TWDM-PON’ DWBA with 5G fronthaul networks

Abstract Time and wavelength-division multiplexed passive optical network (TWDM-PON) is expected to be the fronthaul networks of 5G, which requires low latency and large bandwidth. In this paper, we propose a Q-learning based dynamic wavelength and bandwidth allocation (DWBA) algorithm for TWDM-PON. Simulation results show that the proposed DWBA algorithm can reduce the number of active channels by 40% and provide larger bandwidth with same wavelength number in comparation with the existing algorithms while satisfying the latency requirement of 5G fronthaul networks.

TWDM-PON中支持区分服务的节能动态波长带宽分配算法

TWDM-PON中支持区分服务的节能动态波长带宽分配算法

Adaptive dynamic wavelength and bandwidth allocation algorithm based on error-back-propagation neural network prediction

With the emergence of new services such as high-definition video, cloud computing and virtual reality, Wavelength Division Multiplexing/Time Division Multiplexing-Passive Optical Network (WDM/TDM-PON) has become a key technology for future access network. The development of Software Defined Networking (SDN) and machine learning also brings new opportunities to the flexibility of WDM/TDM-PON. In this paper, an Adaptive Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation algorithm based on error-back-propagation Neural Network Prediction (ADBA-NNP) was proposed to reduce the Round-trip-time (RTT) delay in the bandwidth-scheduling period. A Dynamic Wavelength Allocation (DWA) algorithm and a novel architecture of WDM/TDM-PON was proposed to simple the multi-carrier source. The experimental results validated that the proposed algorithm could dynamically allocate wavelengths under multi-carrier at 12.5G intervals. Compared with the traditional algorithms, the proposed algorithm could reduce the transmission delay by 25%.

Architectures and Algorithms for Radio-Over-Fiber Networks

To serve futuristic applications, wireless access with a wired-like connectivity is required. To accomplish this goal, we propose a design for a flexible radio-over-fiber (RoF) network, where we optimize the RoF network for the right choice of subcarrier modulation scheme. Then we propose a mobile interleaved polling (MIP) and a wavelength allocation algorithm, and benchmark the performance of the polling mechanism with the simple polling that has been proposed in the literature. Using a simulation environment, we evaluate the packet latency of the MAC protocol with different user densities, user loads, and cell sizes. Based on these results, we give general design recommendations for an RoF network.

Routing and wavelength allocation algorithm based on the weighted attack probability in software-defined optical networks

A routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) algorithm against high-power jamming based on software-defined optical networks (SDONs) is proposed. The SDON architecture is designed with power monitors at each node, which can collect the abnormal power information from each port and wavelength. Based on the abnormal power information, a metric, the weighted attack probability (WAP), can be calculated. A WAP-based RWA algorithm (WAP-RWA) is proposed considering the WAP values of each link and node along the selected lightpath. Numerical results show that the WAP-RWA algorithm can achieve a better performance in terms of blocking probability and resource utilization compared with the attack-aware dedicated path protection (AA-DPP) RWA (AA-DPP-RWA) algorithm, while providing a protection comparable with the AA-DPP-RWA algorithm.

Wavelength-based crosstalk-aware design for hybrid optical network-on-chip

We propose a single-wavelength-transmitter multiple-wavelength-receiver (STMR) architecture to minimize the intrachannel crosstalk under the constrained number of wavelengths. In addition, a source-node-based wavelength-allocation algorithm exploiting the characteristics of the STMR architecture is formulated via mixed-integer linear programming to maximize the worst-case signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). We evaluate maximum noise and worst-case SNR for various network sizes and topologies by varying the number of allocated wavelengths. The analysis results show that the SNR gain of ∼2.3 dB is achieved as the number of wavelengths is doubled by using the proposed STMR architecture and wavelength-allocation algorithm.

Performance Analysis of Dynamic Wavelength Allocation Algorithm for TWDM PON with Inexpensive ONUs

Performance Analysis of Dynamic Wavelength Allocation Algorithm for TWDM PON with Inexpensive ONUs

Dynamic bandwidth and wavelength allocation with coexisting transceiver technology in WDM/TDM PONs

Passive Optical Networks (PONs) are continuously evolving. One important requirement of these systems is the possibility to smoothly upgrade the network infrastructure as technologies evolve. During the process of network upgrade, a coexistence of new and old end-users, i.e., Optical Network Units (ONU), with diverse transceiver technologies, is expected. In this work, we focus on a scenario where the network is upgraded from a TDM PON to a hybrid WDM/TDM PON (both short-reach and long-reach), and where the transceivers used in the old TDM PON can coexist with the new transceivers adopted in the hybrid WDM/TDM PON. Therefore, we consider that three different types of transceivers can be installed at the ONUs: single fixed tuned lasers, array of fixed tuned lasers, and tunable lasers. In particular, we propose new Dynamic Bandwidth and Wavelength Allocation (DBWA) algorithms which solve the problem of managing the traffic originated by end-users equipped with transceivers with different characteristics. In this paper we focus on the case of transceivers characterized by different tuning times. To investigate the importance of a DBWA able to manage transceivers with different tuning times, we also compare them to DBWAs which are not aware that different transmission technologies coexist in the network. Then, we test these DBWAs in different network scenarios, and discuss what are the network parameters that mostly affect the algorithms performance. After showing the importance of having a DBWA that supports transceivers characterized by different values of TTs, we investigate also the practical case of tunable lasers that have different values of TT depending on the wavelength they have to retune to (i.e., higher distances between two wavelengths require higher TTs). Finally, we evaluate the performance of the previously proposed DBWAs when the arrays of fixed tuned lasers can transmit over a limited number of wavelengths, i.e., the number of lasers of the array is limited.

Study of the Hybrid Optical/Electrical Wavelength Routing Approach for OTN Backbone Network

Transmission platform built on the backbone data network scheduling, dispatching exchange network, switching network administration, conference television network, data communications network and other business networks, production and business management for the grid to provide a relatively rich voice, video and data services. In this paper, we investigated the OTN transport network structure and the corresponding optical elements with cross connector. We have presented several wavelength allocation algorithms to illustrate the further bandwidth planning. With the smart grid construction and corporate information technology development, so as to let the existing backbone transmission network capacity and reliability levels can meet the requirements of backbone transmission.

A New Centralized Multicast Wavelength Allocation Algorithm in Optical Fiber Network

A New Centralized Multicast Wavelength Allocation Algorithm in Optical Fiber Network

Performance analysis of topologies for optical wavelength convertible networks

An architecture of wavelength converters shared per-node wavelength cross-connects is proposed to function the optical node in simulation. And first-fit wavelength allocation algorithm and Dijkstra shortest path routing algorithm are used. It is shown that star topology performs the best on blocking probability, average hop count and average packet delay, but it is unfavorable on link utilization. Furthermore, wavelength conversion is not ideal for the star topology. However, the ring topology network is the cost-optimal one if the appropriate wavelength conversion capability in network is to be considered.

Dynamic wavelength and bandwidth allocation using adaptive linear prediction in WDM/TDM ethernet passive optical networks

Hybrid wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM)/time-division-multiplexing (TDM) ethernet passive optical networks (EPONs) can achieve low per-subscriber cost and scalability to increase the number of subscribers. This paper discusses dynamic wavelength and bandwidth allocation (DWBA) algorithm in hybrid WDM/TDM EPONs. Based on the correlation structure of the variable bit rate (VBR) video traffic, we propose a quality-of-service (QoS) supported DWBA using adaptive linear traffic prediction. Wavelength and timeslot are allocated dynamically by optical line terminal (OLT) to all optical network units (ONUs) based on the bandwidth requests and the guaranteed service level agreements (SLA) of all ONUs. Mean square error of the predicted average arriving rate of compound video traffic during waiting period is minimized through Wiener-Hopf equation. Simulation results show that the DWBA-adaptive-linear-prediction (DWBA-ALP) algorithm can significantly improve the QoS performances in terms of low delay and high bandwidth utilization.