Wave Of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic Research Articles

Impact of COVID-19 on posttraumatic stress disorder in ICU survivors: a prospective observational comparative cohort study

BackgroundPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after a stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) can affect one in five ICU survivors. At the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, admission to the ICU for COVID-19 was stressful due to the severity of this disease. This study assessed whether admission to the ICU for COVID-19 was associated with a higher prevalence of PTSD compared with other causes of ICU admission after adjustment for pre-ICU psychological factors.MethodsThis prospective observational comparative cohort study included 31 ICUs. Eligible patients were adult ICU survivors hospitalized during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic in France, regardless of the reason for admission. The prevalence of presumptive diagnosis of PTSD at 6 months was assessed using the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Sociodemographics, clinical data, history of childhood trauma (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire [CTQ]), and exposure to potentially traumatic events (Life Events Checklist for DSM-5 [LEC-5]) were assessed.ResultsOf the 778 ICU survivors included during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic in France, 417 and 361 were assigned to the COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 cohorts, respectively. Fourteen (4.9%) and 11 (4.9%), respectively, presented with presumptive diagnosis of PTSD at 6 months (p = 0.976). After adjusting for age, sex, severity score at admission, use of invasive mechanical ventilation, ICU duration, CTQ and LEC-5, COVID-19 status was not associated with presumptive diagnosis of PTSD using the PCL-5. Only female sex was associated with presumptive diagnosis of PTSD. However, COVID-19 patients reported significantly more intrusion and avoidance symptoms than non-COVID patients (39% vs. 29%, p = 0.015 and 27% vs. 19%, p = 0.030), respectively. The median PCL-5 score was higher in the COVID-19 than non-COVID-19 cohort (9 [3, 20] vs. 4 [2, 16], p = 0.034).ConclusionAdmission to the ICU for COVID-19 was not associated with a higher prevalence of PTSD compared with admission for another cause during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in France. However, intrusion and avoidance symptoms were more frequent in COVID-19 patients than in non-COVID-19 patients.Trial Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier NCT03991611, registered on June 19, 2019.

Association of inflammatory markers with clinical outcome in COVID-19 patients during the second wave in 100 bedded dedicated COVID MCH Hospital, Raigarh, Chhattisgarh State

Background: A novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) was the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic 2019. SARS-CoV-2 affects respiratory tract and damages the tissue resulting in generation of inflammatory cells such as cytokines and chemokines such as IFN that damage the lung alveoli, causing severe acute respiratory syndrome. Aims and Objectives: The aims and objectives of the study are to analyze the blood inflammatory markers of COVID-19 patients and association between clinical outcomes in COVID-19-positive patients with serum inflammatory markers during the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic in 100 bedded dedicated COVID MCH Raigarh CG. Materials and Methods: In this hospital-based cross-sectional observational study, 90 patients with COVID-19 were enrolled and categorized into three groups: mild, moderate, and severe. Blood inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), ferritin, CK-Nac as well as hemogram total leukocyte count (TLC), differential leukocyte count, and neutrophil: lymphocyte (N:L) were determined and analyzed. Results: The results of the oxygen saturation (SpO2) severity strength of association with multiple variables taken in the study through logistic regression analysis of COVID-19 patient’s inflammatory markers serum levels of LDH (P<0.05, odds ratio [OR]=1.0146), ferritin (P<0.05, OR=0.9788), N:L (P<0.05, OR=4.1041), and other non-inflammatory parameters such as creatinine (P<0.05, OR=17.8039) were significant. SpO2 severity of COVID-19 patient’s with inflammatory markers LDH, ferritin, CK-Nac, and TLC associated with all severe, moderate, and mild groups. There was no significant association in the serum levels of CRP between the severe, moderate, and mild groups. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that the levels of LDH, ferritin, CK-Nac, and TLC could be used to predict the severity of COVID-19 disease.

Healthcare utilization and associated factors during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana: A cross-sectional survey.

Understanding healthcare utilization during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is crucial to inform policy and to prepare health systems for future pandemics. We examined self-reported healthcare utilization and associated factors, including public health preventive practices, perceptions, and coping strategies among the general public in Ghana during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. We adopted a cross-sectional study design using a public survey to recruit 643 respondents between May 23, and July 11, 2020 during the first wave of confirmed COVID-19 cases and after the fifth week of a partial lockdown in Ghana. Descriptive, bivariate, and binary logistic regression analyses were carried out in Stata version 15. Overall, there was a high level of compliance with COVID-19 public health preventive measures. In terms of perception, 357 (55.5%) of respondents stated unnecessary worry was created about the disease. In relation to coping strategies, 376 (58.5%) of respondents stayed home for more than 6 h, while 35 (5%) reported drinking alcohol to overcome the fear created by the disease. The results showed that 176 (27.4%) of the respondents utilized healthcare while 44 (9.4%) did not utilized healthcare for fear of contracting the disease at the health facility. Marital status (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.63; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.409, 0.963), religion (aOR = 2.34; 95% CI = 1.10, 4.98), and possession of valid health insurance (aOR = 1.51; 95% CI = 1.020, 2.235) were associated with healthcare utilization. There was low healthcare utilization coupled with fear of contracting the COVID-19 disease at the health facilities among the respondents. The findings suggest the need for effective public education that ensures that future pandemics' prevention information and recommendations are easily understandable by the general public. Additionally, investment in health insurance coverage may contribute to healthcare utilization during future pandemics.

Clinical Pharmacist-Led Medication Review in Hospitalized Confirmed or Probable Patients with COVID-19 During the First Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic.

Drug-related problems (DRPs) result in serious problems among hospitalized patients, high rates of morbidity and mortality, and increased healthcare costs. This study aimed to identify DRPs by clinical pharmacist-led medication review in hospitalized probable patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the COVID-19 inpatient services of a tertiary university hospital in Türkiye for 3 months (between March 2020 and June 2020) and included hospitalized confirmed or probable COVID-19 patients. The World Health Organization and Turkish Ministry of Health Guidelines case definitions were used to define confirmed and probable COVID-19 patients. Six clinical pharmacy residents provided medication review services during their education and training. DRPs were classified based on the Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe V9.00. The physician's acceptance rate of clinical pharmacists' recommendations was assessed. Among 202 hospitalized patients with probable or confirmed COVID-19, 132 (65.3%) had at least one drug-related problem. Two hundred and sixty-four DRPs were identified. Drug selection (85.6%) and dose selection (9.2%) were the most common causes of these problems. Among the 80 clinical pharmacist interventions, 48.8% were accepted by the physicians. Clinical pharmacists identified a significant number of DRPs during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly those related to drug interactions and drug safety, such as adverse drug reactions. This study highlights the importance of detecting and responding to DRPs in the COVID-19 pandemic.

Clinical Practice Patterns, Health Resource Use and Risk Factors for Severe Conditions Among Children Hospitalized With COVID-19 in Japan.

The trends in clinical practice patterns and health resource use, as well as risk factors for severe conditions among children hospitalized with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), remain unclear. We conducted a retrospective observational study consisting of 9876 children hospitalized with COVID-19 during 2020-2022 using the Medical Data Vision database in Japan. We investigated trends in patient characteristics, health resource use, treatment patterns and laboratory data. Additionally, log-binomial regression models were used to investigate the risk factors associated with severe COVID-19 among pediatric inpatients with COVID-19. We observed decreasing trends in the lengths of hospital stays, healthcare costs, computed tomography use, and antibiotic use, and increasing trends in treatment with intravenous hydration and use of antipyretics, antiepileptics, antiemetics and antivirals from the first wave to the seventh wave of COVID-19 pandemic. During the 3-year period, the risk of severe COVID-19 was almost stable at 3%. Risk factors associated with severe COVID-19 were children aged 0 years [risk ratio (RR): 1.69; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02-2.78], the number of complex chronic diseases (RR for 1 disease: 4.49; 95% CI: 2.76-7.32; RR for 2 or more diseases: 10.2; 95% CI: 5.19-20.3) and asthma (RR: 1.84; 95% CI: 1.06-3.20). Our study observed the changes in practice patterns and health resource use for children hospitalized with COVID-19 and identified risk factors associated with severe COVID-19. These findings indicate the importance of vigilant monitoring and tailored treatment strategies in children with these risk factors.

Mortality-related risk factors of inpatients with diabetes and COVID-19: A multicenter retrospective study in Belgium

Background and aimsWe describe mortality-related risk factors of inpatients with diabetes and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Belgium. MethodsWe conducted a multicenter retrospective study from March to May, 2020, in 8 Belgian centers. Data on admission of patients with diabetes and COVID-19 were collected. Survivors were compared to non-survivors to identify prognostic risk factors for in-hospital death using multivariate analysis in both the total population and in the subgroup of patients admitted in the intensive care unit (ICU). ResultsThe study included 375 patients. The mortality rate was 26.4% (99/375) in the total population and 40% (27/67) in the ICU. Multivariate analysis identified older age (HR 1.05 [CI 1.03–1.07], P<0.0001) and male gender (HR 2.01 [1.31–3.07], P=0.0013) as main independent risk factors for in-hospital death in the total population. Metformin (HR 0.51 [0.34–0.78], P=0.0018) and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers (HR 0.56 [0.36–0.86], P=0.0088) use before admission were independent protective factors. In the ICU, chronic kidney disease (CKD) was identified as an independent risk factor for death (HR 4.96 [2.14–11.5], P<0.001). ConclusionIn-hospital mortality due to the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic in Belgium was high in patients with diabetes. We found that advanced age and male gender were independent risk factors for in-hospital death. We also showed that metformin use before admission was associated with a significant reduction of COVID-19-related in-hospital mortality. Finally, we showed that CKD is a COVID-19-related mortality risk factor in patients with diabetes admitted in the ICU.

Risk factors for poor progression of addictive internet use across different COVID-19 periods in China.

Addictive behaviors are serious factors for mental health and usually increase during public crises. We identified the vulnerable characteristics for bad prognosis of addictive internet use across different periods of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Self-reported questionnaires were delivered in three waves through jdh.com during the outbreak (n = 17,960), remission (n = 15,666), and dynamic zero (n = 12,158) periods of COVID-19 pandemic in China. Internet addiction degree was assessed using the Internet Addiction Test. The different progression groups were divided using a latent class growth modelamong 1679 longitudinal participants. Risk factors for bad progression were identified by two-step logistic regression. A total of 40.16% of participants reported an increase in the addictive degree of internet use compared with prepandemic. Across different COVID-19 periods, the overall trend of addictive internet use was downward among general Chinese study participants (Mslope = -1.56). Childhood traumatic experiences, deterioration of physical health, depression, and anxiety during remission and dynamic periods were the main risk factors for the bad progression of pandemic-induced addictive internet use. Addictive internet use was remitted following relaxed control policies during the COVID-19 pandemic. Negative childhood experiences and bad mental status during the recovery period were harmful to coping with pandemic-related addictive internet use. Our findings profiled the general trend of addictive internet use and the vulnerable characteristics of its bad progression across different periods of the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic in China. Our findings provide valuable insights for preventing the long-term adverse effects of negative public events on Internet addiction.

Cardiovascular surgery during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic.

In this study, we aimed to evaluate primary outcomes and main characteristics of emergency and elective/urgent cardiovascular surgeries which were performed in the first three months of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in our center. Between March 11th, 2020 and June 11th, 2020, a total of 209 patients (44 males, 165 females; mean age: 57.3±12.8 years; range, 20 to 80 years) who underwent emergency or elective/urgent surgery with cardiovascular pathologies were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were classified as emergency and elective/urgent according to the level of necessity of the surgical procedure at the time of hospital admission. Pre-, intra-, and postoperative data of the patients were recorded. During the study period, 156 elective/urgent and 74 emergency cardiovascular surgeries were performed. Six COVID-19 (+) patients were operated emergently. The number of acute aortic dissection and peripheral vascular surgery was higher in the emergency group (p<0.05). Two patients who were COVID-19 (-) preoperatively became COVID-19 (+) in the postoperative period. In these patients, acute respiratory distress syndrome developed, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support was needed. Four patients who needed post-cardiotomy extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support due to low cardiac output were COVID-19 (-) both in the pre- and postoperative periods. The overall in-hospital mortality rate was 9.1%. Even during pandemic such as COVID-19, referral centers with experienced personnel can provide non-pandemic healthcare with a quality close to the daily routine.

Stress levels among healthcare workers and adult population during the third wave of COVID-19 pandemic in a metropolitan city

Introduction: The impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on public health has been widespread with clinically diverse manifestations ranging from asymptomatic presentation to critical illness. COVID-19 might influence different aspects of the stress process on the general population and healthcare workers (HCWs).&#x0D; Objectives: To examine the relationship of demographic variables with depression, anxiety, and stress and to compare stress levels in HCWs and the general population.&#x0D; Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted. A sample of 1,063 participants was collected based on two groups. The first group comprised of HCWs who were directly looking after COVID-19 confirmed or suspected patients and working in any primary, secondary, or tertiary care hospitals. The second group comprised of participants working in public-dealing departments or businesses. Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-42 (DASS-42) was administered to assess depression, anxiety, and stress.&#x0D; Result: Young people, females, and people having less work experience and without civil defense or disaster management training were more depressed, anxious, and stressed. Participants who had no access to scientific journals were more stressed. Average time spent on social media on COVID-19-related information, history of psychological illnesses, and use of sedatives after the COVID-19 pandemic positively predicted anxiety, depression, and stress. There was no significant difference in the scores of depression, anxiety, and stress for HCWs and the general population. &#x0D; Conclusion: The anxiety levels were comparable among HCWs and adults, with vulnerable groups being female gender, young adults, and those who had a previous history of depression or substance abuse. Special consideration must be given to mental health, and protocols must be designed to provide psychological and emotional support to susceptible individuals.

Brain functional network changes associated with psychological symptoms in emergency psychological responding professionals after the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic.

Emergency psychological responding professionals are recruited to help deal with psychological issues as the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues. We aimed to study the neural correlates of psychological states in these emergency psychological responding professionals after exposure to COVID-19 related trauma at baseline and after 1-year self-adjustment. Resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) and multiscale network approaches were utilized to evaluate the functional brain activities in emergency psychological professionals after trauma. Temporal (baseline vs. follow-up) and cross-sectional (emergency psychological professionals vs. healthy controls) differences were studied using appropriate t-tests. The brain functional network correlates of psychological symptoms were explored. At either time-point, significant changes in the ventral attention (VEN) and the default mode network (DMN) were associated with psychological symptoms in emergency psychological professionals. In addition, the emergency psychological professionals whose mental states improved after 1 year demonstrated altered intermodular connectivity strength between several modules in the functional network, mainly linking the DMN, VEN, limbic, and frontoparietal control modules. Brain functional network alterations and their longitudinal changes varied across groups of EPRT with distinctive clinical features. Exposure to emergent trauma does cause psychological professionals to produce DMN and VEN network changes related to psychological symptoms. About 65% of them will gradually adjust mental states, and the network tends to be rebalanced after a year.

COVID ASSOCIATED MUCORMYCOSIS — A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH

Mucormycosis is an aggressive, angioinvasive fungal infection, acquired via inhalation of environmental spores or by inoculation affecting severely immunocompromised hosts caused by fungal species belonging to order Mucorales. Invasive Mucormycosis (IM) has been increasingly documented in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Predisposing factors include diabetes, steroid use, neutropenia, malignancies, and immunocompromised individuals. COVID-19 associated rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) has reached epidemic proportion during India's second wave of COVID-19 pandemic caused due to δ-variant, with several risk factors being implicated in its pathogenesis. This study is a case series of thirty cases of Covid Associated Mucormycosis (CAM) aimed to determine the patient demographics, risk factors including co-morbidities, and medications used to treat COVID-19, presenting symptoms and signs, and the outcome of management.

Maternal Healthcare Services in a Rural Area of Haryana during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Community-Based Study.

It is well documented that the utilization of maternal healthcare services during pregnancy and childbirth plays a significant role in reducing maternal morbidity and mortality. Disruptions in maternal healthcare services during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have been reported. However, there is a paucity of literature from rural areas, as most of the previous studies are either record-based or conducted in tertiary care centers. This study aimed to determine the proportion of women who received the recommended maternal healthcare services during the COVID-19 pandemic and to study various factors associated with the utilization of services. In this community-based study, we assessed the utilization of maternal healthcare services among 520 women residing in the Ballabgarh Block of District Faridabad, Haryana, whose antenatal, intrapartum, and postnatal period coincided with the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic. Domiciliary visits were made, and women were interviewed retrospectively regarding maternal healthcare services utilized by them. The antenatal care (ANC) cards were reviewed, and details were corroborated. Full ANC was received by 15.3% of women, and 45% of women had less than four antenatal visits. 30.9% of participants had cesarean delivery. The proportion of cesarean delivery in private facilities was significantly higher than in government facilities [Odds Ratio (OR) (95% Confidence intervals (CI)) =10.04 (5.87-17.19); P < 0.001]. In multivariate logistic regression, gravidity was negatively associated with full ANC [OR (95% CI) =0.43 (0.25-0.74); P = 0.002]. Fewer women received the recommended maternal healthcare services during the COVID-19 pandemic. Detailed assessment of health systems and factors affecting routine healthcare services, during the pandemic, can help improve the readiness and response in the future.

Mid- and long-term atrio-ventricular mechanics in children after recovery from asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection

Abstract Background Clinical manifestations of children's coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) were initially considered less severe compared with adult patients. However, there is now increasing evidence of a “long-tail” of COVID-19 related symptoms lasting for several months after recovery from the acute infection. Long COVID-19-related symptoms and mechanisms are poorly characterized and understood, with several phenotypes reported, often driven by long-term tissue damage (such as lung, heart and brain) and pathological inflammation due to viral persistence and/or immune deregulation. Purpose The objective of this study was to evaluate atrio-ventricular mechanics, by means of two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography, in previously healthy children recovered from asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in a long-term follow-up. Methods We analysed a cohort of 157 paediatric patients, mean age 7±4 years, who had a confirmed diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and were asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic for COVID-19. Patients underwent standard transthoracic echocardiogram and speckle tracking echocardiographic study 148±68 days after diagnosis. One hundred seven age, sex, and body surface area comparable healthy subjects were used as control group. Results Left ventricular ejection fraction was within normal limits in postCOVID-19 cases and CTRL with no significant differences between the two groups (postCOVID-19: 65.6±4% vs CTRL: 65.0±5%, p=0.182). Left ventricular (LV) global longitudinal strain (postCOVID-19: −20.5±2.9%; CTRL: −21.8±1.7%; p&amp;lt;0.001) was significantly reduced in cases compared with CTRLs. An amount of 11 (7%) postCOVID-19 cases showed impaired GLS values &amp;lt; −17% and 95 subjects (60%) presented with a strain lower than −16% in more than 2 segments. These subjects did not show any difference regarding symptoms or serological findings. Moreover, GLS was significantly reduced in children with disease's onset during the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic, compared with those during the first wave (second wave: −20.2±2.6%; first wave: −21.2±3.4%; p=0.048). Finally, peak left atrial systolic strain was within the normal range in the postCOVID-19 group with no significant differences compared to CTRL (postCOVID-19: 49.1±12%; CTRL: 49.5±18%). Conclusions SARS-CoV-2 infection may affect left ventricular deformation in children despite an asymptomatic or only mildly symptomatic acute illness. Our data show an amount of 60% of children, recovering from asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic COVID-19, with still mild subclinical systolic cardiac impairment in the mid- and long-term follow-up after the infection. This subtle impairment was seen to be worse in children recovering from the second wave of COVID-19 compared to the first one. A follow-up is needed to verify the reversibility of these alterations and their impact on long-term outcomes. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.

Neurological Manifestations and Their Effect on Outcome in Second Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

There is a need for a better understanding of the relation of various neurological symptoms and complications with manifestations and outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Hence, we planned this study to get an insight into the relation of neurological manifestations and COVID-19. This was a retrospective study. All patients ≥18 years in age, admitted with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) confirmed COVID-19 were included in the study. Their clinical records were accessed for collecting demographic and laboratory data. The data collected were analyzed for prevalence and pattern of neurological symptoms at admission and neurological complications developed during hospitalization. It was also analyzed to find the relation of neurological manifestations with duration of hospital stay, requirement of bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) or ventilator, severity of disease, development of neurological complications, and mortality. A total of 440 patients were included. The mean age was 59.28 ± 13.28 years. The most common neurological symptom at presentation was headache while the most common neurological complications were altered sensorium, cerebrovascular stroke, seizure, and encephalitis. Significantly, more patients with neurological complications than those without had severe disease and needed ventilation. Duration of hospitalization was significantly longer (16.26 ± 5.15 vs 12.73 ± 4.89, p = 0.0173) and mortality was also significantly higher (OR 6.59, 95% CI 2.23-19.43; p = 0.0006) in patients with neurological manifestations. The presence of neurological manifestations is associated with greater morbidity and mortality in patients with COVID-19 and thus warrants more aggressive treatment. However, a study of association of individual neurological manifestation with severity of COVID-19 will provide a more meaningful insight regarding the approach to the management of such patients.

The impact of Omicron pandemic and COVID-19 vaccination on the pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic resulted in enormous medical and economic burden worldwide during the past 3 years. The vaccination was deemed the effective option to prevent the severe symptoms, and especially recommended among cancer patients. Shanghai experienced the first lockdown during the recent Omicron pandemic since 2019. How patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAC) suffered from the pandemic and how vaccination influenced their oncological outcomes were unexplored yet. The retrospective study was carried out in a high-volume referral center including 1157 consecutively enrolled patients with PAC experiencing the COVID-19 pandemic. The primary outcome was the overall survival (OS). Limited postoperative patients (9.21%) received the vaccination. The lockdown in Shanghai (April to May, 2022) was not observed impacting the survival prognoses of patients with PAC. Though vaccination was not significantly associated with OS itself (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR): 2.032 [0.940-4.391], p = 0.071), it was discovered to synergistically improve the chemotherapy effect in the multivariate analyses (interaction p = 0.023). The vaccination itself did not influence the survival prognoses of patients with PAC. A potential positive interaction was observed between chemotherapy and vaccination despite the limited follow-up time. The postoperative patients should consider the vaccination more. The patients with PAC did not suffer worse prognostic outcomes from the strict sanitary policy during the wave of COVID-19 pandemic in Shanghai.

Second Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic in Argentinian Population: Vaccination Is Associated With a Decrease in Depressive Symptoms.

BackgroundSince the irruption of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) the planet has submerged in a time of concern and uncertainty, with a direct impact on people's mental health. Moreover, the recurrent outbreaks that periodically harry different regions of the world constantly refocus people's concerns to the pandemic. Yet, each new wave heats the diverse countries in different situations, including the advances in their vaccination campaigns. In this research, we studied the levels of the general anxiety disorder (GAD) and depression in the Argentine population across the first and second waves of infections that occurred in our country.MethodsWe conducted an on-line survey, within each peak of the pandemic. People were asked to self-report GAD and depression symptoms using the GAD-7 and PHQ-9 questioners, inform their vaccination status, the frequency they performed physical activity as well as working condition and modality. Here, we identified the more vulnerable groups and evaluated factors that could mitigate the rise of these mental disorders, focusing on vaccination.ResultsOur data shows that reported GAD and depression levels were higher during the second wave than during the first one. More importantly, vaccinated people were less depressed than non-vaccinated people, while GAD levels remained equivalent in both groups. Other factors directly associated with lower GAD and depression levels were performing frequent physical activity and being employed, regardless of the employment modality. These observations were replicated in different age ranges and genders.ConclusionThis work evidences GAD and depression in different pandemic waves in Argentina, as well the factors that may contribute to reducing the magnitude of these disorders, including vaccination.

Disruption in Essential Health Service Delivery: A Qualitative Study on Access to Family Planning Information and Service Utilization During the First Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic in Uganda.

BackgroundCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains a challenge to public health with profound impact on people’s lives. With several mitigation measures implemented to curb the spread of COVID-19, these impacted on access and utilization of general health services including family planning (FP) services. The objective of the study was to understand the extent to which COVID-19 interrupted access and utilization of FP services as well as highlight the challenges faced during the lockdown in Uganda.MethodsA qualitative study was carried out in August and September 2020 across the country. A total of 21 key informant interviews among researchers, policy makers, funding agencies, district family planning focal persons, district health officers and service providers with implementing partners were conducted. These were conducted using face to face (7), phone calls (11) and zoom (3) meetings. All interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were used to identify and generate codes, sub themes and themes. Analysis was done using the thematic framework analysis and results presented in themes.ResultsFive themes were identified in this study which included; (i) financial and psychosocial needs, (ii) mobility hindrances, (iii) disrupted service delivery, (iv) responsive reproductive health services. The financial and psychosocial needs themes included: household and individual financial constraints, unpredictable future and community acceptance, loss of employment and unemployment, misconceptions and unintended pregnancies; while mobility hindrances included; restricted movement, high transport costs, and difficulty in finding transport.ConclusionResults showed that the pandemic had immediate and significant long-term effects on family planning service accessibility, utilization and delivery. The study recommends implementation of telehealth services, country-wide sensitization on use of long-term contraceptive methods, empowering village health teams and making family planning services mandatory and free to all private facilities in order to lower any disruptions during pandemics.

Psychological distress among elderly surgical patients who had their surgery postponed during the COVID-19 pandemic

BackgroundMany institutions withheld elective lists and triaged surgeries during the peak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. As a result, older surgical patients have had to wait for rescheduled dates in a long waitlist. This study aimed to identify the psychological impact in these patients when they returned for surgery.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study which included 153 patients aged ≥ 65 years undergoing elective surgery. Trained interviewers recruited and assessed psychological status pre-operatively with two validated questionnaires - Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). Specific questions were asked about their postponed surgeries, appetite and fear.ResultsA total of 36 out of 153 (23.5%) patients had their procedures deferred during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic. Postponed cases were significantly based on the nature of surgery (p = 0.002), cancer diagnosis (p = 0.006) and surgical specialty (p = 0.023). Median HADS scores were higher for patients who were postponed (2.00 versus 4.00 for anxiety, p = 0.180 and 0.00 versus 1.00 for depression, p = 0.424) although no statistical significance was shown. In the whole study population, anxiety was a significant predictor for depression and vice versa (p < 0.001) with other predictive risk factors for anxiety that were age ≥ 85 years old (odds ratio [OR] 6.14, p = 0.018), female (OR 2.41, p = 0.024), cancer (OR 2.19, p = 0.039) and major surgery (OR 2.39, p = 0.023). Similarly, older patients ≥ 85 years old (OR 10.44, p = 0.003) and female (OR 6.07, p = 0.006) had higher risk for depression. Both anxiety and depression were significant risks for loss of appetite (p = 0.005 and 0.001). Lastly, the fear of disease progression due to rescheduling was more frequent in cancer patients (p = 0.035).ConclusionThe mental health and disease burden of older surgical patients should be taken into careful consideration when cases need to be postponed in our healthcare system.

Attitude, perceptions and willingness to receive COVID-19 vaccine and their associated factors among general population of Uttar Pradesh, Northern India

Several vaccines have been developed and tested against COVID-19 around the globe. Vaccine hesitancy and misinformation poses major challenges to the achievement of coverage and population immunity. Understanding key determinants that influence the preferences and demands of a COVID-19 vaccine by the community may help to develop strategies for improving coverage. To assess willingness for the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine and identify the factors associated with it. A web-based cross-sectional study was conducted among unvaccinated general population of Uttar Pradesh, Northern India adopting an exponential, non-discriminative snowball sampling technique. A bilingual, self-administered anonymous structured questionnaire in google form was designed and sent to the study participants through social media platforms. Data collected were extracted in excel sheets and analyzed using SPSS software, version 21.0. Bivariate analysis was performed to identify the key determinants for vaccine acceptance among the participants.Out of 254 participants completing the questionnaire, 219 (86.2%) showed willingness to receive a COVID-19 vaccine, whereas 10 (4.0%) admitted hesitancy and 25 (9.8%) were not sure. Younger age-group (18-44 years), female gender, absence of any co-morbidity, lower education level, current employment status, positive history of confirmed COVID-19 infection in the person and positive history of confirmed COVID-19 infection in any family member/friend were the factors found to be significantly associated with the willingness to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. During the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic in India, high acceptance for COVID-19 vaccination was found among the general population of Uttar Pradesh, whereas concerns about vaccine safety may hinder the actual vaccine uptake. (1). Mass vaccination against COVID-19 is one of the effective way of controlling the ongoing pandemic of COVID-19 (2). There is a variable acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines in different populations and sub-groups across the globe (3). Vaccine hesitancy for COVID-19 vaccines can disrupt the efforts for containment of the pandemic. (1) Acceptance for COVID-19 vaccines among the general population of a North Indian state is seemingly high; (2). However, concerns about vaccine safety may hinder the actual vaccine uptake; (3). Targeted health education interventions are needed to increase the uptake of the COVID-19 vaccines in this population.

The rate of SARS-CoV-2 among asymptomatic non-immunised low-risk parturient women between the two waves

This study was conducted to evaluate the rate of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and immunity among asymptomatic non-immunised low-risk parturient women and their newborns. A cross-sectional study conducted in a tertiary hospital during the nadir period of new cases in Egypt. All asymptomatic pregnant, low risk and non-immunised women were included. All eligible participants had been subjected to SARS-CoV-2 nasopharyngeal swabs according to CDC and sampling of maternal and umbilical blood to evaluate the presence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) IgM and IgG antibodies by immunochromatographic assay. Two cases out of 171 (1.2%) parturient women were tested positive for PCR swab to COVID-19 infection. Furthermore, COVID-19 IgG and IgM antibodies testing showed that 67.8% of women were negative for both IgG and IGM, 24.6% were positive for IgG only, 4.1% were positive for IgM only, while 3.5% were positive for both IgG and IgM. Regarding neonatal testing for immunity, 28.1% of the neonates were positive to IgG only and none for IgM. The rate of positive PCR patients among asymptomatic low-risk parturient women was 1.2%. About quarter of women had got herd immunity as evident by positive IgG antibodies. IgG antibodies transferred to the neonates in almost all cases. Impact Statement What is already known on this subject ? Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a global public health emergency. Asymptomatic pregnant women with coronavirus disease can transmit their infection to their newborn, family members and the health care providers. What do the results of this study add? The study showed very low (1.2%) prevalence of COVID positive cases among asymptomatic pregnant women admitted to our facility. Only two cases out of 171 parturient women tested PCR positive for COVID-19 infection (1.2%). SARS-Cov-2 IgG and IgM antibodies testing showed, about a quarter (24.6%) were positive for IgG antibodies, 4.1% were positive for IgM antibodies, while 3.5% were positive for both IgG and IgM. On the other hand, 28.1% of the neonates were positive to IgG only and none of the newborns had had IgM antibodies in their cord blood. What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? The first wave of COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt left behind at least a quarter of pregnant women with a positive antibody denoting some immunity. This immunity is usually transmitted to the neonates in almost all cases.