Wave Mixing Effect Research Articles

Exploring the mass spectrum and electromagnetic property of the ΞccK(*) and ΞccK¯(*) molecules

Using the one-boson-exchange model, we investigate the interactions between the doubly charmed baryon Ξcc(3621) and the S wave (anti-)kaon accounting for the S−D wave mixing and coupled-channel effects. We find the coupled ΞccK/ΞccK* state with I(JP)=0(1/2−), the ΞccK* state with 0(1/2−), the ΞccK¯ state with 0(1/2−), and the ΞccK¯* states with 0(1/2−,3/2−) can be recommended as good doubly charmed molecular candidates with strangeness |S|=1. We further examine their M1 radiative decay behaviors and magnetic moments within the constituent quark model framework. This information can enhance our understanding of their inner structures, including the distribution of electric charge and the orientation of the constituent quarks’ spins. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

A Brief Look Into Nonlinear Optical Properties Of MXenes (M2X) Ti2C, Nb2C, And V2C Through Four Wave Mixing Generation In 2 µm Fiber Laser

Generation of four wave mixing (FWM) effect in MXenes with chemical ratio of M2X, particularly Ti2C, Nb2C, and V2C were reported in this work. The setup was operated at 2 µm wavelength region with tapered fiber as the material host. The experiment managed to show conversion efficiencies of −43.93 dB, −42.60 dB, and −41.20 dB and idlers’ SNR of 7.73 dB, 9.10 dB, and 9.80 dB for Ti2C, Nb2C, and V2C, respectively. The relation of nonlinear optical properties such as nonlinear absorption coefficient and nonlinear refractive index to FWM generation were explored. The result of the investigation successfully showed the relationship of third order nonlinear optical properties and FWM effect in the specified MXenes with comparisons.

Stability and instability nature of solitons in an optical fiber with four wave mixing effect

The investigation into modulational instability (MI) within the Kundu-Eckhaus (KE) equation, governing optical solitons, involves a thorough examination of the effects of self-phase modulation, cross-phase modulation, and intermodal dispersion. Special attention is given to understanding the influence of the four-wave mixing effect. The KE equation, which models birefringent fiber and includes terms related to intermodal dispersion, cross-phase modulation, and self-phase modulation, serves as the fundamental framework for this analytical study. Employing conventional linear stability analysis, the gain within the KE equation is determined. To shed light on the role of four-wave mixing in various scenarios, the gain spectrum is utilized as a tool to analyze the behavior of the KE equation under different conditions. This methodology seeks to provide insightful information about the intricate interactions that impact the modulational instability of solitonic pulses in an optical systems. After that, we have investigated the soliton solution by implementing the Jacobian elliptical function approach. Finally, our focus here is on linear stability analysis, which employs eigenvalue spectra to study solitons’ stability via direct numerical simulation.

MZM–SOA based RoF system for 30-tuple millimeter-wave generation

Abstract In this paper, we have reported radio over fiber system with 30-tuple millimeter-wave generation using dual parallel Mach–Zehnder modulator and semiconductor optical amplifier. The optimum choice of Mach–Zehnder modulator parameters has resulted into generation of signal lightwave and pump signal with frequency separation of 10f RF. Four wave mixing effect in semiconductor optical amplifier results into 30-tuple millimeter-wave signal. The proposed scheme is applicable to radio over fiber system with multiple base stations. The multiple number of frequencies such as 50 GHZ, 100 GHz, and 150 GHz have been generated using 5 GHz radio frequency only. NRZ data at 2.5 Gbps was modulated and successfully transmitted via optical fiber. The impact of injection current on the sideband ratio and BER is investigated. The proposed scheme confirms quality reception of demodulated signal at a transmission distance of 20 km.

Four-wave mixing induced general localized waves for a coupled generalized nonlinear Schrödinger system

In this paper, we investigate the general localized waves on the nonvanishing background for a coupled generalized nonlinear Schrödinger system with four wave mixing (FWM) effect. Using a uniform Darboux transformation, we construct a unified analytical solution formula which can be used not only to generate some reported localized waves, but also to yield some new results. Based on whether the relative wave vector of the two seed continuous-waves is zero, we respectively obtained various localized waves on the plane wave and periodic backgrounds, including bright/dark solitons, breathers, and rogue waves. Especially, we assort these localized waves and provide detailed parameter conditions for generating them, and find that the FWM term b plays a decisive role in generating the periodic background for those localized waves. In addition, interaction dynamics of the hybrid localized waves on both the plane wave and periodic backgrounds composed of the bright/dark soliton, breather and rogue wave are analyzed. We expect that these results will shed light on the understanding of localized waves on the periodic background owing to the interference of multiple continuous-wave fields.

Investigating the M1 radiative decay behaviors and the magnetic moments of the predicted triple-charm molecular-type pentaquarks

In this work, we systematically study the electromagnetic properties including the M1 radiative decay widths and the magnetic moments of the isoscalar ΞccD(*), ΞccD1, and ΞccD2* triple-charm molecular-type pentaquark candidates, where we adopt the constituent quark model and consider both the S−D wave mixing effect and the coupled channel effect. Our numerical results suggest that the M1 radiative decay widths and the magnetic moments of the isoscalar ΞccD(*), ΞccD1, and ΞccD2* triple-charm molecular-type pentaquark candidates can reflect their inner structures, and the study of the electromagnetic properties is an important step to construct the family of the triple-charm molecular-type pentaquarks. With the accumulation of the experimental data during the high-luminosity phase of LHC, we expect that the present work combined with the corresponding mass spectrum information can encourage the experimental colleagues at LHCb to focus on the isoscalar ΞccD(*), ΞccD1, and ΞccD2* triple-charm molecular-type pentaquark candidates. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Mixing dynamics in the synthesis of nanoparticle-stabilized water-in-water emulsion: Impact on size and stability

This communication presents a comprehensive investigation into the impact of mixing on the synthesis of water-in-water Pickering emulsions. The approach employs commercial-grade oppositely charged nanoparticles within two distinct fluid phases, facilitating self-assembly and the formation of aggregates with variable sizes and compositions. Enhanced interfacial area, achieved through aggregate adsorption at the interface, elevates the Gibbs detachment energy of particles between the two aqueous phases, leading to stable emulsion formation. We further explore the effect of various mixing devices, including high-pressure and sonic wave mixing. Our findings reveal that mixing within the aqueous phase critically influences emulsion size, with sonicator-assisted mixing producing smaller droplets than homogenizer mixing. Both devices yield poly-dispersed droplet size distributions. Interestingly, the droplet size correlates well with the Hinze scale (hd), and the Kolmogorov length scale (ld) exhibits good correspondence within a specific operating range. The proposed method introduces a streamlined, one-step synthesis process for easy preparation, demonstrating excellent stability for a minimum of 30 days. This study pioneers the investigation of mixing effects within an aqueous two-phase system utilizing a Pickering emulsion template.

Surveying the mass spectra and the electromagnetic properties of the Ξc(′,*)D(*) molecular pentaquarks

Motivated by the observed PψsΛ(4459)/PψsΛ(4338) and Tcc(3875)+ states as the ΞcD¯*/ΞcD¯ and DD* molecular candidates, respectively, in this work we investigate the Ξc(′,*)D(*) molecular systems. We obtain the mass spectra and the corresponding spatial wave functions of the Ξc(′,*)D(*)-type double-charm molecular pentaquark candidates with single strangeness, where we utilize the one-boson-exchange model and take into account both the S−D wave-mixing effect and the coupled-channel effect. Our results show that the most promising candidates of the double-charm molecular pentaquarks with single strangeness include the ΞcD state with I(JP)=0(1/2−), the Ξc′D state with I(JP)=0(1/2−), the ΞcD* states with I(JP)=0(1/2−,3/2−), the Ξc*D state with I(JP)=0(3/2−), the Ξc′D* states with I(JP)=0(1/2−,3/2−), and the Ξc*D* states with I(JP)=0(1/2−,3/2−,5/2−). To gain further insight into the inner structures and the properties of the isoscalar Ξc(′,*)D(*) molecular candidates, we utilize the constituent quark model to analyze their M1 radiative decay behaviors and magnetic moments based on the obtained mass spectra and spatial wave functions, which can offer significant information to determine their spin-parity quantum numbers and configurations in the forthcoming experiments. We suggest that our experimental colleagues search for the predicted Ξc(′,*)D(*) molecular states. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Engineering Nonlinear Effects of Quantum-Well Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers for Applications in Optical Signal Processing

Quantum-well semiconductor optical amplifiers (QW-SOAs) have been widely used in all-optical signal processing functions because of their various nonlinear effects. For different optical signal processing functions, the requirements for performance of the QW-SOAs are different, and nonlinear effects of the QW-SOAs should be controlled selectively. Engineering nonlinear effects of QW-SOA is very important for different applications in optical signal processing. Here, a comprehensive QW-SOA model by combining the QW band structure calculation with the dynamic model is established to connect the structure parameters with the nonlinear effects of QW-SOA. Those characterized parameters of the QW-SOAs, such as gain coefficient, differential gain coefficient, refractive index change, differential refractive index change, linewidth enhancement factor, third-order susceptibility and polarization dependent gain, are used to characterize the nonlinear effects, and are calculated with different structure parameters based on this developed model. Take the wavelength conversion based on cross gain modulation effect and four wave mixing effect as examples, the structure parameters of the QW-SOAs are optimized for engineering the nonlinear effects and achieving the best output performance. This theoretical work presents a guide for choosing the optimized structure parameters while fabricating the QW-SOAs for different optical signal processing functions

Charmoniumlike resonant explanation on the newly observed X(3960)

Motivated by the recent observation of X(3960) by the LHCb collaboration, we adopt the one-boson-exchange model to study the DsD¯s/D⁎D¯⁎/Ds⁎D¯s⁎ interactions with I(JPC)=0(0++) after considering both the S−D wave mixing effects and the coupled channel effects. Our analysis yields the phase shifts for these coupled channel systems, and indicate the existence of a charmoniumlike resonance, whose mass and width align well with the experimental data for the newly discovered X(3960). Furthermore, our investigation reveals the significant role played by the D⁎D¯⁎ system in the formation of the X(3960) resonance, and the Ds⁎D¯s⁎ system notably contributes to the resonance's width. As a byproduct, we perform a coupled channel analysis on the D⁎D¯⁎/DsD¯s⁎/Ds⁎D¯s⁎ interactions with I(JPC)=0(1+−), our results can predict the existence of a DsD¯s⁎ molecule with 1+− and another Ds⁎D¯s⁎ molecule with 1+−. Their widths are around several and several to several tens MeV, respectively. We encourage experimental investigations to search for these two possible charmoniumlike molecular candidates, as such findings would serve to validate our research findings and proposals.

Radiative decays and magnetic moments of the predicted Bc -like molecules

In this work, we first perform a systematic study of the transition magnetic moments and the corresponding radiative decay behaviors of the $B_c$-like molecular states associated with their mass spectra, where the constituent quark model is adopted by considering the $S$-$D$ wave mixing effect. Our numerical results show that the radiative decay properties can be considered as the effective physical observable to reflect the inner structures of these $B_c$-like molecular states. Meanwhile, we also discuss the magnetic moments of the $B_c$-like molecular states, and we find that the magnetic moment properties can be used to distinguish the $B_c$-like molecular states from the conventional $B_c$ mesonic states, which have the same quantum numbers and similar masses. We expect that the present study can inspire the interest of the experimentalist in exploring the electromagnetic properties of the $B_c$-like molecular states, especially the radiative decay properties.

Theoretical Analysis of the Mode Distortion Induced by Stimulated Raman Scattering Effect in Large-Mode Area Passive Fibers

By employing the mode decomposition method to study the relative mode evolution characteristics during the stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) process, a numerical model of the core-pumped Raman effect in few-mode fibers has been proposed, which provides an accurate tool to reveal the underlying physical mechanism of SRS-induced mode distortion. Mode distortion induced by the SRS effect in large-mode area passive fibers has been investigated numerically. It reveals that the few-mode SRS effect can result in an irreversible power transfer from the signal fundamental mode (FM) to signal high order modes (HOMs), which is a static phenomenon, different from the SRS-induced transverse mode instability. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that the numerical results coincide with the experimental phenomenon. Simulation results also illustrate that the inter-mode wave-mixing effect among the signal FM and signal HOMs plays a key role in the signal power transfer. With the help of the numerical model, mitigation strategy by designing and using the Raman-gain-tailored fiber has also been proposed, which shows a clear advantage in suppressing SRS-induced mode distortion.

Switchable and tunable multi-wavelength erbium-doped fiber ring laser based on single STS filter

A novel switchable and tunable multi-wavelength erbium-doped fiber ring laser (EDFL) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated by using a single SMF-TMF-SMF (STS) structure filter. The STS filter, based on mode interference, is fabricated by sandwiching a section of two-mode fiber (TMF) between single mode fibers (SMF) through core-offset splicing, which has a comb spectrum with obvious envelope and uniform fluctuation. The transmission characteristics of the STS filter can be changed by adjusting the polarization controller (PC) wrapped on the TMF. Based on the cooperation of the STS filter and polarization dependent loss (PDL), the fiber laser can be individually switchable and widely tunable. By adjusting the PC, the outputs can be switched from single-wavelength to adjacent eight-wavelength and can be tuned in the range of 1528 ∼ 1561 nm. Furthermore, non-adjacent dual-, three- and four-wavelength with different intervals can also be achieved by appropriately adjusting the PC. With the assistance of four wave mixing (FWM) effect, the fiber laser has a stable output. The tuning and switching of the proposed multi-wavelength EDFL is simple and flexible.

Probing the electromagnetic properties of the Σc(*)D(*) -type doubly charmed molecular pentaquarks

In this work, we discuss the electromagnetic properties of the $S$-wave ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}}_{c}^{(*)}{D}^{(*)}$-type doubly charmed molecular pentaquarks, which have close relation to their inner structures. Both the $S\ensuremath{-}D$ wave mixing effect and the coupled channel effect are taken into account. We analyze the magnetic moments for the $S$-wave ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}}_{c}^{(*)}{D}^{(*)}$ molecular states, and extend our theoretical framework to study the transition magnetic moments and the radiative decay widths between the $S$-wave ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}}_{c}^{(*)}{D}^{(*)}$ molecules. We discuss the relations between the magnetic moments and the transition magnetic moments for the $S$-wave ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}}_{c}^{(*)}{D}^{(*)}$-type doubly charmed molecular pentaquarks, which can be regarded as an indirect way to measure their magnetic moments experimentally. The present study may inspire the experimentalist's interest in measuring the electromagnetic properties of the hadronic molecular states.

FBG Sensor with enhanced resolution based on temporal spectroscopy and nonlinear effect

A unique technique to achieve high resolution interrogation of Fiber Bragg Grating(FBG) sensor based on dispersive time delay and Four wave mixing(FWM) effect is proposed. The wavelength shift induced by small strain or temperature on uniform FBG significantly enhances the time shift of the pulse reflected from linearly chirped fiber Bragg grating(LCFBG) by utilizing two stage FWM process in combination with wavelength–to-time mapping effect of LCFBG. The proposed scheme presents high robustness to power fluctuations in the system. A high strain sensitivity of 6.59 ps/με and temperature sensitivity of 72.5 ps/oC with corresponding strain and temperature resolution of 0.15 με and 0.01oC respectively is attained using the proposed scheme. The significance of the proposed scheme lies in enhancement of the time shift of the pulse without the usage of high dispersive device and simultaneous realization of temperature compensation and high strain sensitivity.

Suppression of Four Wave Mixing Effects Under Different Spectrally Efficient Modulation Techniques in Hybrid DWDM-OTDM Systems

Next generation optical networks require high spectral efficiency to meet the demand of high bandwidth for ultra-long haul communication. Spectrally efficient modulations using hybrid DWDM-OTDM systems can be used to achieve this. However, fiber nonlinearities such as four-wave mixing (FWM) will increase simultaneously and this will degrade the performance of WDM optical system. This paper explores the FWM reduction in 32 channels, 40 Gb/s hybrid DWDM-OTDM network using RZ-OOK, 16-QAM and PDM-QPSK modulation format at 200 GHz and 100 GHz channel spacing. Optical received power, BER, Q- factor, eye diagram and FWM side band power are analyzed at -15dBm to +15dBm channel power. All these modulations have shown a significant reduction in FWM. In addition, the 16-QAM gives highest reduction in FWM along with least BER of 7.9×10−158 and maximum Q-value of 27.74.

Performance analysis and selection of wavelength channels based on the FWM effect influence in optical DWDM systems

A deployment of the Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) in long-haul and metropolitan networks is becoming a reality, its extensive operation is also expected in future next-generation passive optical networks in a short time. This paper is focused on the DWDM technique and its effective utilization in real optical systems and networks. Within this context, an attention is paid to the Four Wave Mixing (FWM) effect that presents the most prominent nonlinearity that can limit the available transmission capacity in the given optical DWDM system. A realized simulation model of the 15-channel DWDM system that can exactly analyze the FWM influence on transmitted wavelength channels in the optical transmission path is presented. Based on executed performance analyses of the FWM influence, possibilities for selection of wavelength channels suitable for practical utilization in the DWDM communication system are introduced.

Investigating new type of doubly charmed molecular tetraquarks composed of charmed mesons in the H and T doublets

Stimulated by the newly reported doubly-charmed tetraquark state $T_{cc}^+$ by LHCb, we carry out a systematic investigation of the $S$-wave interactions between the charmed meson ($D,\,D^{*}$) in $H$-doublet and the charmed meson ($D_{1},\,D_{2}^{*}$) in $T$-doublet by adopting the one-boson-exchange model. Both the $S$-$D$ wave mixing effect and the coupled channel effect are taken into account. By performing a quantitative calculation, we suggest that the $S$-wave $D^{*} D_{1}$ states with $I(J^{P})=0(0^{-},\,1^{-})$ and the $S$-wave $D^{*}D_{2}^{*}$ state with $I(J^{P})=0(1^{-})$ should be viewed as the most promising candidates of the doubly-charmed molecular tetraquark states, and the $S$-wave $DD_{1}$ state with $I(J^{P})=0(1^{-})$, the $S$-wave $DD_{2}^{*}$ state with $I(J^{P})=0(2^{-})$, and the $S$-wave $D^{*}D_{2}^{*}$ state with $I(J^{P})=0(2^{-})$ are the possible doubly-charmed molecular tetraquark candidates. With the accumulation of experimental data at Run III and after High-Luminosity-LHC upgrade, these predicted doubly-charmed molecular tetraquark states can be accessible at LHCb in the near future.

Two-particle scattering from finite-volume quantization conditions using the plane wave basis

We propose an alternative approach to Lüscher’s formula for extracting two-body scattering phase shifts from finite volume spectra with no reliance on the partial wave expansion. We use an effective-field-theory-based Hamiltonian method in the plane wave basis and decompose the corresponding matrix elements of operators into irreducible representations of the relevant point groups. The proposed approach allows one to benefit from the knowledge of the long-range interaction and avoids complications from partial wave mixing in a finite volume. We consider spin-singlet channels in the two-nucleon system and pion-pion scattering in the ρ-meson channel in the rest and moving frames to illustrate the method for non-relativistic and relativistic systems, respectively. For the two-nucleon system, the long-range interaction due to the one-pion exchange is found to make the single-channel Lüscher formula unreliable at the physical pion mass. For S-wave dominated states, the single-channel Lüscher method suffers from significant finite-volume artifacts for a L = 3 fm box, but it works well for boxes with L > 5 fm. However, for P-wave dominated states, significant partial wave mixing effects prevent the application of the single-channel Lüscher formula regardless of the box size (except for the near-threshold region). Using a toy model to generate synthetic data for finite-volume energies, we show that our effective-field-theory-based approach in the plane wave basis is capable of a reliable extraction of the phase shifts. For pion-pion scattering, we employ a phenomenological model to fit lattice QCD results at the physical pion mass. The extracted P-wave phase shifts are found to be in a good agreement with the experimental results.

All-Optical Aggregation and De-Aggregation Between 8QAM and BPSK Signal Based on Nonlinear Effects in HNLF

An all-optical aggregation and de-aggregation scheme between one 8-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (8QAM) signal and three binary phase shift keying (BPSK) signals is proposed and theory simulated based on nonlinear effects in high nonlinear fiber (HNLF). In this scheme, the input 8QAM signal is de-aggregated into three BPSK signals by deploying self-phase modulation (SPM), cross-phase modulation (XPM), four wave mixing (FWM) and parameter amplification (PA) effect. Firstly, an improved amplitude compression loop (ACL) is designed based on SPM effect to convert 8QAM signal into quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) signal. A degenerate phase sensitive amplifier (PSA) based on FWM effect is used to decompose QPSK signal into the first two BPSK signals (BPSK-1 and BPSK-2). The third BPSK signal (BPSK-3) can be extracted from the probe light modulated in its phase by the input 8QAM signal thanks to XPM and PA effect. Secondly, BPSK-3 is converted into an atypical on-off keying (OOK) signal through a 1-bit delay interference (DI). BPSK-1 and BPSK-2 are recombined into one QPSK signal through a coupler. Finally, the recombined QPSK signal and the atypical OOK signal are aggregated into one 8QAM signal by using XPM and PA effect. The error vector magnitude (EVM) and bit error ratio (BER) of the 8QAM and BPSK signal before and after de-aggregation and aggregation are calculated to analyse the performance of the scheme. The scheme can be applied in the network node to connect different networks which explore to use 8QAM and BPSK signal respectively.