Wave Concept Iterative Procedure Research Articles

Modeling of Radiating Aperture Using the Iterative Method

We are interested in this work to electromagnetic leakage, for example the door of the microwave oven (or shielding of electronic functions working in the microwave band containing holes for ventilation circuit) which must be transparent (chain link) but the level of electromagnetic leakage issued by this device must not exceed certain standards. This work started with this article in which we are interested in a simple structure consisting of a multilayer structure incorporating a radiating aperture. We show in this paper mainly the interests of this study and the limitations of using these structures. Modeling of this device is provided by the wave concept iterative procedure (WCIP) which is simple to implement and is characterized by the fast execution method. The validation of our work is carried out by comparing our results with those calculated by the Ansoft HFSS software which shows a good agreement.

Conception and characterisation of a novel 5_Shaped antenna for 5G application using WCIP method

ABSTRACT In this paper, a novel 5_Shaped antenna for fifth generation (5 G) is presented. The proposed antenna is printed on a FR4 substrate with a compact size of 13 × 12.8 mm2. It has a high gain of 6.97 dB and good radiation efficiency of 84% at 28 GHz band. The impedance bandwidth of the presented antenna is about 9.67% (26.52–29.23 GHz) that is useful for the 5 G applications. The aim of this work is the characterisation of a novel antenna using a fast numerical method Wave Concept Iterative Procedure (WCIP). The proposed antenna has been designed and optimised using electromagnetic simulation software CST MS. The theoretical formulation of WCIP method is based on two relationships that bind waves, one in the spatial domain and the other in the spectral domain. The transition of waves between the two domains is effected by the Fast Modal Transform (FMT). The simulated and numerical results for the reflection coefficient and VSWR parameter are in good accord. In addition, a comparison in the computing time shows that the iterative method is faster by a factor of 5.85 than CST Simulator. The radiation pattern, realised gain and efficiency of the 5_shaped antenna are also obtained.

Modeling of Waveguide Filter Using Wave Concept Iterative Procedure

A rigorous full wave technique based on the Transverse Wave Concept Iterative Procedure (WCIP) is used to design a complex Frequency Selective Surface (FSS). These surfaces include a periodically arrangement of identical circuit. There are used as filters and reflector antenna as well as deep-space exploration for multi-frequencies operations. A simple FSS structure is studied in the first stage to validate our approach. In the second stage two different complex structures are studied. The good agreement between simulated and published data justifies the design procedure.

Iterative technique for analysis and design of circular leaky‐wave antenna for the 2.45‐GHz radio‐frequency identification applications

This paper suggests a new miniaturized antenna for radio-frequency identification (RFID) applications of 2.45 GHz. Our structure consists of a circular microstrip patch antenna which incorporates two concentric annular slots is printed on a multilayer substrates. The bandwidth, one of the most important characteristics of antenna, can be significantly improved by using a multilayer dielectric configuration. we aim by this study to show that the effect of radiating structure loaded by annular rings for the patch size reduction as well as the advantage of this structure being to create a circular polarisation in the direction of maximal radiation pattern. The wave concept iterative procedure is used to analyse this new antenna. Using the proposed procedure, less computing time and memory are needed to calculate the electromagnetic parameters of our design. The validation of the results of our developed model was verified with known commercial software called “CST Microwave Studio Software” followed by an experimental test. According to the reached results, we can judge that our new design antenna is suitable for RFID applications in the 2.45 GHz band.

Caracterização numérica do efeito do diodo PIN em superfícies seletivas em frequência reconfiguráveis utilizando o Método Iterativo das Ondas

<p>Numerical characterization is an important design step, since it minimizes the construction of prototypes and optimizes results. The choice of the technique to be used is an aspect of fundamental importance. In this context, this paper presents an analysis of the numerical characterization of reconfigurable frequency selective surfaces, RFSS, using the PIN diode as an active element, from the application of the Wave Concept Iterative Procedure, WCIP, is presented in this paper. The PIN diode is numerically replaced by a resistor, which corresponds to a load region, and it is possible to observe how the frequency response of the RFSS is altered by the variation of this equivalent resistance, including its transition region. The dimensions of the load region equivalent to the PIN diode and the resistance value variation are evaluated, which corresponds to different DC bias levels of the PIN diode. The results obtained are compared to the ideal cases of the short circuit and the open circuit, observing a good agreement for the value of the resonant frequency. Moreover, it has been verified that the proposed technique describes the behavior of the RFSS including in the transition region of the PIN diode, which is a very interesting result, indicating the applicability of the presented methodology.</p>

Analysis of Finite Size Nonuniform Stable and Multiband FSS Using a Generalization of the WCIP Method

A generalization of the wave concept iterative procedure method is proposed and used in the analysis of finite size and nonuniform frequency selective surfaces (FSS). The nonuniformity of the FSS is obtained by mixing different shapes of elements in the finite size FSS structures consisting of circular patch elements with and without radial slits. The shapes of the radial slit elements are defined according to a fractal-like formation rule, where the circular patch without radial slits is the generator. Single or multiband frequency performances can be obtained, enabling the design of reconfigurable FSS. In addition, a high stability of the incidence angle of the plane wave is confirmed. A good consistency is observed among theoretical, simulation, and experimental results.

WCIP Method Applied To Modeling an L-Notched Rectangular Metallic Ring FSS for Multiband Applications and its Equivalent Structure

A frequency selective surface (FSS) with a unit cell containing of an L-notched rectangular metallic ring pattern that can be adopted for dual polarization applications is proposed and analyzed using the wave concept iterative procedure (WCIP). The presented FSS is fed with a normal incident plane wave and it shows three resonant frequencies at 6.5GHz, 9 GHz and 11.5 GHz when the FSS is x -polarized and two resonant frequencies at 6GHz and 8GHzwhen the FSS is y -polarized. The parametric study of the FSS provides three FSS dimensions where their variation independently or simultaneously results in resonant frequencies tuning. They are the two dimensions of the L part of the FSS and its notch penetration and changing their values in the FSS allowed intervals gives rise to charts and equations based on polynomials determined by the use of least mean square method. Thus no need to softwares to determine the FSS resonant frequencies once the application is restricted to a specific FSS such as the L-notched rectangular metallic ring FSS for low cost FSS use. The presented synthesis approach is extended to the determination of the equivalent FSS structures based on non-coupled parallel metallic strips for the complex FSS structures of difficult comprehensive resonance sources. One FSS is manufactured and characterized. A good agreement is recorded when the WCIP results for the transmission coefficient are compared with the results of COMSOL Multiphysics software and measurement.

Characterization of Switchable Rectangular Ring FSS with Non Coupled Parallel Metallic Strips for Multi Band and Dual Polarized Applications Using WCIP Method

In this paper, a rectangular metallic ring FSS (Frequency Selective Surfaces) with parallel metallic strips for multi band applications are characterized by the WCIP (Wave Concept Iterative Procedure) method. The resonant characteristics of the proposed FSS are determined. The structure shows three resonant frequencies when the incident wave is x-polarized and three resonant frequencies when the source is polarized in the orthogonal direction. A variation in the length of the strips and the rectangular ring allows a fine tuning in the FSS resonant frequencies to give raise to tuned bandwidths. The suppression of a resonant frequency can be insured either by the elimination of the responsible metallic strip or by the insertion of a PIN diode switch. Three FSS structures are manufactured and characterized. The FSS bandwidth can be enhanced in both perpendicular FSS exciting source directions by only varying the strips lengths and the ring dimensions to the corresponding resonant frequencies. A good agreement is obtained when the WCIP results are compared with the simulations of COMSOL Multiphysics software and experiment.

Reconfigurable and stable frequency selective surfaces on nonuniform and finite arrays

AbstractA reconfigurable frequency selective surface (FSS) is presented based on a nonuniform and finite array of square loop conducting patches printed on a dielectric substrate. The reconfigurability is performed changing the polarization of PIN diodes in the patch elements of the FSS array, from OFF to ON state and vice versa. Simulation is performed by the wave concept iterative procedure (WCIP) formulation and Ansoft HFSS package. Remarkably, a generalization of the WCIP method is proposed to solve scattering problems on FSS structures composed of nonuniform and finite arrays. Prototypes are fabricated for comparison purpose. Simulations and measurements show that the nonuniform and finite FSS has dual band behavior and stable frequency response for different angles of the incident plane wave. A very good agreement between HFSS simulation, WCIP formulation, and experimental results is verified.

The use of Harmonic Balance in Wave Concept Iterative Method for Nonlinear Radio Frequency Circuit Simulation

This paper presents the birth of the new hybrid method for the non-linear Radio frequency circuits’ simulation. This method is based on the combination of the wave concept iterative procedure (WCIP) and the harmonic balance (HB) for their advantages. It consists also the development of an application based on this method for the simulation of nonlinear planar radio frequency circuits. The simulation of the Radio frequency diode implemented in micro-strip line is done. The validations are obtained by the comparison of the results obtained by our new hybrid method and Harmonic Balance under Advanced Design System (ADS) software.

Iterative Full-Wave Analysis of Mandelbrot-Inspired Fractal Patch Antenna on Textile Substrate for UWB Applications

This work presents the analysis of monopole microstrip antennas with truncated ground plane and patch geometry inspired on the Mandelbrot fractal curve for applications in UWB systems. The proposed antenna geometry is analyzed using the Wave Concept Iterative Procedure (WCIP), a full-wave method. Results for the proposed antenna operating frequency, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, and radiation pattern are obtained and discussed. The WCIP results are compared with simulation results provided by HFSS software, for validation purpose. In addition, a prototype antenna is built and measured. A good match between WCIP theoretical and simulation, HFSS simulation, and measurement results is observed for the antenna frequency response.

Analysis of a joined split-ring FSS structure characterized by three resonant frequencies and a tuned enhanced band using the WCIP method

This work presents the analysis of a joined split-ring frequency selective surface (FSS) for X-band applications using the wave concept iterative procedure (WCIP). When the incident normal plane wave is polarized in the $x$ direction, the joined split-ring FSS shows three rejecting bands at 9 GHz, 10.5 GHz, and 11.5 GHz simultaneously with bandwidths of 3.11 GHz, 0.6 GHz, and 1.13 GHz, respectively. Moreover, one rejecting band at 6.5 GHz is present when the FSS is fed with a normal plane excited in the $y$ direction. In addition, the different resonant frequencies can be tuned independently to give rise to a tuned enhanced band. An FSS with four rejecting bands is obtained when the metallic notch is placed on the lower coupling metallic strip. The joined split-ring FSS is manufactured and measured. The simulated results obtained using the WCIP are compared to the measured results and COMSOL Multiphysics results and good agreement is obtained.

Optimization of Vivaldi Antenna by an Iterative Method Using Surface Impedance

This paper discusses one approach for modeling and designing Vivaldi antennas by an iterative method using surface impedance for reducing surface waves in antenna. The technique of the Wave Concept Iterative Procedure is based on two equations; one is in the spatial domain and the other in the spectral domain. The passage between the two domains is based on Transform Fourier Mode FMT. A comparative study is presented between the iterative method and the CST software. The results were obtained in a very reduced time compared that those obtained by the simulation software.

A compact multiband reject inverted double‐E microstrip filter on textile substrate

ABSTRACTThis article presents the development of textile compact microstrip filters using jeans fabric dielectric substrates and pure copper polyester taffeta fabric conducting strips. Microstrip circuits such as antennas, filters, and frequency selective surfaces on textile materials exhibit some advantages over the traditional ones on microwave dielectric substrates, such as high flexibility, low weight, low cost, and easy fabrication. The proposed textile filter with inverted double‐E geometry is analyzed using the wave concept iterative procedure (WCIP), a full‐wave method, and through Ansoft Designer software. Filters with multiband reject performance are designed. For the purpose of validation, prototypes are manufactured and measured. Simulation (WCIP and Ansoft Designer) and measurement results are in excellent agreement. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 55:2543–2548, 2015

A compact and stable design of FSS with radial slit circular elements using an iterative method

A compact and stable frequency selective surface (FSS), composed of a periodic array of circular patch elements with radial slits, is proposed and analyzed using the wave concept iterative procedure (WCIP). The location, length, and number of radial slits depend on the FSS element order and are calculated according to a proposed mathematical expression that acts like a fractal formation rule. The main goal of this work is to investigate the effect of the geometry details of the patch elements on the FSS frequency response and angular stability. The WCIP method is based on the transverse wave formulation and the boundary condition at the interface between two dielectric layers where the FSS is placed. A good agreement is observed between WCIP and measured results for the transmission coefficient frequency behavior of the proposed FFS structures. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:729–733, 2015

Full-Wave Analysis of Stable Cross Fractal Frequency Selective Surfaces Using an Iterative Procedure Based on Wave Concept

This work presents a full-wave analysis of stable frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) composed of periodic arrays of cross fractal patch elements. The shapes of these patch elements are defined conforming to a fractal concept, where the generator fractal geometry is successively subdivided into parts which are smaller copies of the previous ones (defined as fractal levels). The main objective of this work is to investigate the performance of FSSs with cross fractal patch element geometries including their frequency response and stability in relation to both the angle of incidence and polarization of the plane wave. The frequency response of FSS structures is obtained using the wave concept iterative procedure (WCIP). This method is based on a wave concept formulation and the boundary conditions for the FSS structure. Prototypes were manufactured and measured to verify the WCIP model accuracy. A good agreement between WCIP and measured results was observed for the proposed cross fractal FSSs. In addition, these FSSs exhibited good angular stability.

Wave Concept Iterative Procedure Analysis of Patch Antennas on Nanostructured Ceramic Substrates

The wave concept iterative procedure (WCIP) is proposed to analyze rectangular and circular patch antennas on nanostructured ceramic substrates. Principles of WCIP are described and advantages are emphasized. The analysis of microstrip antennas on double layered substrates is performed in space and spectral domains. In addition, Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) is used to improve the efficiency of the method. WCIP simulated results are compared to HFSS software ones. A good agreement is observed.

Analysis of Multilayer Amplifier Structure by an Efficient Iterative Technique

A new compact microwave amplifier structure using an iterative technique based on the wave concept iterative procedure (WCIP) is presented. This new multilayer structure is composed of five planar interfaces of strip lines. The technique used to model this structure provides a mixed resolution in modal and spatial domain. By taking the best advantage of each resolution domain, a lower computing time is obtained. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that a near field amplification technique is achievable and the WCIP is suitable to electromagnetic analysis of this kind of structure. The numerical results show 13.4 dB gain at 5.6 GHz.

Toward the Coupling of a Discontinuous Galerkin Method With a MoM for Analysis of Susceptibility of Planar Circuits

We aim at coupling a method of moments, the Wave Concept Iterative Procedure, and the Hybridizable Discontinuous Galerkin (HDG) method to study electromagnetic susceptibility of innovative planar circuits in 3-D. Hybridizing the Wave Concept Iterative Procedure with volumic methods such as the Frequency-Domain Transmission Line Matrix method, the finite-element method, and the HDG method in 2-D is a first step for the validation of the proposed coupling technique. The considered problem is Maxwell's equations in the frequency domain. Three test cases in 2-D and a preliminary result in 3-D are provided.

SINRD CIRCUITS ANALYSIS WITH WCIP

This article presents the Wave Concept Iterative Procedure (WCIP), an efficient method for characterization of substrate integrated Non-Radiative Dielectric (SINRD) passive circuits based on wave concept formulation and its iterative solution. WCIP simulations are compared to measurements and Finite Element Method simulations. A good agreement is achieved with computation time saving.