Waterworks System Research Articles

Performance index model of simple waterworks system

This research intends to build a performance index model of the simple waterworks system, in Indonesia known as Sistem Penyediaan Air Sedehana (SiPAS). This research used 25 SiPAS located across the Brantas River Area in East Java Province, Indonesia, to build the SiPAS performance index model. The Brantas River Area is vital for East Java Province to supply clean water for all inhabitants dwelling in urban and rural areas. The Brantas River Area is a regional unit of water resources management with an area of 1,410,300 hectares that consists of 220 watersheds, including the Brantas watershed as the most significant watershed, four small watersheds in the northern and the estuary in the Java Sea, and 215 small watersheds in the southern and the estuary in the Indian Ocean. Therefore, this research used the Generalized Reduced Gradient (GRG) method to build the SiPAS performance index model using technical, social, and management variables. The results of this research derived the coefficients of technical, social, and management aspects through GRG data processing are 0.7833, 0.1011, and 0.1156, sequentially. The measurement with the SiPAS performance index model can evaluate performance and serve as a successful parameter in the operation and maintenance of SiPAS to provide clean water.

A Case Study of Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System That Violates Philippine Clean Water Act

A Case Study of Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System That Violates Philippine Clean Water Act

Water Consumption and Utilization of Various Sectors in Basco, Batanes, Philippines

Increasing population and growing commercial and business establishment translate to rising demand for water. Water is a finite resource needing proper management to continuously provide humans’ basic needs. In the Philippines, the most populated municipality in the northernmost island province, Basco, Batanes, is highly dependent on Racuaranum Spring within Mt. Iraya watershed as its source of water. The municipality faces challenges with its water resource management coupled with the growing water demand from households, commercial establishments, institutions, and tourism. The water utilization of these sectors were recorded and a 10-year projection of their demand and supply were plotted. Sectoral survey, focus group discussion, and the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis were employed to assess their water consumption and utilization. The households extract water for general use from groundwater and from the watershed. The other sectors mostly sourced their water through the Basco Waterworks System (BWWS). With the growing number of water consumers, the demand-supply projection showed a high-water demand in the domestic and commercial sectors surpassing actual and potential supply. To address this, the study suggested enactment of municipal ordinances on proper water resource management and service facilities taking into consideration its growing commercial sector, including but not limited to its tourism industry.

The Limiting Indicator of Variables in the Performance Index Modeling for Simple Waterworks

This research intends to evaluate a variable scheme based on the condition of a simple waterworks system in the Brantas river area to obtain the variables that influence each other. This research was conducted in 30 water sources that are distributed in the Brantas river area such as Batu, Malang Regency, Blitar Regency, Jombang Regency, Kediri Regency, Nganjuk Regency, and Tulungagung Regency. The methodology consists of identifying the affected variables to the bron-capturing and to evaluate the indicators that are influenced the variables, then to conduct the statistic test of the indicators to the variables. The research indicators about the performance index model of simple waterworks are obtained through the partial least square (PLS) method. The PLS method is used for evaluating the influenced relationship among the variables that are used in this research, such as the variables of technical, social, and management aspects. The technical aspect consists of physical infrastructure, service, operation, environment damage, and maintenance; the social aspect consists of economy and socio-culture conditions; the management aspect consists of water management institutions, human resources, and monetary aspect. Based on the t calculated analysis of the inner model, where t variable statistic of the technical aspect is 11.632, the social aspect is 3.017, and management aspect is 4.665, each variable has the t calculated higher than t critic (1.682) due to the level of significance (α) = 0.05 or the p value of 0.000, and it is less than the critic value (0.05). Based on the regression analysis, it can be concluded that the technical aspect has the most effect (72.1%) on the performance index model of simple waterworks in the Brantas river area. The second biggest effect is the management aspect (26.7%) in influencing the performance index model of simple waterworks in the Brantas river area. Then, the lowest effect is the social aspect (15.1%) in affecting the performance index model of simple waterworks in the Brantas river area. This result is necessary for supporting the performance index modeling of simple waterworks. Keywords : indicator, variable, bron-capturing, waterworks. https://doi.org/10.55463/issn.1674-2974.50.2.9

Development of the Methodology for Pipe Burst Detection in Multi-Regional Water Supply Networks Using Sensor Network Maps and Deep Neural Networks

Multi-regional waterworks are large-scale facilities for supplying tap water to the public and industrial parks, and interruptions in the water supply due to leaks result in massive social and economic damages. Accordingly, real-time, around-the-clock accident monitoring is necessary to minimize secondary damage. In the present study, a section of a large-scale waterworks transmission mains system with frequent changes in its physical boundaries was defined for sensor network map-based deep learning input and output. A deep neural network (DNN)-based pressure prediction model, able to detect pipe burst accidents in real-time using short-term data collected over periods within 1 month, was developed. A sensor network map refers to a sensor-based hierarchy diagram, which is expressed using a hydraulically divided area. A hydraulically independent area can be determined using known value information (e.g., the known flow, pressure, and total head) in a complex water supply system. The input data used for the deep learning model training were: the water levels measured at 1 min intervals, flow rates, ambient pressure, pump operation state, and electric valve opening data. To verify the developed methodology, two sets of real-world data from past burst accidents in different multi-regional waterworks systems were used. The results showed that the difference between the pressure as measured by pressure meters and an estimated pressure was extremely small before an accident, and that the difference would reach a maximum at the time point when an accident occurs. It was confirmed that an approximate estimation of an accident occurrence and accident location could be estimated based on predicted pressure meter data. The developed methodology predicts a mutual influence between pressure meters and, therefore, has the advantage of not requiring past data covering long time periods. The proposed methodology can be applied immediately and used in currently operational large-scale water transmission main systems.

Coordinated Control of Demand Response for Large Installation of Renewable Energy Sources in Isolated Islands

Renewable energy sources are attractive for supplying electricity to isolated island power systems. When the penetration rate of Photovoltaic Systems (PVs) becomes large, the electricity demand cannot consume all of the PV output, but the PV output needs to be curtailed. Demand Response (DR) of heat pump water heaters and battery energy storage systems can reduce the curtailment. Waterworks systems are also suitable for DR resources because many of the waterworks systems have large tanks or dams as water storages. In order to utilize the large flexibility of waterworks systems fully, multi-daily coordinated control of the DR resources will be needed. This paper constructs the optimization model of the isolated power system with several DR resources as a first step of making coordinated control method. Comparing the operation of DR resources between 2-weeks optimization and 1-day optimization, the effect of long-term planning is analyzed with 5 PV capacity settings. Simulation results indicate that the suitable rules of DR coordinated control differ according to the seasons and installed PV capacity.

Экологические аспекты в строительстве. Решение экологических задач при строительстве ряда автономных объектов

The present work provides an experimental assessment and proves the possibility of reducing wastewater flow rates in water treatment systems, as well as storm and household sewage, to volumes allowing their inland transportation, which would help avoid environmental pollution and costs associat-ed with building drainage networks. The paper describes major environmental problems that often arise while establishing water supply and drainage systems at new facilities under construction, remote from drainage networks. New reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membrane technologies are consid-ered that ensure high-quality purification of both drinkable and process water and wastewater treat-ment, allowing the latter to be reused for technical purposes. The main advantage of new technologies comprises a significant reduction in water consumption for the balance-of-plant needs, which allows discharges to sewers to be avoided. The study provides process diagrams and experiments demon-strating the possibilities of reducing the volume of concentrates. Technologies for residential building sites are proposed, offering a possibility of designing autonomous systems of water supply and dis-charge (runoffs and sediments) by vehicles. Furthermore, the volume of wastewater is less than 0.5% of that of water consumed for drinking needs. The described approach to designing water supply and wastewater treatment systems can be used for developing waterworks systems at facilities remote from water supply and sewerage networks, as well as reservoirs where treated wastewater can be dis-charged. Wastewater purified by reverse osmosis can be used for feeding the recycling water supply network (equipment cooling) and green spaces irrigation.

The History of Water Management in the Iberian Peninsula: Between the 16th and 19th Centuries ed. by Ana Duarte Rodrigues and Carmen Toribio Marín (review).

Reviewed by: The History of Water Management in the Iberian Peninsula: Between the 16th and 19th Centuries ed. by Ana Duarte Rodrigues and Carmen Toribio Marín Matteo Di Tullio (bio) The History of Water Management in the Iberian Peninsula: Between the 16th and 19th Centuries Edited by Ana Duarte Rodrigues and Carmen Toribio Marín. Cham: Springer, 2020. Pp. 384. The history of natural resource management has become an increasingly popular research subject over recent decades, in line with the "environmental turn" in historiography as well as many other disciplines. This growing interest in environmental resources has influenced different fields of historical research, also thanks to the interdisciplinary nature of environmental studies. Even if the majority of new research deals with the contemporary age, scholars focus on the preindustrial period as [End Page 1246] well. The Iberian Peninsula, "a cultural melting pot of Arabic culture, Islamic science and accelerating engineering of Northern Europe," is no exception (p. v). However, this is the first systematic study on the material culture of water to combine different dimensions of the phenomenon over time, although some seminal studies on the subject have already been done, like those of Thomas F. Glick. That milieu engendered this new and very interesting book devoted to water management in the early modern and modern Iberian Peninsula, with a specific focus on the material history of water infrastructures, analyzed through the lens of the history of science. As well summarized in the introduction, this collection covers the multiple aspects related to water supply, considering the managerial dimension; the technical aspects; and the evolution in scientific knowledge in the relationship between human societies and water, both in the main urban centers (Lisbon, Madrid, Seville, and Toledo) and in a regional context. The book is divided into three main parts. The first one focuses on town supply systems—particularly on the role of Portuguese monarchs in promoting the cleaning and sanitation of Lisbon and its growing port, and the multiple solutions adopted to bring water to Toledo, between the Muslim tradition and the implementation of new infrastructures. The book also considers the implementation of two aqueducts to guarantee a regular water supply to Seville and the stratification of rights between local and central governments; the problems of water supply in Madrid as the new capital of a global Empire; the increasing municipal role in the management of the waterworks system in nineteenth-century Lisbon; and finally, the new methodologies, techniques, and knowledge regarding the supply of drinkable water developed through advances in the field of geology in the same period. The second part deals with the shape of the landscape, starting from the hydraulic and monumental functions of aqueducts in early modern Portugal; the diffusion of dams due to political necessity and environmental consequences in gardens during the reign of Philipp II; and the communal management of water and the peculiar ecological context created by the diffusion of some specific waterworks (the caceras) in the region of Guadarrama. This section also explores the culture of water and sharing management practices in the context of natural resource scarcity, rainfall instability, and autarchic economies such as northwest Portugal and the High Atlas in Morocco. Additionally, the section addresses the enduring Islamic influence on both the technical and the social aspects of water management in the Algarve, where, moreover, during the early modern period, there was a shift from a written tradition to an oral local culture in the transmission of hydraulic knowledge. The third part is mainly devoted to theoretical aspects, focusing on the specific Islamic influence on the Renaissance and Baroque Iberian gardens, [End Page 1247] the role played by the hydraulic engineering geopolitical system of the Royal Spanish sites, and the peculiar agricultural and symbolic uses of water by the Cistercian monastery of Alcobaça. It looks at the specificity and technical peculiarity of some devices (the noras, norias) of Arabic origin widely used in the preindustrial Iberic Peninsula and the different functions of water wheels and watermills in the same context; the hydrostatic studies of the seventeenth century and their reception in Jesuit teaching in Lisbon; and finally, the civic engineering works of Portuguese Jesuit Etevão Dias Cabral...

THE MANILA WATERWORKS SYSTEM

Primarily considered a nineteenth-century feat, the Manila waterworks system which was formally inaugurated in 1882 is regarded as one if not the most important sanitary infrastructure achievements of the Spanish colonial government. A centerpiece public works project of the Inspección General de Obras Públicas (IGOP), it intended to provide solutions to the problems of health and sanitation in a rapidly urbanizing Manila. Used as a testament of modern engineering in the colony, the infrastructure was central in cleansing, domesticating, and transforming the urban body of the city. This paper tackles the techno-scientific innovations that characterized the Manila waterworks project to sanitize and domesticatethe murky, dirty, sickly and unruly body of the modern city. The paper traces how this sanitary infrastructure project was conceptualized and concretized, how water was located, pumped, stored, and distributed to the colonial capital. Furthermore, it interrogates how water was used both as a tool and symbol to cleanse and modernize the colonial body and colonial city. It discusses how water access, exclusion, and control led to an ideological and spatial transformation of Manila in the last decades of the nineteenth century

Comment on “Dutertenomics: Populism, Progress and Prospects”

Philippines under the current Duterte administration is perhaps an interesting though unsurprising case which shows illiberal democracy and liberal economic policy can coexist. Capuno (2020) clearly illustrates the phenomenon by first distinguishing and then relating Duterte's authoritarian-populist political style (“Dutertsimo”) and his economic agenda (“Dutertenomics”). I agree with Capuno's observation that President Duterte delegates the task of economic management to his team of economic mangers due to his lack of interest in economic affairs. The role of these economic managers and their relationship with the President cannot be underestimated. They are seasoned academics and technocrats who are liberally minded, focused on long-time economic issues, and very conscious of macroeconomic stability as well. As mentioned by Capuno (2020), Dutertenomics consists of not only liberal economic policies, but contains some populist ones which would exert pressure on fiscal expenditure, however, by taking advice from his economic managers, President Duterte could make orthodox decisions in several cases. It remains to be seen whether this balancing act works throughout the rest of his term. As seen in robust economic conditions, Duterte's authoritarian-populist political style has had no crucial negative impact on the Philippine economy so far. Nonetheless, there still remains an issue among Duterte's populist rhetoric whose impact on the economy is still ambiguous, namely, his anti-oligarchs stance. Not many measures have been taken in the past 3 years of the Duterte administration except on a few occasions. However, very recent developments on water concessions such as Duterte's resentment toward Ayala-led Manila Water and Pangilinan-led Maynilad Water Services Inc. for the alleged “onerous” provisions in their contracts with the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System, as well as his continuing threat to block the media franchise extension of Lopez-led ABS-CBN can be considered as illustrating that Duterte's anti-oligarchs stance has finally surfaced. The move may raise concerns about regulatory uncertainty and negatively affect investor confidence unless handled properly. The role of oligarchs and conglomerates cannot be belittled especially in the area of infrastructure projects which are the core of Dutertenomics. It is of interest then to know how and to what extent economic mangers and the other cabinet members as well as close associates of President Duterte handle and influence him on these cases. Finally, Capuno (2020) analyzes Dutertismo as a social political process which is leading toward “a solution to the public goods failure” with a few convincing episodes. Meanwhile, the paper in its concluding remarks also mentions that the Duterte's authoritarian style is weakening liberal democratic institutions. A similar view of the weakening of institutions by Duterte's authoritarian-populist political style is given by several scholars including David (2019) who noted in his column that “so long as populist authoritarianism draws approval from the people who feel betrayed by their past leaders, so long will we have institutions that, instead of checking the executive, permit themselves to be weaponized by it”. If so, Dutertismo may yet solve the weakness of institutions and regulatory governance and that it may turn out to be generating collecting action problems only to be salvaged by the strongman rule. Is there any hope left for Dutertismo to morph further to remedy the core issue of the country?

A Hazard Assessment Method for Waterworks Systems Operating in Self-Government Units.

Informing users of waterworks systems about the quality of tap water is an obligatory trend. It should be accompanied by studies on the influence of the risk of threats on public health. Waterworks systems, being included in a critical infrastructure of the city, should be subject to special protection in this respect. In the paper, the authors’ method of assessing threats to people and property from waterworks systems functioning in self-government units (SGUs), is proposed. Four categories of factors affecting the risk of threat to tap water consumers were assumed: the frequency or the probability of exposure—P, financial losses—C, damages to peoples’ health—HL, the degree of the security—S. Based on this, a four-parametric risk matrix was developed. It was assumed that risk is a function of the parameters mentioned above: r = f(P, C, HL, S). For every parameter the five-parametric weight scale was assumed. An example of applying the method is presented. The proposed method should be an important element of water safety plans. It can also be adopted for other municipal systems subject to SGU.

Comparative Study of Hydraulic Simulation Techniques for Water Supply Networks under Earthquake Hazard

Water supply facilities such as waterworks systems are facilities that supply residential and industrial water essential for humans to live and it is essential for these facilities to be prepared for earthquake hazards. In the present study, new hydraulic analysis procedures that can complement problems in existing model were proposed for performance quantification under seismic hazards. Detailed procedures for estimating the serviceability of water supply networks using pressure dependent demand (PDD) and pressure dependent leakage (PDL) techniques were proposed. The developed methodologies can simulate many pipe leakage and breakage situations more realistically. The methodologies were applied to representative pipe networks to investigate the models and new performance quantification indicators were additionally presented. The developed models are judged to be usable as a basic tool finding for guidelines because they can simultaneously quantify the amount of leakage calculated from the viewpoint of suppliers as well as the water availability of consumers when an earthquake hazard has occurred.

Post-Earthquake Restoration Simulation Model for Water Supply Networks

A computer-based simulation model was developed to quantify the seismic damage that may occur in water supply networks and to suggest restoration strategies after such events. The model was designed to produce probabilistic seismic events and determine the structural damage of facilities. Then, the model numerically quantifies the system restoration rate over time by connecting it with a hydraulic analysis solver. The model intends to propose superb restoration plans by performing sensitivity analyses using several restoration scenarios. The developed model was applied to an actual metropolitan waterworks system currently operating in South Korea and successfully suggested the most efficient restoration approaches (given seismic damage) to minimize the complete recovery time and suspension of water service. It is expected that the proposed model can be utilized as a decision-making tool to determine prompt system recovery plans and restoration priorities in the case of an actual seismic hazard that may occur in water supply networks.

Leak Detection in Waterworks: Comparison Between STFT and FFT with an Overcoming of Limitations

AbstractDetection of leakages in pipelines is a matter of continuous research because of the basic importance for a waterworks system is finding the point of the pipeline where a leak is located and − in some cases − a nature of the leak. There are specific difficulties in finding leaks by using spectral analysis techniques like FFT (Fast Fourier Transform), STFT (Short Term Fourier Transform), etc. These difficulties arise especially in complicated pipeline configurations, e.g. a zigzag one. This research focuses on the results of a new algorithm based on FFT and comparing them with a developed STFT technique. Even if other techniques are used, they are costly and difficult to be managed. Moreover, a constraint in the leak detection is the pipeline diameter because it influences accuracy of the adopted algorithm. FFT and STFT are not fully adequate for complex configurations dealt with in this paper, since they produce ill-posed problems with an increasing uncertainty. Therefore, an improved Tikhonov technique has been implemented to reinforce FFT and STFT for complex configurations of pipelines. Hence, the proposed algorithm overcomes the aforementioned difficulties due to applying a linear algebraic approach.

Development of the Non-revenue Water Analysis Equation through the Statistical Analysis of Main Parameter in Waterworks System in Incheon City

상수관망정비사업의 우선순위에 대한 의사결정시 누수에 영향을 미치는 인자를 조사·분석하여 수량, 수압, 수질 요소는 물론 시설개량비용, 에너지비용, 유지관리비용 등의 경제성요소를 고려한 과학적이고 체계적인 접근방법이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 인천시 배수관망을 중심으로 상수도관망에서 누수에 영향을 미치는 인자를 조사하고, 가장 상관성이 높은 인자를 산정하기 위하여 통계분석을 수행하였다. 이를 위해 소블록 별 관로노후도, 배수관연장, 관경, 급수전수, 급수량, 누수발생 횟수, 용도지역, 관망구성 형태 등을 조사·분석하였으며 급수에너지 개념을 도입하고, 상수관망 해석결과를 활용하여 에너지 비를 산출하였다. 상수관망 해석을 위한 물리적, 운영적인자를 선정하여 무수율을 종속변수로 하고, 상수관망 내 관로노후도, 급수에너지비, 급수전당 공급량을 독립변수로 하는 무수율 다중회귀식을 도출하였다. 향후 지역적인 상수관망의 특성과 수요패턴을 고려하여 무수율 공식을 산출한다면 정확도를 향상하는 데 기여할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.In deciding priorities for waterworks maintenance, a scientific and systematic approach would be needed to examine and analyze the main parameters affecting the leakage, along with water demand quantity, water pressure, energy costs, and so forth. In this study, a statistical analysis was performed to estimate the physical parameters in waterworks maintenance with the highest correlation with the leakage. For this purpose, water distribution analysis was performed to assess the demand energy ratio. The formula of non-revenue water estimation consists of independent variables related with physical parameters for waterworks. Deterioration rate of pipes, demand energy ratio and water supply quantity at each demand point were used in a multiple regression equation for water distribution network analysis. If regional characteristics of distribution network and demand patterns are considered in developed formula, the estimated accuracy for calculating the non-revenue water rate will be improved.

수충격압을 고려한 상수관망의 안전도 및 신뢰성 해석

In this study, the weakest pipes and areas in Ho Chi Minh small block water distribution system and 4 pipes of wide waterworks system have been estimated by the unsteady analysis and reliability analysis. Probability of pipe breakage of Ho Chi Minh small block water distribution system and 4 pipes of wide waterworks system was calculated by a reliability model. Furthermore, it was found that the safety analysis and reliability analysis chose the weak pipes and areas which have relatively larger diameter.

Building the Environmentally-friendly Waterworks System by the Conservation of Water Resource Forest and the Renovation of Kawai Purification Plant

Building the Environmentally-friendly Waterworks System by the Conservation of Water Resource Forest and the Renovation of Kawai Purification Plant

UV-decontamination of potable and sewage water in the city with population over one million

The waterworks system in a modern city is a complex challenge. From the one hand, it is necessary to provide high-quality potable water to the residents with observance of all sanitary and hygienic requirements; from the other hand, the sewage water discharged from the city should not affect the environment. Meanwhile, the microbiological safety is the top-priority and crucial parameter for evaluation of any work and any project. In Novosibirsk, solutions have been found for both of them by using the cutting-edge approaches in the decontamination technologies. The UV-decontamination enabled to create a multi-barrier efficient protection when dealing with the potable water treatment and ensure environmentally-friendly decontamination of the sewage water.

Design criteria of Hazen-Williams C value of water pipe system

In this study, Hazen-Williams C value of pipes in wide waterworks system was estimated and statistically analyzed. Hazen-Williams C value of water pipe was predicted after 20 years of service period. From the results, it was found that C value of water pipe for treated water maintained higher value of 110 after 20 years of installation. Furthermore, it was found that velocity coefficients of steel pipe for less than and more than 20 years of installation were 117.7 and 109.3, respectively. C value of ductile iron pipe for less than and more than 20 years of installation were 118.1 and 114.2, respectively. In this study, it was also found that small value of C is used in the design of water pipe system. Therefore, excessively bigger size of pipe can be determined in the design of water pipe system. From the results of present study, optimum value of C can be used to avoid the oversized design of water pipe system.

Decision Support for the Design and Operation of Water Supply Systems

Desi**gning and operating water supply systems is a multicriteria task: the energy efficiency shall be minimised while, at the same time, respecting technical requirements, such as balanced operation of available pumps. In this contribution, we present an optimisation and decision support methodology to improve the operation of pumps in the water sector of medium size cities (ap- proximately 100000 inhabitants) in Germany. The emphasis is on the multicriteria nature of the problem. Besides the management of the waterworks system, we consider the goal to assist at the selection of a new pump. We discuss several examples to emphasise the benefits of obeying the rules of multicriteria decision-making and involving the user into the decision process.