Water-swellable Rubber Research Articles

Preparation of water swellable rubber from epoxidized natural rubber and sodium acrylate by in‐situ polymerization: Effect of vulcanization system, epoxide, and dicumyl peroxide, and sodium acrylate content

AbstractWater swellable rubber (WSR) was prepared from epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) and sodium acrylate (NaAA) by in‐situ polymerization using sulfur and dicumyl peroxide (DCP) as a vulcanizing agent and an initiator, respectively. The ENR, NaAA, and other additives were mixed in an internal mixer and a two‐roll mill. The effect of the vulcanization system, epoxide, and DCP, and NaAA content on the vulcanization, physical, and mechanical properties of WSR were investigated in this research. As the results, the scorch and curing time of WSR compounded with ENR 25 and vulcanized with a mixture of sulfur‐peroxided or mixed vulcanization system were less than other systems. Furthermore, the scorch and curing time decreased with the increase in DCP content. The WSR with ENR 50 vulcanized with DCP (1.5 phr) in the mixing system provided the highest tensile strength. However, the volume change of WSR with the mixing system (WSR/M) was lower than the WSR cured with peroxide (WSR/P). For WSR/P, the tensile strength, hardness, and volume change in water increased with increasing DCP, and NaAA content, while the elongation at break decreased. These results suggest that WSR has the potential for diverse applications, including waterproofing and sealing solutions in civil construction projects.Highlights Water swellable rubber (WSR) was prepared from epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) and sodium acrylate (NaAA) by in‐situ polymerization using sulfur and dicumyl peroxide (DCP) as a vulcanizing agent and an initiator. The scorch and curing time of WSR compounded with ENR 25 and vulcanized with a mixed vulcanization system were less than those of other systems. During the vulcanization process, ENR 50 can be generated by the ring‐opening of the adjacent epoxide groups more than ENR 25, and the self‐crosslink of ENR 50 was higher than ENR 25. Water swelling and volume change of WSR tended to decrease with increasing epoxide, and DCP content, whereas those properties increased with increasing NaAA content. Tensile strength, elongation at break, and hardness of WSR with the mixing system (WSR/M) were higher than those of WSR with the peroxide system (WSR/P). Swelling and volume change of WSR/P were higher than those of WSR/M.

Deproteinized natural rubber‐graft‐polyacrylamide‐graft‐polystyrene (DPNR‐g‐PAM‐g‐PSt): Preparation and performance study of a new water swellable rubber

AbstractIn this study, the water swellable rubber DPNR‐g‐PAM‐g‐PSt (DPP) was prepared by emulsion polymerization in a tert‐butyl hydroperoxide/tetraethylenepentamine initiation system using deproteinized natural rubber (DPNR) as the substrate, acrylamide (AM) and styrene (St) as the monomers, and Brij‐35 as the emulsifier. On this basis, the bentonite (BT) was added for coblending. The successful grafting of AM and St was verified by particle size, contact angle, Fourier transform infrared,1H‐NMR, scanning electron microscope, and differential scanning calorimetry. The effects of blending with different amounts of bentonite on the mechanical properties and water absorption properties were discussed. The water swellable rubber DPP and DPP/BT prepared in this study have good prospects for applications in industry, construction, medical care, environmental protection, soil improvement, and nuclear waste treatment.

Synthesis and Plugging Mechanism of New Water-Swellable Rubber Particles for Fractured Pores in High Water-Cut Reservoirs

Most of the onshore water-flooding oilfield reservoirs have dominant seepage channels dominated by large pores and fractures, resulting in the oilfield being in a period of high water cut. The treatment of this problem needs to be solved by plugging. In the research process, the particle size and suspension of the water-swellable rubber particles were measured, and the effective time of the particles was evaluated; matching relationship. The results show that adding 2000 mg/L polymer to the water-swellable rubber particles can better improve the suspension performance; the performance of the polymer solution will not be affected during mixing and injection. In addition to strong swelling performance, it also has a certain strength and deformability, up to 10 MPa high via pressure and good thermal stability. Compared with the water and oil environment, the chemical degradation phenomenon is significant after soaking in alkaline conditions. Compared with the alkaline environment and the formation water environment, the final expansion ratio of the water-swellable rubber particles in the formation oil environment is as low as 2.5 times, which has the ability to block water. There was no oil blocking feature. When the crack width is too small, particles with excessively large particle sizes may accumulate at the injection end of the core, resulting in failure to inject into the core and fail to achieve the plugging effect. For the treatment of large, fractured pores, it is possible to first inject particles with a particle size of 0.250–0.420 mm to block areas with high permeability, and then inject particles with a particle size of 0.150–0.250 mm to block areas with low permeability.

Enhanced Retention and Synergistic Plugging Effect of Multi-Complexed Gel on Water-Swellable Rubber

For the management of fractured large pores in high-water-bearing reservoirs, the general approach is to use transfer dissection and sealing. Conventional regulators have a limited regulating radius and can only produce blocking in the near-well zone, which is not ideal. Deep dissection technology can expand the radius of action and substantially improve the blocking effect. The existing deep-dissection agent system has problems such as high cost and poor effect, which affect its large-scale application. In this paper, to address these problems, a gel-type dissection modifier cross-linking agent was synthesized and optimized in the laboratory using low-concentration polymer, and the factors affecting the final gel formation effect were experimentally studied. The final polymer concentration was chosen to be 1500 mg/L~3000 mg/L, the poly-crossing ratio was 30:1, the pH was controlled at 7–9, and the temperature was controlled at 30–60 °C; the rubber was formed with good shear resistance and thermal stability, and had good adaptability to the high-mineralization environment. The optimal injection concentration of water-expanded rubber particles for this system was confirmed to be 3000 mg/L. Cryo-electron microscopy was used to observe the morphology of polymer gel formation and the adhesion of nucleated water-expanded particles to the gel, to clarify the mechanism of enhanced retention and sealing of nucleated water-expanded rubber particles by the multiple complex gel system, and finally to verify the sealing performance of the composite sealing system and determine the use effect by indoor simulation experiments with a two-dimensional flat plate model. This study is of great significance for the efficient development of high-water-bearing late reservoirs and further improvement of crude oil recovery.

A novel rat model for cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: verification of similarity to human disease via clinical analysis and experimental validation

BackgroundCerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a rare neurovascular disorder with highly variable manifestations and clinical courses. Animal models properly matched to the clinical form of CVST are necessary for elucidating the pathophysiology of the disease. In this study, we aimed to establish a rat model that accurately recapitulates the clinical features of CVST in human patients.MethodsThis study consisted of a clinical analysis and animal experiments. Clinical data for two centres obtained between January 2016 and May 2021 were collected and analysed retrospectively. In addition, a Sprague–Dawley rat model of CVST was established by inserting a water-swellable rubber device into the superior sagittal sinus, following which imaging, histological, haematological, and behavioural tests were used to investigate pathophysiological changes. Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering heatmaps were used to evaluate the similarity between the animal models and human patients.ResultsThe imaging results revealed the possibility of vasogenic oedema in animal models. Haematological analysis indicated an inflammatory and hypercoagulable state. These findings were mostly matched with the retrospective clinical data. Pathological and serological tests further revealed brain parenchymal damage related to CVST in animal models.ConclusionsWe successfully established a stable and reproducible rat model of CVST. The high similarity between clinical patients and animal models was verified via cluster analysis. This model may be useful for the study of CVST pathophysiology and potential therapies.

Влияние гидросорбционных полимеров на свойства водонабухающей резины

Currently, in the oil and gas industry there is a growing demand for sealing elements capable of limited swelling upon contact with water and sealing the annular space of certain sections of the well. The swelling capacity of the sealing elements is predetermined by a well-chosen combination of polymer base and targeted functional ingredients. At the moment, a big drawback of water-swellable sealing elements is the loss of their sealing ability due to the washing out of hydrosorption additives from the sealing element. In this regard, in this work, the effect of hydrosorption polymers (polyacrylamide, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol and guar gum) on the properties of water-swellable rubber based on a combination of nitrile-butadiene SKN 1855, acrylate nipol AR22 and chloroprene CR 232 rubbers and epoxy 20 with sulfur curing system. The rubber mixture was prepared by mixing rubbers with ingredients on a laboratory roll LB 320 160/160. The rheological characteristics of the rubber compound were studied on an MDR 3000 Basic rheometer at 150 °C. Standard rubber samples were vulcanized at 150 °C for 30 min in a P-V-100-3RT-2-PCD vulcanization press. The main properties of vulcanizates were determined according to the standards in force in the rubber industry. It is shown that the introduction of polyacrylamide together with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol and guar gum into a rubber compound leads to a change in its rheological parameters. Vulcanizates containing a combination of polymers are characterized by lower values of the conventional tensile strength and rebound elasticity, but higher elongation at break and the degree of swelling in distilled and formation water as compared to the vulcanizate of the base version of the rubber mixture.

Water-swellable rubber blend from epoxidized natural rubber and superabsorbent polymer composite

Epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) and a superabsorbent polymer composite (SAPC) along with other minor components were mechanically blended in an internal mixer (Brabender Plasticorder) at 40°C and 60 r/min rotor speed with 80% fill factor. The SAPC was synthesized by grafting polyacrylamide onto hydroxyethyl cellulose backbones and adding bentonite clay. The first water-swelling behavior was investigated with alternative epoxidation levels of the ENR. Water-swellable rubber (WSR) performed well in terms of water absorbency, and weight loss was achieved with 50 mole% epoxidation level, so this ENR was chosen for the rubber matrix from which WSR was prepared with various contents of SAPC (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 phr). The results indicated that SAPC loading positively affected water absorbency, which was resulted by increasing weight loss and loss of mechanical properties, such as tensile strength and elongation at break. However, the modulus increased with SAPC content. WSR formulated from ENR-50, SAPC, and other ingredients resulting in good water-swelling behaviors and modulus, while the tensile strength and elongation at break had opposition. SAPC was an important factor to control the overall WSR properties.

In situ formed internal water channels improving water swelling and mechanical properties of water swellable rubber composites

ABSTRACTIn this study, electrospun nanofibers of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and styrene–butadiene–styrene triblock copolymer (SBS) were employed in conventional water‐swellable rubber (WSR) to design WSR composites with improved water swelling and mechanical properties. With the introduction of PVA nanofibers, considerable improvement in elasticity, strength, and water‐swelling behavior was observed. After immersion, PVA nanofibers dissolved within the composite to in situ form water channels to connect isolated super‐absorbent polymers (SAPs). Those water channels led to an increase in water uptake by the WSR composite. Furthermore, the secondary water‐swelling behaviors of the WSR composite showed a remarkable increase in swelling rate as well as in mechanical properties. The addition of SBS nanofibers had a marked impact on the mechanical properties of the WSR composite. Their roles became more pronounced after water immersion. The proposed enhancement mechanism is also discussed. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44548.

Fabrication of a Novel Water Swellable Styrene-butadiene Rubber through the In-situ Polymerization of Lithium Acrylate

A novel water-swellable rubber (WSR) was prepared by blending styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) with dicumyl peroxide (DCP) and unsaturated carboxylic acid salt lithium acrylate (LiAA). The mechanical properties and water absorption behavior of WSR were studied. The results showed that LiAA was developed into polylithiumacrylate (PliAA) during the process of SBR vulcanization through in-situ polymerization, leading to the improvement of the mechanical properties and water absorption performance. The optimum usages of DCP and triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC) to attain the highest water swelling ratio for WSR were 3 and 1 phr, respectively. In addition, the tensile strength and the hardness of WSR were also enhanced by incorporating DCP or TAIC.

Enhancing water swelling ability and mechanical properties of water‐swellable rubber by PAA/SBS nanofiber mats

ABSTRACTInvestigation of the potential use of nanofibers to reinforce composites has gained significance in many applications. In this article, the nanofiber mats of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) triblock copolymer with composites structure were interweaved by double needle electrospinning process. The multiple nanofiber mats were added to conventional water‐swellable rubber (WSR). Improved mechanical and physical properties of WSR were obtained. Enhancement of the swellability of WSR + PAA/SBS nanofiber mats was derived from the PAA constituent absorbing water from the surface into the bulk and introducing random internal water channels between discontinuous superabsorbent polymers. The role of SBS nanofibers in the composite of WSR + PAA/SBS nanofiber mats was more related to the mechanical properties, where the breaking force of the composite increased to twice that of the conventional WSR. Interestingly, after immersion of the WSR + PAA/SBS nanofiber mats in water for 1 week, there was only a slight decrease in their mechanical properties of less than 5% compared to the dry state. The mechanisms and effects of the nanofiber mats in enhancing the mechanical and water swelling properties of WSR are also discussed. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44213.

Optimized Design of Autonomous Inflow-Control Devices for Gas and Water Coning

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 173203, “Optimized Design of Autonomous Inflow-Control Devices for Gas and Water Coning,” by Terry W. Stone, Terje Moen, David A. Edwards, Alexander Shadchnev, and Kashif Rashid, Schlumberger, and Geir Frode Kvilaas and Kjell Christoffersen, Det Norske Oljeselskap, prepared for the 2015 SPE Reservoir Simulation Symposium, Houston, 23–25 February. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Several designs for autonomous inflow-control devices (AICDs) are available. One forces inflowing fluids to enter gates, depending on inertial and viscous forces of the various fluids. Another is an autonomous valve in the shape of a free-floating disk that restricts the flow rate of low-viscosity fluids and is primarily used to choke gas and water inflow. Recently, a device with water-swellable rubber inside the nozzle has been proposed, but it is not yet commercially available. The comparative properties and abilities of these designs are the focus of this paper. Well Model, Reservoir Simulator, and Optimizer The well model used in this work is part of a next-generation parallel commercial reservoir simulator and features a flexible multisegmented well topology, enhanced robustness for difficult problems, and extensive well-model options. It forms part of a scalable parallel commercial reservoir simulator. Optimizations carried out in this work used an optimizer developed to alleviate the computational cost in an optimization study where simulation-based objective functions are expensive to evaluate. When compared with several other commonly used optimizers, it was demonstrated that this optimizer outperformed others significantly. Modeling Inflow-Control Devices (ICDs) Various ICD designs include those with nozzle orifices, tubes, and helices. Unlike ICDs, AICDs may or may not have moving parts but they can change or modify their state in response to inflow. Design of the AICD determines the particular unwanted fluids that are delayed. There are a number of types available commercially, including a floating flapper, an oil- selector valve, an autonomous inflow-control valve, the rate-controlled-production (RCP) valve, and a fluidic diode valve. Another design recently proposed is based on inclusion of water-swellable rubber within the nozzle, but this is not yet commercially available. Both ICDs and AICDs are often deployed in a compartment whose edges are sealed with a packer, and are placed in the tubing wall between an annulus and main production stream.

Preparation and properties of water-swellable natural rubber vulcanizates

Water-swellable natural rubber was prepared with natural rubber latex grafted with acrylamide. Monomer cross-linked water-swellable natural rubber and vulcanised water-swellable natural rubber were synthesised separately through grafting of acrylamide onto natural rubber latex, using formaldehyde and sulphur as monomer cross-linking agent and rubber vulcanising agent, respectively. Effects of different cross-linking modes on water-swelling properties and repeat water-swelling properties were studied. Mechanical properties were studied by dynamic mechanical analysis. The state of water in water-swellable natural rubber, cross-linked water-swellable natural rubber and vulcanised water-swellable natural rubber was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. Thermal stability of water-swellable natural rubber, cross-linked water-swellable natural rubber and vulcanised water-swellable natural rubber was studied by thermo gravimetric analysis. Microstructure of fractured surface was analysed by scanning electron microscope. The results showed that water-swelling ratio and repeat water-swelling ratio of water-swellable natural rubber were decreased with increasing amount of cross-linking agents. Storage modulus was enhanced after cross-linking treatment. Bound water absorbency and thermal stability were decreased with increasing cross-linking degree. Network structure was much more compacted after cross-linking treatment.

Water swellable rubber composites: An update review from preparation to properties

ABSTRACTIn recent years, water swellable rubber composites have been the subject of many scientific and research investigations as well as many industrial programs. Here, we present an updated overview of the developments in the area of water swellable rubber composites with different kinds of fillers, compatibilizers, and cross‐linked agents, in terms of their manufacturing methods, synthesis, chemical, physical, and mechanical properties. Several critical issues and suggestions for future work are detailed, underscoring the roles of material scientists and manufacturing engineers in the bright future of this new material through value addition to enhance its usage and fields of application. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42786.

Electrospun multi-scale hybrid nanofiber/net with enhanced water swelling ability in rubber composites

Abstract Water-swellable rubber (WSR) is a kind of elastomeric material that possesses properties of rubber together with water swelling ability. In WSR, however, super water-absorbent resin does not disperse well in hydrophobic rubber, with very poor interfaces between them, so the hydrophilic part can easily break off from rubber networks and the swelling ability is ultimately lost. This study reports the improved water absorption property and stability of WSR obtained by using electrospun multi-scaled hybrid fiber mats of crosslinked poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) nanocomposite as water channels. Electrospinning of various superabsorbent fibers with hyperbranched polymer (HB) and/or graphene oxide (GO) was performed. With hybrid fillers added into PAA, spun fiber mats showed the increased water swelling ability due to the presence of spiderweb-like multi-scale structures and enhanced specific surface areas. The mats were added into conventional WSR and the resultant composites showed enhanced water swelling ability. The electrospun fibers acted as internal multi-scale water channels to bridge isolated PAA particles wrapped in hydrophobic rubber together and link the internal PAAs with the composite surface to enhance the short- and long-term water swelling ability of WSR. The effects and mechanisms of those fibers on enhancing water swelling properties of WSR are discussed.

Neutralisation and compatibilisation effects on novel water-swellable rubber composites

A novel water-swellable rubber (WSR) composite, modified by a compatibiliser, was prepared by blending poly(dimethylsiloxane) rubber (PDMS) as a matrix and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) partially neutralised by sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a superabsorbent polymer. The addition of hydrophilic PAA into hydrophobic PDMS improved water swelling ability but without good durability, mainly due to the poor interfaces between PAA and PDMS. Meanwhile, the tensile properties of the WSR before and after swelling decreased dramatically. With NaOH added as the neutraliser for PAA or with aminopropyltriethoxysilane added as the compatibiliser for PDMS and PAA, water swelling ability and/or durability increased. However, when the compatibiliser and the neutraliser were added together, the water swelling ability and durability of the WSR composites further increased by virtue of the synergistic effects due to the increased interfacial cohesion between the PDMS and PAA.

Mechanical, Water-Swelling, and Morphological Properties of Water-Swellable Thermoplastic Vulcanizates Based on High Density Polyethylene/Chlorinated Polyethylene/Nitrile Butadiene Rubber/Cross-Linked Sodium Polyacrylate Blends

A novel water-swellable rubber (WSR) had been prepared by dynamically vulcanized high density polyethylene (HDPE)/chlorinated polyethylene (CPE)/nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) blends where a cross-linked poly(sodium acrylate) (CPNaAA) was used as a super water-absorbent resin. The mechanical, water-swelling and morphological properties of the WSRs were investigated. Increasing CPNaAA dosages, mechanical properties of WSRs decreased while water-swelling ratio were increased significantly; moreover, swelling ratio of WSRs with 70 phr CPNaAA was reached 956.7% at 55 h. Morphological studies showed that CPNaAA were dispersed randomly in the TPVs, and significant gaps could be found in the surface of dried WSRs.

Study on preparation and properties of water swellable rubber modified by interpenetrating polymer networks

A novel water swellable rubber (WSR) has been prepared by blending nitrile rubber (NBR), carbon black and other additives with cross-linked sodium polyacrylate (CSP), which was modified by interpenetrating polymer network technology with cross-linked P(AA-co-BA). The structure of WSR was characterised by SEM. The mechanical properties, water swelling ratio by mass and the percentage loss of CSP in the WSR were investigated. The results showed that the modified CSP grains can be dispersed well in the NBR and that it resulted in increase of mechanical properties and water swelling ratio and in decrease of percentage loss of CSP compared with the unmodified one. When the percentage content of cross-linked P(AA-co-BA) used to modify CSP reached 30%, the tensile strength, elongation at break and water swelling ratio of WSR exhibited a maximum value, and percentage loss of CSP exhibited a minimum value. When the content of CSP in WSR was 30 phr, the tensile strength, elongation at break, water swelling ratio and percentage loss of CSP of the WSR containing CSP modified were 11·3 MPa, 1943%, 532% and 5·8% respectively.

Water-Swellable Thermoplastic Vulcanizates Based on Ethylene-vinyl Acetate Copolymer/Cross-linked Sodium Polyacrylate/Chlorinated Polyethylene

A novel water-swellable rubber (WSR) was prepared by dynamically vulcanizing ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA)/chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) blends where the cross-linked poly (sodium acrylate) (CPNaAA) was used as a super water-absorbent resin and dispersed in the CPE rubber. Experimental results showed that the mechanical properties of TPVs decreased while the water-swelling ratio increased significantly with increasing of CPNaAA dosages, the swelling ratio of 60 phr CPNaAA TPVs reaching 746.1% at 93 h. Morphological study showed that the CPNaAA particles were dispersed randomly in the TPVs; Some significant gaps and large cavities could be found in the surface of dried TPVs.

Water-swellable thermoplastic vulcanizates based on ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer/chlorinated polyethylene/cross-linked sodium polyacrylate/nitrile butadiene rubber blends

A novel water-swellable rubber (WSR) has been prepared by dynamically vulcanized ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA)/chlorinated polyethylene (CPE)/nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) blends where the cross-linked poly(sodium acrylate) (CPNaAA) was used as a super water-absorbent resin and dispersed in the NBR rubber. The mechanical properties, water-swelling behavior, weight loss and crystallization behavior of the prepared WSRs were investigated systemically. When the CPNaAA content was 20 phr above, the increase in CPNaAA dosage contributed to the decrease in mechanical properties. However, the WSRs showed strong water-swelling behaviors and the water-swelling ratio of WSRs with 50 phr CPNaAA was 669.3% at 120 h. The WSRs with 60 phr CPNaAA showed high water-swelling rate and achieved the equilibrium swelling at about 566.3% in 23 h. The secondary and third water-swelling behaviors of WSRs showed significantly rapid equilibrium swelling and remarkable decrease in weight loss. X-ray diffraction results revealed the increase in CPNaAA content would result in the reduction of crystalline structure content in EVA. Morphological study of etched surface showed that the CPNaAA particles were dispersed evenly in the WSRs and coated with cross-linked NBR rubber; moreover, field-emission scanning electron microscopic graphs showed the crystalline structure of EVA and clusters of flakes were dispersed on the etched surface of WSRs.

Mechanical, Water-swelling, and Morphological Properties of Water-swellable Thermoplastic Vulcanizates Based on Polyvinyl Chloride/Crosslinked Sodium Polyacrylate/Chlorinated Polyethylene Blends

A novel water-swellable rubber (WSR) was prepared by dynamically vulcanizing polyvinyl chloride (PVC)/chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) blends where a crosslinked poly(sodium acrylate) (CPNaAA) was used as a super water-absorbent resin and dispersed in the CPE rubber. The mechanical, water-swelling, and morphological properties were investigated. The results showed that the dynamically vulcanized PVC/CPNaAA/CPE blends exhibited obvious elastomeric behavior and could be considered as thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs). The PVC/CPNaAA/CPE TPVs showed strong water-swelling ability, with the water-swelling ratio of the PVC/CPNaAA/CPE TPV with 30/60/70 weight ratio reaching 2400% at 200 h immersion. Moreover, compared with the first water-swelling behavior, the second and third water-swelling behaviors of the TPVs showed significantly improved water-swelling ratio and a remarkable decrease of weight loss. Morphological study showed that the interface interaction between the CPNaAA and CPE was weak. The CPNaAA particles in the blends could be separated and even be pulled out from the matrix under tensile stress, leading to the formation of suspended CPNaAA particles on the fracture surface of PVC/CPNaAA/CPE TPVs. The surface of the dried TPVs was rough and significant cavities could be found. The dynamic mechanical properties were investigated and the TPVs showed the typical Payne effect.