Water Of Different Composition Research Articles

Laboratory-Controlled Experiments Reveal Microbial Community Shifts during Sediment Resuspension Events.

In freshwater ecosystems, dynamic hydraulic events (floods or dam maintenance) lead to sediment resuspension and mixing with waters of different composition. Microbial communities living in the sediments play a major role in these leaching events, contributing to organic matter degradation and the release of trace elements. However, the dynamics of community diversity are seldom studied in the context of ecological studies. Therefore, we carried out laboratory-induced leaching experiments, using sediments from the Villerest dam reservoir (Villerest, France). To assess whole microbial community diversity, we sequenced the archaeal and bacterial 16S rRNA genes using Illumina MiSeq. Our results suggest that the degree of dissolved oxygen found in the water during these resuspension episodes influenced community dynamics, with anoxic waters leading to drastic shifts in sedimentary communities compared to oxic waters. Furthermore, the release of microbial cells from sediments to the water column were more favorable to water colonization when events were caused by oxic waters. Most of the bacteria found in the sediments were chemoorganotrophs and most of the archaea were methanogens. Methylotrophic, as well as archaeal, and bacterial chemoorganotrophs were detected in the leachate samples. These results also show that organic matter degradation occurred, likely participating in carbonate dissolution and the release of trace elements during freshwater resuspension events.

SPECIAL RESEARCHES OF CLAY SOILS WHICH ARE NOT REGULATED ON NPP SITES

Problem statement. The article presents the results of special non-normative research for saline clay soils sampled from excavations during the nuclear power plants’ construction at different times and in different countries. Of the NPP sites located in the arid climate zone, only the Crimean NPP, which is not yet under construction, the planned NPP in Uzbekistan and possibly the NPP in Egypt are close to the engineering and geological conditions relative to the described NPP site to a large extent. The purpose of the article. The researches’ purpose is to estimate the degree of leakages impact from technological pipelines for production water of different composition and temperature, which affect the soil properties of the foundations for responsible buildings and structures of NPPs and other critical energy facilities. The need for such research is obvious to ensure the safe operation of nuclear power plants, especially when NPP are located in difficult seismotectonic and geological conditions. Conclusions. The non-regulated method for investigating the plastic properties of clay soils proposed in this article is a combination of several already tested research methods. The essence and difference of this indirect method is to investigate the soils plastic properties only after their pretreatment at different times with ground water of different temperatures. The test process partially simulates the impact on soil bases of possible short-term (instantaneous) or long-term leakages from technological thermal water supply communications, which would result in significant ground water warming. As a work result, the upper horizons of the soils for some NPP sites were prone to soaking, including at elevated temperatures, but no fundamental differences from these impacts have yet been found. The results of these researches correlate quite well with the previously performed investigations on soils leaching in the upper part of the geological section of the NPP sites. As a result, the upper soil horizons of some NPP sites were prone to soaking, including at elevated temperatures, but no fundamental differences from these effects have yet been identified. The results of the conducted research correlate quite well with the previously performed studies on soil leaching in the upper part of the NPP sites geological section.

EXPERIMENTAL SCALING POTENTIAL OF HEATED WATER

The previously proposed mechanism of bicarbonate ions decomposition by the H-mechanism (with the formation of H+ and CO32-) or OH-mechanism (with the formation of OH- and CO2) is confirmed experimentally without and with heating water up to 190oC. The change decomposition mechanism depends on hardness, alkalinity and pH. The H-mechanism is observed at higher pH values (pH decreases) and the OH-mechanism is observed at lower values (pH increases) in particular solutions.
 The developed technique is based on the measurement of changing the pH (ΔрНt) of the solution (at a fixed temperature of 15 to 25oC) after heating it to a given temperature (ranging from 40 to 190oC) and maintaining this temperature for at least 30 minutes. A decrease in the pH of the water after heating (ΔрНt>0) indicates the formation of carbonate ions and the need for additional water treatment to reduce the hardness, alkalinity or pH. The greater the ΔрНt, the greater the concentration of carbonate ions formed in water. If ΔрНt is zero then this temperature can be used as a water quality index. This temperature is 86.4oC for tap water in Kyiv (pH 7.4). Measurement of ΔрН in water meeting standards for water in German heating supply systems (pH 9.06, Hardness 45 μmol/dm3 - 5 times less than in Ukraine) shows that such water is not scale-safe (ΔрН150=0.15).
 The proposed technique will be able to replace the Langelier index (up to 90oC) and the carbonate index (up to 190oC) under the condition of systematic processing of experimental data obtained for the water of different compositions on its basis. This method can be used in addition to the expensive experimental method of dynamic tube blocking.

Ozonization of Water, Retention of Ozone and Devitalization of Escherichia Coli in Water By Ozone

Abstract The aim of this study was to observe the efficiency of ozone transferred by an airstone bubble diffuser, using two ozone generators with different output of ozone (5 g.h–1 ‒ G1; 15 g.h–1 ‒ G2). The retention of ozone in ozonised distilled and potable water and the devitalisation effects on E. coli in the water were also noted. Ozone was introduced to two types of potable water of different composition intended for mass consumption, (MC)a and (MC)b, distilled water, and well water intended for individual consumption. The devitalisation effect of ozone on E. coli in well water (WW) and added to potable and distilled water was observed. The results of our study showed that under the conditions used, the level of ozone during ozonisation with G1 increased more rapidly in distilled water and after termination of ozonisation, the retention of ozone in distilled water was a little lower in comparison with the potable water. The devitalisation of E. coli either naturally present in the water or added to it required the level of ozone close to or equal to 0.25 mg.l–1.

Towards potential applications of cement-polymer composites based on recycled polystyrene foam wastes on construction fields: Impact of exposure to water ecologies

Cement-polymer composites were developed to enhance the mechanical durability and reduce the porosity of cement, and to acquire a value-added end product useful for many applications in the construction sector. The novel product should be stable during exposure to various challenging environments, e.g., water of different quality, origin, and dissolved ions. The present work evaluated the impact of immersing the new cement-polymer composites (CPs), containing different fractions of recycled waste polystyrene foam, in plain, ground and sea water on the composites’ properties. After 420 days of immersion in all studied types of water, the obtained CPs showed acceptable compressive strength values (more than 30 MPa); in addition, corrosion resistance coefficients (K) were increased more than unity in comparison to non-immersed samples. Moreover, this study also determined alterations of internal architecture of composite specimens cured for 28 days after immersion for up to 420 days in water of different composition. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used for these studies.

Modelling Salinity and Sodicity Risks of Long-Term Use of Recycled Water for Irrigation of Horticultural Crops

Long-term use of recycled water (RW) for irrigation in arid and semiarid regions usually changes the soil solution composition and soil exchange characteristics, enhancing the risk for salinity and sodicity hazards in soils. This modelling study focuses on developing alternative management options that can reduce the potentially harmful impacts of RW use on the irrigation of wine grapes and almonds. The multicomponent UNSATCHEM add-on module for HYDRUS-1D was used to evaluate the impact of long-term (2018–2050) use of irrigation waters of different compositions: good-quality low-salinity (175 mg/L) water (GW), recycled water with 1200 mg/L salinity (RW), blended water of GW and RW in the 1:1 proportion (B), and monthly (Alt1) and half-yearly (Alt6) alternate use of GW and RW. The management options include different levels of annual gypsum applications (0, 1.7, 4.3, and 8.6 t/ha soil) to the calcareous (Cal) and hard red-brown (HRB) soils occurring in the Northern Adelaide Plain (NAP) region, South Australia. Additional management scenarios involve considering different leaching fractions (LF) (0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5) to reduce the salinity build-up in the soil. A new routine in UNSATCHEM to simulate annual gypsum applications was developed and tested for its applicability for ameliorating irrigation-induced soil sodicity. The 1970–2017 period with GW irrigation was used as a warmup period for the model. The water quality was switched from 2018 onwards to reflect different irrigation water qualities, gypsum applications, and LF levels. The data showed that the GW, B, Alt1, and Alt6 irrigation scenarios resulted in lower soil solution salinity (ECsw) than the RW irrigation scenario, which led to increased ECsw values (4.1–6.6 dS/m) in the soil. Annual gypsum applications of 1.7, 4.3, and 8.6 t/ha reduced pH, SAR, and ESP in both soils and reduced the adverse impacts of irrigation, especially in surface soils. A combination of water blending or cyclic water use with 3.8 t/ha annual gypsum applications showed promise for the SAR and ESP control. Additionally, irrigation with RW, a 0.2 LF, and annual gypsum applications limited the harmful salinity impacts in the soils. However, in the RW irrigation scenario, ECsw and ESP at the bottom of the crop root zone (90–120 cm depth) in the HRB soil were still higher than the wine grape and almond salinity thresholds. Thus, annual amendment applications, combined with the long-term use of blended water or cyclic use of RW and GW, represent a sustainable management option for crop production at the calcareous and hard red-brown soils.

Development and application of a new composition to control mineral salt depositions in oilfield equipment

Scaling is one of the many problems in oil production. The hardness deposition on the interior face of pipelines reduces the effective diameter, degrades the flow capacity and in some cases leads to complete blockage of the pipes. The source of hardness deposition is the formation water produced together with oil. Mixing of chemically incompatible with each other waters of different composition, changes in temperature, pressure and the separation of gases lead to hardness deposition. To prevent the formation of deposits of mineral salts in oil and gas production based on hydrochloric acid, Dispersant EC 9660A, Laprol 4202-2B-30 and water, a new composition was developed and tested in the field named after G.Z. Tagiyev in the produced water treatment facility. The outcomes of the implementation confirmed the effectiveness of the developed composition. Keywords: salt deposition, hydrochloric acid, paraffin-resin deposits, surface tension, protective effect of inhibitors

Canonical analysis of neuroendocrine-metabolic and neuroendocrine-immune relationships at female rats

Background. It has been shown before that drinking mineral waters of different composition has a significant effect on the neuroendocrine, metabolic and immune parameters of healthy rats. We analyzed the canonical correlations between neuroendocrine parameters, on the one hand, and metabolic and immune parameters, on the other hand. Materials and Methods. Experiment was performed on 58 healthy female Wistar rats 240-290 g. HRV parameters, major adaptation hormones, metabolism and immunity parameters were recorded. Results. The method of canonical correlation analysis revealed causal relationships between neuroendocrine and metabolic and neuroendocrine and immune parameters of the organism. The degree of neuroendocrine determination of individual sets of metabolic parameters ranges from 60% to 92%, and immune status from 87% to 96,5%. Conclusion. Effects of mineral waters on metabolism and immunity are realized through nervous and hormonal mechanisms.

Qualification of corroborated real phytoremediated radioactive wastes under leaching and other weathering parameters

This work presents a comprehensive study for treatment and solidification of hazardous wastes; as major outcome, Portland cement was not only revealed as feasible and inexpensive material for immobilization of hazardous and radioactive waste, but, in addition, the efficiency of aquatic plants for treatment of contaminated waste water was demonstrated.It is most important to stabilize real hazardous waste such as a secondary waste generated by the purification of water or other effluents contaminated with toxic metals or radionuclides by promising novel treatment technologies like phytoremediation or biomass adsorption. Phytoremediation as clean technology has gained interest and wide applications in the last decade. This green technology is environment-friendly compared to conventional remediation techniques. Portland cement was utilized in this study to immobilize the selected biological waste, namely; dried plants of Ludwigia stolonifera. Three parameters were followed to estimate the mechanical, physical and chemical stability of the solidified waste. These parameters were studied under several variables and supported by mechanical, chemical, spectroscopic and scanning investigations. The results confirmed that at both conditions; exposure to 90 freezing/thawing cycles and 6 months immersion in water of different compositions, non-significant reduction in the mechanical integrity of the solidified waste samples was detected compared to the control sample. Moreover, chemical stability was investigated by monitoring the release of Cs137 to the surrounding aqueous media; the cumulative mass fraction of leached Cs137 was less than 0.06 under diverse conditions.

Characterization of biological waste stabilized by cement during immersion in aqueous media to develop disposal strategies for phytomediated radioactive waste

Dried and grated biological waste was immobilized with cement to generate specimens mimicking solidified phytoremediated radioactive waste. Stability of these solidified biological waste specimens was estimated during drastic long-term flooding, which is considered one of the typical environmental impacts affecting physical and mechanical characteristics of such specimens. For these investigations, biological waste generated during phytoremediation using the aquatic plant Veronica anagallis-aquatica was solidified and subsequently examined during flooding. After flooding with water of different compositions, mechanical and physical stability of the specimens was evaluated. Cementation of 3% dried biological waste resulted in a satisfying compressive strength of the resulting solidified material of more than 13 MPa. The highest value of hardness exceeded 25 MPa, and was obtained in samples cured in sea water or ground water due to mineral salts sealing the pores, whereas an insignificant decrease in durability was observed in those specimens cured in tap water. Maximum mass change caused by the water absorption during six months of curing was below 4.5% of the initial mass; this change was more pronounced for solidified waste immersed in sea water or ground water than for samples immersed in tap water. Retardation of material and status of the cement phases after flooding were investigated via FT-IR, XRD and SEM; the results point to the suitability of this cement type as powerful material for immobilization of biological radioactive waste, as manifested by acceptable durability and reasonable porosity during long immersion in different water compositions.

Prospects for the use of mineral waters of different composition and mineralization in the rehabilitative treatment of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Prospects for the use of mineral waters of different composition and mineralization in the rehabilitative treatment of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

A Potentiometric Multisensor System of Anion-Selective Electrodes Based on Ionic Liquids

The possibility of using solid-state and liquid PVC-membrane electrodes based on ionic liquids to design a potentiometric multisensor system is assessed. Ionic liquids with 1,3-dihexadecylimidazolium cation and chloride, bromide, iodide, and nitrate anions are used. The sensitivity parameters of the sensors are determined. A multisensor array is applied to detect chloride and iodide anions in the multicomponent mixture. The designed system is used to discriminate between mineral waters of different compositions by applying the method of principal component analysis (PCA).

Multiple increase in productivity of the yeast at reducing the fraction of D2O in water.

We found a two-fold increase in the productivity of baker's yeast grown on a nutrient mixture prepared in light water with a D2O content (127 ppm) smaller than in the distilled water (150 ppm). The number of water monomers that provides the biosynthetic activity (water transport through membrane channels) of yeast cells with an increased CO2 yield was determined for the first time. We established that the selectivity of cell membrane channels in water of different composition depends not only on the motion of ortho-and para-spin H2O isomers in solution, as was shown earlier, but also on the concentration of D2O.

Impact of environmental quality on the mobility of heavy metals in plants under the conditions of agroforestry systems

The cultivation of tomatoes in two experimental sites under the conditions of unprotected and protected by a forest belt and in two control sites outside the influence of highways has been studied following irrigation with water of different composition. It has been found that the pollution from highways causes not only an increase in the concentrations of heavy metals in leaves, stems, fruits, and seeds of tomatoes, which is well-known, but also induces changes in their structure within the mobility series of elements. This influence has an adverse result during irrigation with the water of different composition. The effect of self-organization of plants by the example of tomatoes in agroforestry systems leads to a significant transfer of heavy metals in the shell of seeds, thereby protecting the seed kernels from excessive pollution with heavy metals.

CHARAKTERISTIKA ANOMÁLNÍHO SKAPU V PUNKEVNÍCH JESKYNÍCH (MORAVSKÝ KRAS)

Cave speleothems grow from supersaturated dripwaters and store information about various karst processes along the water flow path. Anomalous non-saturated waters may occur if (1) rainfall water passes very rapidly through karst profile or if (2) two saturated waters of different compositions are mixed. The low mineralization close to saturation could be reached also as (3) result of calcite precipitating prior the water enters the cave. The hydrogeochemistry of four dripwaters in the Punkva Caves (Moravian Karst) was systematically studied for anomalous properties during one-year period. The drips are situated in a passage behind Přední Dóm Chamber (CP1 and CP2, 24 samples each), in Tunnel Corridor (TC1, 24 samples), and in Zadní Dóm Chamber (ZD1, 6 samples). The dripwaters CP1, CP2, and ZD1 show various flow regimes but very similar hydrogeochemical properties: electric conductivity (EC = 550–630 μS/cm), saturation (SIcalcite = 0.8–1.2), and Mg/Ca ratio (1000*(Mg/Ca) = 15–20). In contrast, the dripwater TC1 shows stable drip rate and EC = 275–350 μS/cm, SI = -0.1 to 0.3, and almost thrice as high Mg/Ca ratios as other drips. High and stable discharge of the drip TC1, combined with low EC, SI close to zero, and high Mg/Ca ratio indicate that a prior precipitation of calcite is responsible for the anomalous composition of the dripwater. The slightly negative SI values that were occasionally observed indicate that further minor processes probably participate on the water formation.

Polymer networks with antibacterial activity by UV photopolymerization

AbstractThe crosslinking by radical UV photopolymerization of mixtures of acrylic oligomers added with 2,4,4′‐trichloro‐2′‐hydroxydiphenyl ether (TCDPE) allows to obtain polymer films which perform like hygienic coatings. The release of the bioactive compound from two types of acrylic networks obtained by UV crosslinking of polyfunctional monomers, namely, epoxy‐based and urethane‐based diacrylic oligomers, has been investigated. The photopolymerization process was influenced by biocide presence only at high biocide concentration, where the plasticizing effect of the biocide increased the double bond conversion. The kinetic curve of the photopolymerization was fitted by an Avrami‐like equation and the release of TCDPE from the networks into solutions of ethanol–water of different compositions was discussed on the base of the Fick's diffusion equation. The antimicrobial activity of the UV photopolymerized film has been tested by putting the coatings in contact with two types of colony‐forming bacteria, the Escherichia coli (Gram negative) and the Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive). Strong hygienic performances toward the tested pathogens were observed for the urethane and epoxy films containing TCDPE in quantities as low as 0.1 wt %. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009

Solar light induced removal of arsenic from contaminated groundwater: the interplay of solar energy and chemical variables

The removal of arsenic by solar oxidation in individual units (SORAS) is currently being explored as a possible economic and simple technology to treat groundwater in Bangladesh and India. Hydroarsenicism affects also large regions of America, especially Argentina, Chile, Mexico and Peru. In this paper, the efficiency of arsenic removal by solar oxidation coupled with precipitation of iron (hydr)oxide, was assessed under various experimental conditions, both on samples of synthetic water and of groundwater of the province of Tucumán (Argentina). The results demonstrate that the underlying chemistry is very complex, and the efficiency is affected often in unpredictable ways by changes in the chemical matrix, or by changes in the operative conditions. Oxides generated from ferrous salts are more efficient than solids formed by hydrolysis of Fe(III); alkalinity contents (bicarbonate) is also important to permit the adequate precipitation. Addition of small amounts of citric acid (lemon juice) is beneficial, but at larger concentrations the effect is negative, probably because of interference in the formation of the solid. The effect of solar irradiation is variable, depending on the other experimental conditions. Although it is possible to remove As partially without solar irradiation under certain special conditions, a procedure versatile enough to cope with waters of different compositions must be based in the use of solar energy. Light plays the role of accelerating the oxidation of As(III) to As(V), and also affects the nature of the solid and, hence, its sorptive properties. The rationale of the effect of light is therefore appreciably more complex than in the case of heterogeneous photocatalysis with TiO 2.

Spectral‐Luminescent Properties of 1,1‐Dioctadecyl‐3,3,3'3'‐Tetramethylindodicarbocyanineperchlorate in Binary Solutions

On the basis of investigation of the absorption and luminescence spectra of 1,1‐dioctadecyl‐3,3,3'3'‐tetramethylindodicarbocyanineperchlorate (D307) molecules and their nonamphiphilic analog in binary solutions of dimethylformamide and water of different composition, a mechanism underlying the quenching luminescence of the D307 molecules has been established which is related to the formation of nonluminescent associates. It is shown that the formation of the micelles of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) in a binary solution with 99% content of water destroys the associates, the D307 molecules are captured by the micelles, and their mobility in the micelles is limited.

Performance of ion chromatography in the determination of anions and cations in various natural waters with elevated mineralization

The performance of ion chromatography in the determination of anions and cations in natural mineral waters of different composition and different total mineralization was evaluated. Up to 12 ions of the 20 usually included in extended chemical analysis of natural waters were successfully determined by ion chromatography alone. At least 98.60% and up to 99.96% of total cation composition of mineral waters was determined by ion chromatography. Hydrogen carbonate predominated in anion composition of mineral waters and was determined titrimetrically. The percentage of anions determined by ion chromatography in the remaining anion composition of mineral waters was between 98.90% and 99.96%. The agreement between total concentrations of anions and cations in individual mineral waters determined predominantly by ion chromatography is very good and the performance of ion chromatography for the basic and for the extended chemical analysis of highly mineralized water samples is very high. Method development was assisted by previously developed algorithms and appropriate experimental conditions are also discussed.

Stable-isotope characterization of the Miocene lacustrine systems of Los Monegros (Ebro Basin, Spain): palaeogeographic and palaeoclimatic implications

The lacustrine carbonate facies from three allostratigraphic units (N1, N2 and N3) of Miocene age in the Los Monegros region (Ebro Basin) are characterized isotopically. The dominant facies are marls, laminated limestones, stromatolitic limestones, massive limestones and bioturbated limestones. These are associated with lacustrine sulphate deposits and distal alluvial facies. Palaeohydrological reconstructions of the study area are supported by the isotopic and the mineralogical composition of the carbonates. Massive and bioturbated limestones occupy a very similar compositional domain and have the lowest isotopic compositions of all the facies (−9‰ < δ18OPDB < −4.5‰ and −6.4‰ < δ13CPDB < −0.4‰), reflecting a short residence time of the water and variable, commonly high influence of biogenic CO2. Laminated limestones and stromatolites define a comparatively enriched domain with δ18O values ranging from −6 to 0‰ and δ13C values ranging from −3.5 to 0‰ These values indicate stronger evaporation and enhanced 12C assimilation due to intense biological activity during periods of longer water residence time. Marls have isotopic values intermediate between these two domains and correspond to periods of lacustrine dilution. Dolomite-bearing samples, mainly laminated and stromatolitic facies, show a Δ18ODOL-CAL = 7.5‰ with respect to calcite from the same facies, while δ13C values show very little enrichment (up to 1‰). The positive correlation (r = 0.85) between 18O and dolomite contents suggests that dolomite resulted from the progressive evaporative concentration of a single water mass and not from the mixing of waters of different compositions. The dolomite is thought to be primary or, at most, the product of very early diagenetic processes. The isotopic composition of the facies and their spatial and temporal variations depend on the depositional environment and were constrained by changing regional paleogeography. Isotopic trends from units N1 to N3 (Upper Agenian-Vallesian period) display a regular depletion in heavy isotopes that indicates a climatic change towards wetter conditions.