Waterproofing Methods Research Articles

Comparison between Waterproofing Sheets Membrane and Polyurea Waterproofing Coating Methods

This research aims to compare between Waterproofing Sheets Membrane and Polyurea Waterproofing Coating Methods, and know the waterproofing methods applying time, cost, weight, materials durability, and the waterproofing methods materials fire resistance properties. The research used qualitative analysis techniques to compare the two waterproofing methods objectively, Through lab testing, researchers found that: the polyurea waterproofing coating method usually takes between 1 to 2 working days to apply while the traditional sheet membrane waterproofing method takes between 5 to 7 working days applying time, and the polyurea waterproofing coating method can be more expensive than the traditional waterproofing sheet membranes method. Applying polyurea requires specialized equipment and trained personnel for proper handling and application, Both methods' materials weight are considered relatively light but the polyurea coating method materials are lighter, the polyurea waterproofing coating system lasts up to 30 years. Rather than the traditional system which durability is up to 20 years, the polyurea waterproofing coating system is considered a good fire resistance system rather than traditional sheet membrane system. It is recommended to clean and clear the surface before the commence of the waterproofing process. and the surface needs to be tested for at least 3 full days to confirm that the waterproofing system was applied successfully and without missing any openings.

A Study on Verification of Waterproofing Method Properties for Performance Grading in Apartment Houses-Upper Slab of the Underground Structure

This study evaluates waterproofing methods for underground structures in multi-unit residential buildings. The objective is to select effective methods and establish performance ratings. Experimental assessments are conducted and scores are assigned for ranking. In this regard, waterproofing methods used in the upper slab of the top floor of multi-unit residential building underground structures were investigated, and they were categorized as composite waterproofing, sheet waterproofing, and membrane waterproofing methods. For performance evaluation purposes, experiments were conducted on qualified materials and scores were assigned to each test specimen, with a total score of 100 points. Based on the test results, scores for disqualified materials were deducted and, ultimately, the rankings of waterproofing materials and methods for the upper slab of the top floor of underground structures were determined based on the total aggregated scores. Subsequently, through proximity performance evaluation, the applied waterproofing methods were experimentally verified for defect issues based on the presence or absence of a proximity layer. This led to the ranking and performance grading of a total of 12 materials. The results confirmed the necessity of a proximity layer-dependent waterproofing method and highlighted the superiority of the composite waterproofing method with a proximity layer. Additionally, differences in installation methods and material properties between sheet and membrane waterproofing methods were identified, resulting in variations in performance grading.

Surface Waterproofing Techniques: A Case Study in Nova Lima, Brazil

Considering the various problems caused by infiltration in civil construction, this study aimed to identify the most appropriate waterproofing methods for different types of surfaces. A study was conducted on the mechanisms of water infiltration on surfaces and the waterproofing methods available on the market, focusing on asphalt blankets, in addition to a literature review highlighting state-of-the-art methods on this topic. A case study was also conducted in a residence in Nova Lima, Brazil, analyzing different waterproofing techniques, including their characteristics and stages. Among the conclusions, it is highlighted that the implementation of adequate project, installation, inspection, and maintenance techniques can significantly reduce the waterproofing failure rate and repair costs, and that the excellent choice of materials, along with the skill of the labor force in the application, is fundamental to guarantee the adequate performance of these materials in buildings.

A Tried and Tested Waterproof Draping Method for Major Ear Surgery.

Preparing and maintaining a clean operative field is the standard of care in all surgical fields globally. Major ear surgery has its own challenges such as the long surgical procedure time and the tricky local anatomical landscape.A waterproof method of draping for major ear surgery is described in this technical report. This method allows for the collection of irrigation fluid in a reservoir while maintaining continued isolation of the operative field during surgery.We discuss the advantages of using a 3M Steri-DrapeTM Aperture Pouch Drape to square the surgical site and create a pouch dedicated to irrigation fluid. Following that, running locking stitches are performed for further reinforcement of the adhesion to the skin, often done in longer procedures. We have identified a technique to ensure better draping. In over 150 cases draped in this method, we have not witnessed drape edge lift, water ingress, or skin avulsion/injury.

Durability of Road and Bridge Concrete and Spray-Coating Waterproof Material

Different from traditional waterproof methods for road and bridge concrete, the spray-coating waterproof material can effectively prevent rainwater and other corrosive liquids from entering the concrete structure, and it has a few functional advantages such as anti-carbonization, resistance to sulfate attack, and high elongation. Existing studies have discussed the impact of the microstructure of waterproof material on the structure of waterproof coating, the optimization of the mix ratios of waterproof material, and the influencing factors of the waterproof performance of waterproof material, etc., however, few researches have concerned about the mechanical properties of concrete after coated with the spray-coating waterproof material. Therefore, to fill in this research gap, this paper researched the durability of road and bridge concrete and the spray-coating waterproof material. At first, it analyzed the bridge deck water pressure and the internal force of the drain pipe structure under multiple drainage methods, and calculated the water pressure at the gutter inlet, the stress, and the permeability coefficient of the waterproof coating. Then, this paper elaborated on the experimental methods for measuring the durability of the road and bridge before and after coated with the spray-coating waterproof material, and introduced the methods for testing the waterproof material and the concrete. At last, this paper gave the corresponding experimental results, the analysis, and the conclusion.

Performance of Waterproofing Membranes to Protect Concrete Bridge Decks

The installation of waterproofing membranes on concrete bridge decks is a commonly used strategy to prevent water on the roadway surface from penetrating into the deck and to reduce the load and freeze–thaw related damage to the bridge deck. Typically, an asphalt layer is paved over the waterproofing membrane to prevent damage from heavy vehicles. The early failure of asphalt pavement overlays on concrete bridge decks with waterproofing membranes has been recognized as a significant issue by several transportation agencies. Potential reasons for the failure of the asphalt overlay were thought to be poor adhesion between the waterproofing membrane and the asphalt wearing course, and the material properties of the asphalt layer. By determining the most effective waterproofing methods and strategies, this research will serve to decrease repair and replacement costs, and increase the service life of asphalt overlays on concrete bridge decks. The main goals of this study are to provide the industry and transportation agencies with better insight into the failure mechanisms of asphalt overlays on concrete bridge decks and to establish field and laboratory experiments to evaluate the performance of these overlays. From the results of this study, a poured waterproofing membrane was recommended as an ideal membrane for use on concrete bridge decks because of its ease of installation, complete impermeability, and high bond strengths between the concrete deck, membrane layers, and asphalt overlay.

Experimental Investigation on Mechanical Characteristics of Waterproof System for Near-Sea Tunnel: A Case Study of the Gongbei Tunnel

The water around thenear-sea tunnels is supplied infinitely, and mechanical characteristics of the lining and movement joint are inevitably affected by waterproof methods. The research on the mechanical characteristics of the waterproof system is immature. As a case study of the Gongbei tunnel, a scale model was established in this study, and the stratum, pipe curtain, grouting circle, lining, waterproof board, and movement joint were simulated based on the similarity theories. By changing the externally applied water pressure and drainage discharge, the variation and distribution of the water pressure and strain on the lining with the fully wrapped waterproof (FWW) method, the lining with the partially wrapped waterproof (PWW) method, and the movement joint were investigated. Furthermore, several suggestions on the selection of the waterproof method were presented. The results indicate that the PWW method can reduce the water pressure and strain on the lining under the drained state. Under the state of free drainage, the strain on the lining with the PWW method may get a discount of about 30%. More attention could be paid to the waterproof of the movement joints in the construction process, especially the invert. The research results may offer some valuable insights into the waterproof design of similar near-sea tunnels.

Assessment of roof waterproofing by pre-packaged polymer modified slurry (PPPMS) and bitumen

Effective waterproofing of structures was a compulsory constraint to avoid leaks and dampness or humidity in walls, ceilings, roofs underground tank and underground room. Traditionally used methods of roof waterproofing were bitumen with tinny seared clay tiles are very troublesome, overwhelming time and involving high labor cost. These waterproofing methods are not allocation the purpose due to their intrinsic disadvantages. Prepackaged polymer modified slurries (PPPMS) are now attainment the vogue and easy to use, easily available in the market, cheaper in cost and more workable than the traditional methods of waterproofing. An experimental study has shown that prepackaged polymer modified slurries (PPPMS) are superior in cost and performance to as a roof water proof coatings. Bituminous coatings were mixed with water and different combination of prepackaged polymer modified slurries and primer respectively, to find optimum coverage underneath worst atmospheric conditions. Every specimen of different proportioned was applied on plane roofs and through the passage of time, their performance was checked, assessed and associated with each other. The roof of approximately 40000 ft2 area of prepackaged polymer modified slurries was used will give us hundred percent result (no water seepage or no water absorption) therefore no complaints as compare to roofs area of approximately 24000 ft2 bituminous coating was used for waterproofing they have shown the result of 30 to 40 percent water seepage. This result shows that prepackaged polymer modified slurries were two times cheaper than bituminous coating. Comparing an equal number of surfaces coated with a polymer modified prepackaged mortar and bitumen the prepackaged polymer modified slurries (PPPMS) showed excellent performance, ease of application and low bitumen coating cost.

A Study on Test Method for Water Resistance of Slide Fasteners

Breathable waterproof performance fabrics have been developed to protect the human body from external moisture, and it is used in various forms. So, there are various test methods for evaluating these, and those are utilized for quality control. However, the test method for evaluating the functionality of slide fasteners is extremely limited in reality beside physical characteristics. In the reason, it is true that the assurance of functionality cannot be guaranteed in terms of finished products. Especially in military goods, the penetration of a small amount of moisture or water through sub-materials in extreme cold conditions has also caused fatal consequences. So it has become an urgent task of developing evaluation method in order to prevent these situations. In this research, we investigated the waterproof evaluation method used in the past and wanted to develop an appropriate test method so that these can be applied to slide fasteners. Therefore, by investigating the test method through preparation of samples, use of protective jigs, it was possible to develop a discriminating test method. Finally, it was expected that it could contribute to the improvement of product quality by applying to future munitions related standards.

Resource-saving in the operation of a building with a correctly executed waterproofing

The article is devoted to the issues of waterproofing of expansion and technological joints. The necessity of using reliable waterproofing methods during construction is identified and justified. Particular attention is drawn to the shortcomings of existing methods, namely bentonite and hydrophilic waterproofing cords related to installation problems and other technical issues. System installation waterstop for technological joint mating base plate-wall and the repair scheme of the one with using the polyurethane resin are described. Comparison is given of the cost of repairing the technological joint and the installation of a waterstop in new construction. The influence of the construction quality on the further cost operation of the building is revealed.

Analysis on the Causes of the Oil Leakage Phenomenon for Complex Waterproofing Methods of Asphalt Mastic and Modified Asphalt Sheet

Analysis on the Causes of the Oil Leakage Phenomenon for Complex Waterproofing Methods of Asphalt Mastic and Modified Asphalt Sheet

Effect of intensive waterproof method on intraoperative temperature preservation of pediatric patients during liver transplantation using forced-air warming blanket

Objective To evaluate the effect of intensive waterproof method on intraoperative temperature preservation of pediatric patients during liver transplantation using forced-air warming blanket. Methods A total of 84 pediatric patients, who underwent liver transplantation from July 2013 to March 2015, were divided randomly into control group and experimental group, with 42 cases each. Patients in the control group received routine warming therapy using a Bair Hugger forced-air warming blanket, while patients in the experimental group, on the basis of conventional forced-air warming system, received modified warming therapy using an extended waterproof membrane to prevent the blanket and the baby from becoming wet. Body temperature at different time points between patients in the two groups was compared, including immediately after anesthesia induction, 1 h after incision, at the end of the preanhepatic stage, 30 min of anhepathic stage, immediately after reperfusion, 1 h of neohepatic stage, 2 h neohepatic stage, and at the end of the operation. Occurrence of hypothermia was also compared between the two groups. Results Temperature did not differ significantly after anesthesia induction in the experimental group (36.18±0.25) and the control group (36.15±0.24) (P>0.05) , whereas the temperatures at other time points were significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group (P<0.05) . Incidence of hypothermia was significantly lower in the experimental group (38.1%) , than that in the control group (78.5%) (P<0.01) . Conclusions The intensive waterproof method results in better maintenance of intraoperative normothermia during pediatric liver transplantation using forced-air warming blanket. Key words: Liver transplantation; Body temperature; Infant; Forced-air warming blanket; Waterproof protection

Experiment Based Analysis of Complex Posterior Waterproofing Systems

In connection with the problems of aging European building stock, the opportunity of posterior waterproofing methods emerges as a relevant solution. There are different technologies which are suitable against rising damp in walls, but the chemical injection system through injection boreholes is the most commonly used method due to its extensive usability and fast implementation. The aim of the experimental research was to measure the efficiency of the chemical injection method by the penetration of the injection agents. There were built several specimens of small size solid bricks and some further ones of coarse limestones. The three months long research allowed to determine the moisture content of the specimens before and after the injection process. The received results were mass-based and moisture content data was measured by Protimeter. Surface coating and renovation plaster give additional moisture protection and along with the chemical injection provide a complete posterior waterproofing system. The elements of posterior waterproofing cause changes in the vapour diffusion of renovated structures. However, diffusion-open orders of layers can solve the problem of evaporation, as environmental friendly reconstruction solutions. Based on the measured results of rising damp and known characteristics of cement-based waterproofing and renovation plasters, thermal simulations and hygrothermal analysis and thus building physical conclusions have been performed.

지하 구조물 동절기 온도조건에서의 방수공법별 습도 변화량 분석

This paper proposes the appropriate waterproofing methods for underground structures after applying different types of waterproofing materials on the concrete test specimens and selecting the best results out of humidity testing in winter conditions. Results of the testing showed that the underground structures absolutely require relevant waterproofing application based on the environmental conditions; when applied with interior waterproofing, the results showed that the concrete maintained high level of humidity and reinforcing steel within the concrete layer corroded. However, when applied with exterior waterproofing, it was shown that the waterproofing layer prevent direct contact with water and concrete, thereby protecting the concrete structure and improving overall durability. It follows that during underground structure construction, exterior waterproofing methods are have shown by an effective method for improving the durability as well as providing a comfortable interior environment for users.

A nanoliter self-priming compartmentalization chip for point-of-care digital PCR analysis

A nanoliter self-priming compartmentalization (SPC) microfluidic chip suited for the digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR) analysis in point-of-care testing (POCT) has been developed. This dPCR chip is fabricated of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). After the dPCR chip is evacuated, there will be a negative pressure environment in the chip because of the gas solubility of PDMS. The negative pressure environment can provide a self-priming power so that the sample solutions can be sucked into each reaction chamber sequentially. The whole sampling process requires no external power and is valve-free. Channels that contain water are designed around each sample panel to prevent the solvent (water) from evaporating during dPCR process. A glass coverslip is also used as a waterproof layer, which is more convenient and more efficient than other waterproof methods seen in literature. This dPCR chip allows three samples to be amplified at the same time. Each sample is distributed into 1040 reaction chambers, and each chamber is only 2.08nL. Human β-actin DNA solutions of known concentrations are used as the templates for the dPCR analyses to verify the sensitivity and accuracy of the method. Template DNA solutions diluted to concentrations of 300, 100 and 10 copies/μL are tested and shown that this simple, portable and self-priming dPCR chip can be used at any clinic as a real POCT technique.

Characteristics of Humidity-Temperature Changing in the Below-Grade Concrete Structure by Applying Waterproofing Materials on the Exterior Wall

The water leakage in an underground space cannot easily be repaired owing to the characteristics of the underground space, which not only causes continuous inconvenience to the apartment residents but also facilitates condensation. Thus, the effects of different waterproofing methods in underground spaces on changes in temperature and humidity should be quantitatively studied to establish strong measures for the condensation issue. In this study, two types of specimens were produced separately by dividing the waterproofing materials applied to underground structures into exterior and interior waterproofing construction methods; thereafter, changes in the temperature and humidity inside the specimens were observed. The test results of the evaluation regarding condensation in underground structures indicated that when exterior waterproofing materials are applied, thermal insulation maintains a steady interior temperature and keeps the humidity at an appropriate level, thereby preventing the creation of an environment conducive to the occurrence of condensation.

단열 보완형 복합방수공법의 단열성능에 관한 연구

단열 보완형 복합방수공법의 단열성능에 관한 연구

The Research on the Combination Methods of Solar Collectors and Building Roof

The building environment and the building roof structure of buildings are different from each other. This causes the different combination methods of solar collectors and building roof. The outlook of solar collectors and the methods of waterproof and insulation are various. These factors will contribute to the diversification of forms of solar water heaters. This paper describes several combination methods of solar collectors and building roof and the corresponding waterproof and insulation methods. Based on existing combination methods and in the premise to ensure the safety and functionality, a more simple and economical combination method was put forward - combination structure of industrial aluminum and its accessories. It can meet the requirements of the industrialization of constructional installation and building integrate in our social.

3A1-X02 振動翼推進型魚ロボットの開発 : 小離鰭と超音波センサを搭載したTDUNA5-2013bの開発(バイオミメティクス・バイオメカトロニクス)

We have developed oscillation wing propulsion type fish robots called TDUNA5-2013 which were modeled tuna. This robot was powered by a 2.6kW DC Brushless motor and made swinging oscillated motion of caudal fin by a Scotch-yoke mechanism through planetary reduction gears. The caudal fin is rigid body with high aspect ratio and it has loosen ligaments to generate angles for the thrust force. The outer jacket is made of ABS resin using FDM type 3D printer and it is separated into three parts, a head, a body and a tail. The head is oscillated to the same phase of the tail oscillation by the reduced angle. This motion is generated by the movement of the pivot shaft of the tail oscillation. The total length is about 1750 mm. The experimental results of our previous study, however, showed that the water-proofing method of the outer jacket, oscillation mechanism, and the electrical parts are imperfect and we had to change the water-proofing method. In this paper, we modified the construction of the case of the oscillation mechanism. We also investigated the water-proofing method of the midair construction ABS block made by 3D printer. By using this water-proofing method, we newly reconstructed the three outer jacket parts. In our new jacket parts, we can install five supersonic sensors in the head, and finlets in the tail. We call our robot in this configuration as TDUNA5-2013b. In the first trial of the swimming experiments, however, the oscillation mechanism and its case was broken due to the insufficiency of fixation between the mechanism and the case. We are now repairing them and the experimental results of TDUNA5-2013b will be presented at the conference.

Sustainability Life Cycle Cost Analysis of Roof Waterproofing Methods Considering LCCO2

In a construction project, selection of an appropriate method in the planning/design stage is very important for ensuring effective project implementation and success. Many companies have adopted the life cycle cost (LCC) method, one of the methods for analyzing economic efficiency, for appropriate decision-making in the basic/detailed design stage by estimating overall costs and expenses generated over the entire project. This paper presents an LCC method for calculating the LCC of CO2 (LCCO2), based on materials committed during the lifecycle of a structure for each roof waterproofing method and adding this cost to the LCC for comparative analysis. Thus, this technique presents the LCC that includes the cost of CO2 emission. The results show that in terms of initial construction cost, asphalt waterproofing had the highest CO2 emission cost, followed by sheet waterproofing. LCCO2 did not greatly influence the initial construction cost and maintenance cost, as it is relatively smaller than the LCC. However, when the number of durable years was changed, the LCC showed some changes.