Watermarking Scheme For Image Authentication Research Articles

Block mapping and dual-matrix-based watermarking for image authentication with self-recovery capability.

Numerous image authentication techniques have been devised to address the potential security issue of malicious tampering with image content since digital images can be easily duplicated, modified, transformed and diffused via the Internet transmission. However, the existing works still remain many shortcomings in terms of the recovery incapability and detection accuracy with extensive tampering. To improve the performance of tamper detection and image recovery, we present a block mapping and dual-matrix-based watermarking scheme for image authentication with self-recovery capability in this paper. The to-be-embedded watermark information is composed of the authentication data and recovery data. The Authentication Feature Composition Calculation algorithm is proposed to generate the authentication data for image tamper detection and localization. Furthermore, the recovery data for tampered region recovery is comprised of self-recovery bits and mapped-recovery bits. The Set Partition in Hierarchical Trees encoding algorithm is applied to obtain the self-recovery bits, whereas the Rehashing Model-based Block Mapping algorithm is proposed to obtain the mapped-recovery bits for retrieving the damaged codes caused by tampering. Subsequently, the watermark information is embedded into the original image as digital watermarking with the guidance of a dual-matrix. The experimental results demonstrate that comparing with other state-of-the-art works, our proposed scheme not only improves the performance in recovery, but also extends the limitation of tampering rate up to 90%. Furthermore, it obtains a desirable image quality above 40 dB, large watermark payload up to 3.169 bpp, and the effective resistance to malicious attack, such as copy-move and collage attacks.

A secure DWT-based dual watermarking scheme for image authentication and copyright protection

A secure DWT-based dual watermarking scheme for image authentication and copyright protection

Dual Image Based Watermarking Scheme for Image Authentication

Dual Image Based Watermarking Scheme for Image Authentication

An efficient self-embedding fragile watermarking scheme for image authentication with two chances for recovery capability

An efficient self-embedding fragile watermarking scheme for image authentication with two chances for recovery capability

An effective watermarking technique using BTC and SVD for image authentication and quality recovery

Digital image protection has become a major concern in digital communication. Watermarking digital images has long been thought to be a good way to ensure the image quality. This paper proposes a watermarking scheme for image authentication and recovery of tampered images based on block truncation coding (BTC) and singular value decomposition (SVD). Here the image is divided into 4x4 non-overlapping blocks. Then the watermark information for authentication and recovery is embedded into it. The authentication watermark for each block will be generated using SVD and XOR operation, then it gets embedded into it. Simultaneously, the recovery watermark of each block will be generated using BTC and gets embedded in a mapped block. The watermark information gets embedded in two least significant bits (LSBs) of each pixel in a block. The proposed scheme got a higher degree of watermarking with better recovery against various kinds of attacks.

Fragile watermarking for image authentication based on DWT-SVD-DCT techniques

Many fragile watermarking schemes for image authentication have been proposed to protect the integrity of digital images. However, these schemes still yielded unsatisfactory image quality of the watermarked images and low accuracy of tamper detection. In this paper, we propose a new, fragile watermarking scheme for image authentication based on the combination of discrete wavelets transform (DWT), singular value decomposition (SVD), and discrete cosines transform (DCT) algorithms. The feature coefficients are extracted and are used to embed the authentication code by using the quantization index modulation (QIM) process. To guarantee that the extracted authentication code is correct, the Gram-Schmidt process is used to adjust the feature coefficients. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed scheme provides good quality watermarked images and achieves high accuracy of tamper detection under different attacks, i.e., direct cropping and object insertion attacks.

Semi-fragile self-recovery watermarking scheme based on data representation through combination

The widely available multimedia editing tools and their large reconstruction capabilities make digital multimedia content more sensitive to malicious tampering and manipulations. Therefore, ensuring digital image integrity has become a crucial issue. Watermarking became a popular technique for image authentication. The goal of this paper is to propose a new semi-fragile watermarking scheme for image authentication, localization, and recovery, by using two different watermarks jointly. The embedded information watermark for content recovery is computed from discrete wavelet transform (DWT) approximation coefficients of second level decomposition of the original image and compressed by using Data Representation through Combination (DRC) in order to reduce watermark payload. On another hand, authentication watermark used for both authentication and localization of image tampering is computed by using the block-based watermarking algorithm. Three pseudo-random maps are generated in order to improve the security of the proposed scheme against local attack. Both watermarks are embedded into approximation sub-band of the first wavelet decomposition. Experimental results show that our proposed approach has not only an extremely high accuracy of tampering localization but also a relatively very high recovery rate. Besides, the scheme is able to detect perfectly the difference between malicious attacks and non-malicious attacks such as JPEG compression.

Block Truncation Coding based effective watermarking scheme for image authentication with recovery capability

Due to the advancement of photo-editing software, powerful computers and high resolution capturing devices, it has become tough to prevent the digital image from tampering. So, in these days just by looking a digital image we cannot say whether it is a genuine or not. This is why digital image authentication, as well as restoration, has become the essential issues, especially when it is utilized in medical science, evidence of court, and forensic science. This paper proposes an effective self-embedding fragile watermarking technique for the digital image authentication as well as recovery. The watermark is generated by quantization, and block truncation coding (BTC) of each 2 × 2 non-overlapping block and embedded in three least significant bits (LSBs) of the corresponding mapped block. The recovery bits are derived from most significant bits (MSBs) of the host image, and the authentication bits are derived from recovery bits, the spatial location of pixels and watermark keys. Even if tempering rate is 50%, the reconstruction of tampered image is achieved with high peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and normalized correlation coefficient (NCC). The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme not only outperforms high-quality recovery fidelity but also negotiate the blocking artifacts additionally it improves the accuracy of tamper localization due to the use of very small size blocks.

Watermarking based on discrete wavelet transform and q-deformed chaotic map

Hierarchy of one-dimensional ergodic chaotic maps with Tsallis type of q-deformation are studied. We find that in the chaotic region, these maps with q-deformation are ergodic as the Birkhoff ergodic theorem predicts. q-deformed maps are defined as ratios of polynomials of degree N. Hence, by using the Stieltjes transform approach (STA), invariant measure is proposed. In addition, considering Sinai-Ruelle-Bowen (SRB) measure, Kolmogorov-Sinai (KS) entropy for q-deformed maps is calculated analytically. The new q-deformed scheme have ability to keep previous significant properties such as ergodicity, sensitivity to initial condition. By adding q-parameter to the hierarchy in order increase the randomness and one-way computation, we present a new scheme for watermarking. The introduced algorithm tries to improve the problem of failure of encryption such as small key space, encryption speed and level of security. To illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme, some security analyses are presented. By considering the obtained results, it can be concluded that, this scheme have a high potential to be adopted for watermarking. It can be concluded that, the proposed novel watermarking scheme for image authentication can be applied for practical applications.

Novel watermarking scheme for image authentication using vector quantization approach

In this paper a new invisible watermarking algorithm using vector quantization (VQ) approach for image content authentication application is proposed. At the first stage, a robust verification watermark is embedded using properties of indices of vector quantized image using key based approach. At the second stage, the semi-fragile watermark is embedded by using modified index key based (MIKB) method. Robust watermark andVQenhance the security of the system by providing its double protection. The semi-fragile watermark is utilized for the authentication of the received image. Blind extraction of the watermark is performed independently in two successive steps i.e. in the order of embedding. Further, in oder to classify quantitatively an incidental or intentional attack, which at present is not being followed, a quantitative threshold approach using pixel neighborhood clustering is suggested. The existing methods employ the qualitative approach of identifying incidental or intentional attacks. Imperceptibility of watermarked image is 41 dB on the average, and it is also possible to detect and locate tamper with very high sensitivity. The present scheme is compared with the existing algorithms. The performance of proposed algorithm has been tested on various practical images. It outperforms in distinguishing malicious tampering from content preserving changes and the tampered regions are accurately localized.

Fragile watermarking schemes for image authentication: a survey

This paper presents a survey of fragile watermarking schemes for image authentication proposed in the past decade. The limited embedding capacity and extent of tampering are some of the important issues among other issues that drive the research in this area. Therefore we have presented in this survey the gist of the fragile watermarking schemes in just enough detail so that the reader may gain a fair idea of the issues, techniques adopted in general to address them and the comparison of results. The general frame work of the fragile watermarking system, different categories of attacks and parameters used to evaluate the schemes are presented in this survey. The comparative analysis and the quantitative comparison of basic schemes and their variations with improvements will help the researchers in quick review of the recent developments in this area.

Intelligent Watermarking Scheme for image Authentication and Recovery

Recently, researchers have proposed semi-fragile watermarking techniques with the additional capability of image recovery. However, these approaches have certain limitations with respect to capacity, imperceptibility, and robustness. In this paper, we are proposing two independent watermarks, one for image recovery and the other for authentication. The first watermark (image digest), a highly compressed version of the original image itself, is used to recover the distorted image. Unlike the traditional quantisation matrix, genetic programming based matrices are used for compression purposes. These matrices are based on the local characteristics of the original image. Furthermore, a second watermark, which is a pseudo-random binary matrix, is generated to authenticate the host image precisely. Experimental results show that the semi-fragility of the watermarks makes the proposed scheme tolerant of JPEG lossy compression and it locates the tampered regions accurately.

Review on watermarking scheme for image authentication and tamper detection

Review on watermarking scheme for image authentication and tamper detection

DCT based efficient fragile watermarking scheme for image authentication and restoration

Due to rapid development of Internet and computer technology, image authentication and restoration are very essential, especially when it is utilized in forensic science, medical imaging and evidence of court. A quantization and Discrete Cosine Transform(DCT) based self-embedding fragile watermarking scheme with effective image authentication and restoration quality is proposed in this paper. In this scheme, the cover image is divided in size of 2×2 non-overlapping blocks. For each block twelve bits watermark are generated from the five most significant bits (MSBs) of each pixel and are embedded into the three least significant bits (LSBs) of the pixels corresponding to the mapped block. The proposed scheme uses two levels encoding for content restoration bits generation. The restoration is achievable with high PSNR and NCC up to 50 % tampering rate. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme not only outperforms high quality restoration effectively, but also removes the blocking artifacts and improves the accuracy of tamper localization due to use of very small size blocks.

A Survey of Transform Domain based Semifragile Watermarking Schemes for Image Authentication

Image authentication is key research area for researchers’ world over due to its important function in multimedia content authentication. Hence it’s essential to check integrity of images before it can be put to use, in some applications such as medical, military and quality control images. In order to protect authenticity of images many approaches have been proposed, semifragile watermarking scheme is found useful in most of the practical applications. The aim of this paper is to present survey and comparison of transform domain based semifragile watermarking techniques for image authentication. Different transform domain methods used for semifragile watermark embedding are compared based on peak signal to noise ratio and mean square error. Comparative study reflects that selection of methods and parameters are application specific. Furthermore important requirements for an effective image authentication algorithm are also discussed.

Authentication of DICOM medical images using independent component analysis (ICA)

This paper proposes a blind content-based watermarking scheme for image authentication using ICA and DCT. The watermark to be embedded is obtained from the host image itself in terms of the Frobenius norm of the mixing matrix obtained during ICA. These are embedded in the mid-frequency DCT coefficients. The proposed method correctly authenticates the image even under normal image processing operations and it correctly detects tampering and identifies the tampered regions of the image. The average PSNR value in this proposed ICA-based technique is around 97 which makes it superior than the existing watermarking techniques.

Multiple Watermarking Scheme for Image Authentication and Copyright Protection using Wavelet based Texture Properties and Visual Cryptography

Advancement in communication medium is producing large volume of digital information which needs to be protected. Watermarking is a technique that is used to hide secret signal into digital signal in a manner that does not reduce overall quality of the original signal. In relation to digital image watermarking, another area that is drawing attention is the multiple watermarking, where more than one watermark is embedded into single multimedia object. Multiple watermarks are normally proposed as a method to provide extra security to an image by embedding two or more secret messages into the cover image. In the present research work, the concept of multiple watermarking is used to hide both copyright and authentication information into a color image. For this purpose a wavelet transformation based on texture properties and secret sharing us ing visual cryptography is used. Experimental results indicate that the proposed watermarking scheme is highly robust and does not degrade the original signal. General Terms Steganography, Cryptography, Watermarking.

A Hierarchical Fragile Watermarking with VQ Index Recovery

This paper proposes a hierarchical fragile watermarking scheme for image authentication with localization and recovery. Two phases are exploited for pixel-wise and block-wise authenticity. By applying the singular value decomposition (SVD), only a few pixels need to be modified to carry these watermark bits so we can produce high quality of the watermarked image and achieve the integrity verification of blocks. Pixel-wise tampering detection and recovery is also realized in this proposed scheme. Altered pixels in each block can be exactly localized using the authentication bits. Accordingly, unaltered pixels remain unchanged but only altered pixels need to be recovered. In the image recovery stage, instead of replacing the whole block identified as tampered, elements belonging to associated VQ codeword are restored for those altered pixels. In this way, the quality of recovered image is better than replacing whole altered block by a whole vector quantization block. The experimental results reveal that the average PSNR values of reconstructed images are higher than that of other schemes.

Tampering attacks on binary phase only filter–based watermarking schemes for image authentication

Recently, a category of watermarking techniques based on binary phase-only filter (BPOF) has been proposed for image authentication. In such techniques, the authentication is implemented by evaluating the correlation between Fourier phase information and the hidden watermark bitplane. In this paper, we reveal the security flaws of BPOF-based watermarking algorithms and propose sophisticated tampering attacks against them. We show how the attacker can easily tamper with a watermarked image without being detected. Experimental results demonstrate that our attacks are successful in tampering watermarked images. The watermarking schemes are proven to be fundamentally flawed.

Hierarchical Fragile Watermarking Scheme For Image Authentication

Abstract In this paper, a simple hierarchical fragile watermarking scheme for image authentication is proposed. The important features and parity bits of an image are embedded by modifying the pixel value of the host image. Once an image is tampered by other users or corrupted by transmission, the parity bits and important features can be used to detect and recover the image. The method is effective because the detection and recovery is hierarchical structured such that the accuracy of damaged location and the quality of recovered image can be ensured and enhanced. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.