Watermarking Scheme For Authentication Research Articles

Block mapping and dual-matrix-based watermarking for image authentication with self-recovery capability.

Numerous image authentication techniques have been devised to address the potential security issue of malicious tampering with image content since digital images can be easily duplicated, modified, transformed and diffused via the Internet transmission. However, the existing works still remain many shortcomings in terms of the recovery incapability and detection accuracy with extensive tampering. To improve the performance of tamper detection and image recovery, we present a block mapping and dual-matrix-based watermarking scheme for image authentication with self-recovery capability in this paper. The to-be-embedded watermark information is composed of the authentication data and recovery data. The Authentication Feature Composition Calculation algorithm is proposed to generate the authentication data for image tamper detection and localization. Furthermore, the recovery data for tampered region recovery is comprised of self-recovery bits and mapped-recovery bits. The Set Partition in Hierarchical Trees encoding algorithm is applied to obtain the self-recovery bits, whereas the Rehashing Model-based Block Mapping algorithm is proposed to obtain the mapped-recovery bits for retrieving the damaged codes caused by tampering. Subsequently, the watermark information is embedded into the original image as digital watermarking with the guidance of a dual-matrix. The experimental results demonstrate that comparing with other state-of-the-art works, our proposed scheme not only improves the performance in recovery, but also extends the limitation of tampering rate up to 90%. Furthermore, it obtains a desirable image quality above 40 dB, large watermark payload up to 3.169 bpp, and the effective resistance to malicious attack, such as copy-move and collage attacks.

A block-based fragile watermarking scheme for digital image authentication and tamper recovery

A block-based fragile watermarking scheme for digital image authentication and tamper recovery

Blind video watermarking scheme for medical video authentication

Medical video watermarking is one of the beneficial and efficient tools to prohibit important patients' data from illicit enrollment and redistribution. In this paper, a new blind watermarking scheme has been proposed to improve the confidentiality, integrity, authenticity, and perceptual quality of a medical video with minimum distortion. The proposed scheme is based on 2D-DWT and dual Hessenberg-QR decomposition, where the input medical video is initially processed into frames. Then, the processed frames are transformed into sub-bands using 2D-DWT, followed by applying Hessenberg-QR decomposition on the selected wavelet HL2 sub-band. The watermark is scrambled via Arnold cat map to raise confidentiality and then concealed in the modified selected features. The watermark is extracted in a fully blind mode without referencing the original video, which reduces the extraction time. The proposed scheme maintained a fundamental tradeoff between robustness and visual imperceptibility compared to existing methods against many commonly encountered attacks. The visual imperceptibility has been evaluated using well-known metrics PSNR, SSIM, Q-index, and histogram analysis. The proposed scheme achieves a high PSNR value of (70.6899 dB) with minimal distortion and a high robustness level with an average NC value of (0.9998) and BER value of (0.0023) while conserving a large payload capacity. The obtained results show superior performance over similar video watermarking methods. The limitation of this scheme is the elapsed time during the embedding process since we utilized dual Hessenberg-QR decomposition. One possible solution to reduce time consumption is simple decompositions like bound-constrained SVM or similar decompositions.

A secure DWT-based dual watermarking scheme for image authentication and copyright protection

A secure DWT-based dual watermarking scheme for image authentication and copyright protection

A Block-Based Fragile Watermarking Scheme for Digital Image Authentication and Tamper Recovery

A Block-Based Fragile Watermarking Scheme for Digital Image Authentication and Tamper Recovery

Dual Image Based Watermarking Scheme for Image Authentication

Dual Image Based Watermarking Scheme for Image Authentication

Integer wavelet transform based an effective fragile watermarking scheme for exact authentication and restoration

Integer wavelet transform based an effective fragile watermarking scheme for exact authentication and restoration

An efficient self-embedding fragile watermarking scheme for image authentication with two chances for recovery capability

An efficient self-embedding fragile watermarking scheme for image authentication with two chances for recovery capability

Cost-Effective Watermarking Scheme for Authentication of Digital Fundus Images in Healthcare Data Management

This paper presents a cost-effective watermarking scheme for the authentication of healthcare data management. The digital fundus images are one particular class of medical images and it is widely used for screening mass population, identifying early symptoms of various diseases in healthcare. The mass volume of such data and its management requires an effective authentication scheme, while it is exchanged on an open network. The proposed scheme uses a watermarking technique to authenticate the digital fundus images. The watermark is generated concerning the portions of the original image using Singular value decomposition (SVD) and the remaining portions are used for embedding. The embedding process uses interleaving concepts across the red and blue planes of the original images to make the number of embedding as constant. The constant number of embedding is fixed for the original size of the given image to make the scheme as computationally cost-effective. The experiment showed the maximum capacity of the proposed scheme is 329960 bits for an image of size 565x584x3. It modifies 43% of the total number of embedded pixels against jittering attacks at an average. Comparative analysis showed that the proposed scheme uses only 1/3 of the original image size for embedding by retaining good imperceptibility of 54 dB. The net performance of the proposed scheme is found to be constant and it makes a scheme as cost-effective.

An effective watermarking technique using BTC and SVD for image authentication and quality recovery

Digital image protection has become a major concern in digital communication. Watermarking digital images has long been thought to be a good way to ensure the image quality. This paper proposes a watermarking scheme for image authentication and recovery of tampered images based on block truncation coding (BTC) and singular value decomposition (SVD). Here the image is divided into 4x4 non-overlapping blocks. Then the watermark information for authentication and recovery is embedded into it. The authentication watermark for each block will be generated using SVD and XOR operation, then it gets embedded into it. Simultaneously, the recovery watermark of each block will be generated using BTC and gets embedded in a mapped block. The watermark information gets embedded in two least significant bits (LSBs) of each pixel in a block. The proposed scheme got a higher degree of watermarking with better recovery against various kinds of attacks.

Fragile watermarking for image authentication based on DWT-SVD-DCT techniques

Many fragile watermarking schemes for image authentication have been proposed to protect the integrity of digital images. However, these schemes still yielded unsatisfactory image quality of the watermarked images and low accuracy of tamper detection. In this paper, we propose a new, fragile watermarking scheme for image authentication based on the combination of discrete wavelets transform (DWT), singular value decomposition (SVD), and discrete cosines transform (DCT) algorithms. The feature coefficients are extracted and are used to embed the authentication code by using the quantization index modulation (QIM) process. To guarantee that the extracted authentication code is correct, the Gram-Schmidt process is used to adjust the feature coefficients. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed scheme provides good quality watermarked images and achieves high accuracy of tamper detection under different attacks, i.e., direct cropping and object insertion attacks.

Color Image Self-Recovery and Tampering Detection Scheme Based on Fragile Watermarking with High Recovery Capability

In this paper, a fragile watermarking scheme for color image authentication and self-recovery with high tampering rates is proposed. The original image is sub-sampled and divided into non-overlapping blocks, where a watermark used for recovery purposes is generated for each one of them. Additionally, for each recovery watermark, the bitwise exclusive OR (XOR) operation is applied to obtain a single bit for the block authentication procedure. The embedding and extraction process can be implemented in three variants (1-LSB, 2-LSB or 3-LSB) to solve the tampering coincidence problem (TCP). Three, six or nine copies of the generated watermarks can be embedded according to the variant process. Additionally, the embedding stage is implemented in a bit adjustment phase, increasing the watermarked image quality. A particular procedure is applied during a post-processing step to detect the regions affected by the TCP in each recovery watermark, where a single faithful image used for recovery is generated. In addition, we involve an inpainting algorithm to fill the blocks that have been tampered with, significantly increasing the recovery image quality. Simulation results show that the proposed framework demonstrates higher quality for the watermarked images and an efficient ability to reconstruct tampered image regions with extremely high rates (up to 90%). The novel self-recovery scheme has confirmed superior performance in reconstructing altered image regions in terms of objective criteria values and subjective visual perception via the human visual system against other state-of-the-art approaches.

A watermarking scheme for source authentication, ownership identification, tamper detection and restoration for color medical images

This paper proposes a blind watermarking scheme that has ability of confidentiality, source authentication, ownership identification, integrity, tampering detection and restoration of the medical images. It embeds the hospital logo, electronic patient record and perceptual hash value of region of interest in the mid-frequency coefficients of discrete cosine transform of the region of non-interest of medical image. The region of interest of the image is restored against attacks including the desynchronization attacks and impulse noise attack, and the severity of tampering due to any attack is measured by comparing the difference between the original perceptual hash value of the region of interest and the extracted perceptual hash value of region of interest of watermarked image. Restoration is done that tampers the region of interest of the images. Number of medical image watermarking schemes that show resilient to many different types of singular and hybrid attacks is very few. The proposed method has inbuilt restoration schemes against different attacks such as rotation, scaling, translation, shearing, horizontal reflection, vertical reflection and impulse noise attacks. Comparison with the latest and state-of-art medical image watermarking schemes shows that the performance of the proposed method is superior to other methods.

Color image watermarking for content authentication and self-restoration applications based on a dual-domain approach

Digital image watermarking has been witnessed as a powerful tool that can be used in image ownership identification, copyright protection and content authentication applications. In this paper, a dual-domain watermarking scheme for digital image authentication with self-recovery capabilities is proposed. The proposed scheme has a high ability to recover tampered image regions while pertaining high watermarking imperceptibility and high robustness under various types of attacks. The proposed scheme employs two watermarks: 1) content-dependent, and, 2) content-independent, where the content-dependent watermark contains two-bit sequences for authentication and recovery operations. The authentication bits are generated based on the singular value decomposition (SVD) of each block, while the recovery bits are generated from the average value within selected sub-blocks. The independent watermark is embedded using the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), whereas, the dependent watermark is embedded directly into the first and second least significant bits (LSB) of the image pixels. The developed dual-domain watermarking scheme has exhibited high robustness performance against various attacks with high imperceptibility and watermarking capacity as well. For authentication purposes, the proposed scheme incorporated three developed measures to detect the authenticity of the probe image, and, to accurately localize tampered regions. The experimental results have shown that the proposed scheme has a high imperceptibility, compared to other existing schemes, and can effectively distinguish malicious from incidental attacks with accurate tampering localization. Moreover, the proposed scheme exhibits high performance against moderate-to-strong incidental attacks such as noise and low-quality JPEG attacks.

Prediction-based robust blind reversible watermarking for relational databases

As the size of database grows, the possibility of database corruption also increases. One such example is of temporal databases in which deletion never occurs except in case of vacuuming. A strong security mechanism is needed to find any database modification. In case of any tampering, tampered data should be identified and recovery of original data from the tampered one is also essential. In this work, a new watermarking scheme for database authentication and forensic analysis is developed. The proposed system uses a set of watermark bits to make a validation and recovery mechanism for database authentication. In order to measure the robustness of this approach, online available yahoo financial data is watermarked through this approach and simulation of insertion, modification and deletion attacks are performed. Normalised correlation (NC) and mean square error (MSE) are used for measuring the performance of this approach. Extensive analysis shows that the proposed method is robust against various forms of database attacks, including insertion, deletion and modification. In future, in order to identify the best possible locations for embedding the watermark, optimisation algorithms can be used. Also methods may be developed for enhancing the embedding capacity of the watermark.

Blind semi-fragile watermarking scheme for video authentication in video surveillance context

With the development of advanced multimedia editing tools, numerous unauthorized manipulations are easily doable to surveillance systems video files. Thus, video tamper detection is revealed as a big challenge for multimedia security field researchers. Indeed, we propose herein a singular value decomposition (SVD) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT) based semi fragile watermarking scheme for video content authentication. A content-based authentication signature is firstly generated by extracting reliable features from regions of interest. QR code generation technique as well as Arnold transform are used to boost the security aspect of the watermark. This latter is efficiently hidden in the wavelet middle frequency sub bands through an additive embedding algorithm and then extracted via a blind detection method. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme jointly achieves a good perceptual quality and a high watermark capacity. In addition, it is capable of distinguishing intentional attacks from incidental modifications. Indeed, the proposed watermarking scheme is very fragile to malicious tampering while allowing non-malicious processing.

An effective fragile watermarking scheme for color image tampering detection and self-recovery

In this paper, a fragile watermarking scheme for color-image authentication and self-recovery is proposed. Original image is divided into non-overlapping blocks, and for each i-th block, the watermarks used for recovery and authentication are generated, which are embedded into a different block according to an embedding sequence given by a permutation process. The designed scheme embeds the watermarks generated by each block within the 2-LSB, where a bit-adjustment phase is subsequently applied to increase the quality of the watermarked image. In order to increase the quality of the recovered image, we use in the post-processing stage the bilateral filter that efficiently suppresses noise preserving image edges. Additionally, in the tamper detection process high accuracy is achieved employing a hierarchical tamper detection algorithm. Finally, to solve tampering coincidence problem, three recovery watermarks are embedded in different positions to reconstruct a specific block, and a proposed inpainting algorithm is implemented to regenerate those regions affected by this problem. Simulation results demonstrate that the watermarked images appear to demonstrate higher quality, and the proposed novel scheme can reconstruct the alteration of extremely high rates (up to 80%), obtaining good quality for altered regions that are self-recovered with higher visual performance compared with a similar scheme from state of the-art methods.

A Discrete Wavelet Based Watermarking Scheme for Authentication of Medical Images

The growth and emergence of telemedicine has resulted into considerable increase in the transfer of medical images between various health centers over computer networks for various purposes, such as diagnosis, clinical interpretation, and archives. The security of these images is a serious concern since these images can be manipulated during their transmission over the network. Moreover, as the authentication of the medical images is required for various legal purposes; the information security requirement specifications specified by various legislative rules must be adhered by the concerned stakeholders. In this research, a discrete wavelet-based watermarking scheme has been proposed for the authentication of medical images. The experimental results obtained have shown that the proposed scheme is a secure one and robust against various common image processing attacks.

Robust watermarking scheme for tamper detection and authentication exploiting CA

In this study, the authors have employed a special type of periodic boundary CA (called CA attractor) for image authentication and tamper detection through the watermarking scheme. Authentication code (AC) has been generated utilising secure hash algorithm-512 on watermark image. The cover image (CI) is subdivided into four sub-sampled interpolated image, where AC and secret watermark bits are embedded to enhance capacity, quality and security. At the receiver end, the secret watermark information and CI are successfully extracted without any distortion from four sub-sampled watermarked images (WIs). Additionally, the proposed scheme can successfully determine any type of distortion within the WI that may be possible to occur by various steganographic attacks. Indeed, better results in terms of capacity and quality are experienced after having compared with similar schemes in vogue. The intended outcome brought into the limelight some remarkable sublime characteristics in the field of image authentication and ownership identification without which the technology life is stunted. Innumerable government and private sector facet including health care, commercial security, defence and intellectual property rights are immensely benefited from this scheme.

Semi-fragile self-recovery watermarking scheme based on data representation through combination

The widely available multimedia editing tools and their large reconstruction capabilities make digital multimedia content more sensitive to malicious tampering and manipulations. Therefore, ensuring digital image integrity has become a crucial issue. Watermarking became a popular technique for image authentication. The goal of this paper is to propose a new semi-fragile watermarking scheme for image authentication, localization, and recovery, by using two different watermarks jointly. The embedded information watermark for content recovery is computed from discrete wavelet transform (DWT) approximation coefficients of second level decomposition of the original image and compressed by using Data Representation through Combination (DRC) in order to reduce watermark payload. On another hand, authentication watermark used for both authentication and localization of image tampering is computed by using the block-based watermarking algorithm. Three pseudo-random maps are generated in order to improve the security of the proposed scheme against local attack. Both watermarks are embedded into approximation sub-band of the first wavelet decomposition. Experimental results show that our proposed approach has not only an extremely high accuracy of tampering localization but also a relatively very high recovery rate. Besides, the scheme is able to detect perfectly the difference between malicious attacks and non-malicious attacks such as JPEG compression.