Requirements Of Watermarking Research Articles

Join security and block watermarking-based evolutionary algorithm and Racah moments for medical imaging

Ensuring the security of medical images containing confidential patient health information has become crucial. This paper presents a multipurpose medical image system based on a join of security and watermarking to achieve high data protection. We propose a block-splitting technique applied to large-scale cover medical images and hidden watermarks. In each subspace, we calculate Racah moments and apply a new evolutionary algorithm to automatically select the best positions for moments to be used for watermark hiding. This selection is based on a set of chromosomes with a specific coding strategy and evolutionary operators. The entire watermarked medical image is transmitted, and the extraction process is applied on the receiving side to recover the hidden watermark. Our method aims to achieve an optimal trade-off between watermarking requirements (imperceptibility and robustness) and enhance data protection by combining the proposed method with the three security services (confidentiality, integrity, and authentication). This hybrid combination uses high-performance encryption algorithms applied to the watermark components: the patient’s fingerprint, Electronic Record Patient, and doctor’s face. Watermarking performance and security services are evaluated using different medical datasets (DICOM, Figshare Brain Tumor, Covid-19, CXR, and MuRa images) in the absence of noise and against local or global noise. A comparative analysis with reliable and recent methods in medical image watermarking shows that our method achieves high performance: imperceptibility with a maximum PSNR of 46 dB, robustness with a maximum NC of 0.98, authentication with a maximum PSNR of 36.2 dB, and integrity with a maximum similarity of 0.97.

Image Watermarking Using Discrete Wavelet Transform and Singular Value Decomposition for Enhanced Imperceptibility and Robustness

Digital multimedia elements such as text, image, audio, and video can be easily manipulated because of the rapid rise of multimedia technology, making data protection a prime concern. Hence, copyright protection, content authentication, and integrity verification are today’s new challenging issues. To address these issues, digital image watermarking techniques have been proposed by several researchers. Image watermarking can be conducted through several transformations, such as discrete wavelet transform (DWT), singular value decomposition (SVD), orthogonal matrix Q and upper triangular matrix R (QR) decomposition, and non-subsampled contourlet transform (NSCT). However, a single transformation cannot simultaneously satisfy all the design requirements of image watermarking, which makes a platform to design a hybrid invisible image watermarking technique in this work. The proposed work combines four-level (4L) DWT and two-level (2L) SVD. The Arnold map initially encrypts the watermark image, and 2L SVD is applied to it to extract the s components of the watermark image. A 4L DWT is applied to the host image to extract the LL sub-band, and then 2L SVD is applied to extract s components that are embedded into the host image to generate the watermarked image. The dynamic-sized watermark maintains a balanced visual impact and non-blind watermarking preserves the quality and integrity of the host image. We have evaluated the performance after applying several intentional and unintentional attacks and found high imperceptibility and improved robustness with enhanced security to the system than existing state-of-the-art methods.

Efficient hybrid digital image watermarking

Nowadays, multimedia security is a major issue. Images, video, audio, and text files lose credibility in most times, because they face several attacks related to illegal distribution, duplication, and manipulation of the information conveyed by them. Digital watermarking is an important tool for protecting digital content. This paper introduces an efficient hybrid digital image watermarking scheme. It consists of two stages of Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). The first one is the embedding stage, which is performed by using SVD followed by block-based SVD (B-SVD). The second stage is the extraction stage, which depends on the SVD on the whole image and then B-SVD to get the original watermarks. In this scheme, the watermarking requirements are satisfied, while capacity is increased. Furthermore, watermark detection, robustness, and security are improved. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated by the correlation coefficient Cr between the original and extracted watermarks, and the Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) between the original and watermarked images. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme has a good performance, where Cr reaches 0.9975 and PSNR reaches 45.8605. It is more secure than the previous schemes, when subjected to attacks. In addition, the proposed scheme is compared to the most recent schemes, revealing its superiority.

White Box Watermarking for Convolution Layers in Fine-Tuning Model Using the Constant Weight Code.

Deep neural network (DNN) watermarking is a potential approach for protecting the intellectual property rights of DNN models. Similar to classical watermarking techniques for multimedia content, the requirements for DNN watermarking include capacity, robustness, transparency, and other factors. Studies have focused on robustness against retraining and fine-tuning. However, less important neurons in the DNN model may be pruned. Moreover, although the encoding approach renders DNN watermarking robust against pruning attacks, the watermark is assumed to be embedded only into the fully connected layer in the fine-tuning model. In this study, we extended the method such that the model can be applied to any convolution layer of the DNN model and designed a watermark detector based on a statistical analysis of the extracted weight parameters to evaluate whether the model is watermarked. Using a nonfungible token mitigates the overwriting of the watermark and enables checking when the DNN model with the watermark was created.

Speech Watermarking Method Using McAdams Coefficient Based on Random Forest Learning.

Speech watermarking has become a promising solution for protecting the security of speech communication systems. We propose a speech watermarking method that uses the McAdams coefficient, which is commonly used for frequency harmonics adjustment. The embedding process was conducted, using bit-inverse shifting. We also developed a random forest classifier, using features related to frequency harmonics for blind detection. An objective evaluation was conducted to analyze the performance of our method in terms of the inaudibility and robustness requirements. The results indicate that our method satisfies the speech watermarking requirements with a 16 bps payload under normal conditions and numerous non-malicious signal processing operations, e.g., conversion to Ogg or MP4 format.

Secure Watermarking Schemes and Their Approaches in the IoT Technology: An Overview

Information security is considered one of the most important issues in various infrastructures related to the field of data communication where most of the modern studies focus on finding effective and low-weight secure approaches. Digital watermarking is a trend in security techniques that hides data by using data embedding and data extraction processes. Watermarking technology is integrated into different frames without adding an overheard as in the conventional encryption. Therefore, it is efficient to be used in data encryption for applications that run over limited resources such as the Internet of Things (IoT). In this paper, different digital watermarking algorithms and approaches are presented. Additionally, watermarking requirements and challenges are illustrated in detail. Moreover, the common architecture of the watermarking system is described. Furthermore, IoT technology and its challenges are highlighted. Finally, the paper provides the motivations, objectives and applications of the recent secure watermarking techniques in IoT and summarises them into one table. In addition, the paper highlights the potential to apply the modified watermark algorithms to secure IoT networks.

Hybrid SVD-Based Image Watermarking Schemes: A Review

Watermarking is an important technique for protecting sensitive e-multimedia data and intellectual property. Watermarking techniques are used for many applications such as ownership protection, which is a popular area of research as compared to others such as authentication and local temper localization. There are many image watermarking schemes that have been recently published based on the frequency domain as it can fulfill watermarking requirements such as high robustness and imperceptibility. Singular-value decomposition (SVD) is one of them and is used in many frequency transform-based image watermarking schemes due to its stability and mathematical simplicity. However, there are many schemes that lack robustness against malicious cyberattacks, whereby the watermarks are easy to detect and destroy. Consequently, the proposed watermarking schemes became more complicated and cannot resist various geometric and non-geometric attacks. Thus, there are many existing hybrid SVD-based image watermarking schemes found be insecure. As there is also a lack of in-depth reviews in this domain, the focus of this paper is the analysis of the state-of-the-art in hybrid SVD-based image watermarking. We perform efficiency comparisons to highlight various security problems, open issues, and research gaps. Based on our findings, we additionally provide some recommendations for the development of more robust schemes in the future. This paper provides essential information for researchers and practitioners alike to advance the field of image watermarking.

Novel Octonion Moments for color stereo image analysis

This paper proposes a new category of moments for color stereo image description, called Octonion Moments (OMs). These new descriptors are based on the octonion theory and the moment theory, they generalize the classical and quaternion moments. The octonion moments can be used for any six-layer image stack, allowing us to use them to characterize color stereo images in an efficient, compact and holistic way in both intra- and inter-channel color directions. As a result, redundancies between the six channels of a stereo color image can be well exploited. Tchebichef polynomials are used in this paper to construct the corresponding octonion moments called Octonion Radial Tchebichef Moments (ORTMs). Two applications, image reconstruction and image watermarking, are studied to validate the effectiveness of the proposed ORTMs. In the context of image watermarking, we propose a new zero-watermarking algorithm for copyright protection of color stereo images. The image watermarking requirements, namely imperceptibility, robustness, and security are ensured by the proposed algorithm. This algorithm uses the proposed ORTMs to build descriptors that are stable and robust against image processing attacks and invariant to geometric transformations. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed ORTMs for reconstruction and image watermarking in a comparison to concurrent recent methods based on other types of moments.

Semantic-driven watermarking of relational textual databases

In relational database watermarking, the semantic consistency between the original database and the distorted one is a challenging issue which is disregarded by most watermarking proposals, due to the well-known assumption for which a small amount of errors in the watermarked database is tolerable. We propose a semantic-driven watermarking approach of relational textual databases, which marks multi-word textual attributes, exploiting the synonym substitution technique for text watermarking together with notions in semantic similarity analysis, and dealing with the semantic perturbations provoked by the watermark embedding. We show the effectiveness of our approach through an experimental evaluation, highlighting the resulting capacity, robustness and imperceptibility watermarking requirements. We also prove the resilience of our approach with respect to the random synonym substitution attack.

Zero-Text Watermarking Method for Embedded of Watermark Originality

In this era of technology, the ways to share information among people are completely changed. Technology made it fast to connect with people and share their views within second by using different social sites. The need for hours is how to secure data in a more precise form that can survive by any unauthorized users' raids such as copy, changing, insertion, and deletion of data. These types of attacks destroyed the originality of data. Data may be in any contents shape audio, video, and text but text contents are most difficult to survive from unauthorized access and use. As the content of the text is sharing in soft form over different social sites so the chances of attacks are increasing and the value of the text is difficult to maintain. The purposed solution of securing information or text from unauthorized attacks is text watermarking. Watermarking is the most host topic due to increasing attacks and as the technology is growing. To secure confidential information is one of the necessities of this era for preserving the originality and authentication of contents. In recent years different techniques of text watermarking are using for the security purposes of text. Different techniques and algorithms are used but the main requirements of text watermarking are not successfully achieved. These techniques may not give full access to attackers but the value of the text is degraded. This thesis presents a more enhanced technique to maintain the originality of the text.

A digital watermarking method based on NSCT transform and hybrid evolutionary algorithms with neural networks

This study aims to determine the watermark resistance to different attacks as well as the PSNR level, both of which are essential requirements of watermarking. In our research, we came up with an intelligent design based on NSCT-SVD that fulfills these requirements to a great extent and we managed to use different-sized images for watermark instead of using logos on the host images. Yet we were able to improve PSNR levels and resistance to various attacks. In this paper an NSCT-SVD-based smart watermark model is proposed. We first compare the PSO and PSO-GA algorithms for greater stability using larger SFs obtained by the PSO-GA-AI algorithm. The resulting host image is then decomposed by NSCT transform to obtain images below the low frequency range. Stationary Wavelet Transform (SWT) is performed once on these coefficients and the low frequency coefficients are fed to SVD. Afterwards, SWT transform is performed on the watermark image and the transform is once again taken from the HL coefficients and the LL frequencies are given to the SVD conversion. The rest of image process is insertion. This insertion process dramatically increases the visual transparency and PSNR value. The experiment shows that such a model is able to resist the repeated image attacks with better visibility and power. These results are compared before and after using SWT. We have used a PSO-based algorithm for better results on the False Positive rate in the embedding phase.

Robust and reliable image copyright protection scheme using downsampling and block transform in integer wavelet domain

In this paper, a robust watermarking algorithm in integer wavelet domain using downsampling is proposed. The innovations of this paper can be summarized as follows. First, after downsampling both the host image and watermark, each sub-watermark is embedded into the corresponding sub-host image. Second, four sub-watermarks are encrypted by pixel scrambling and fractional random transform, and the right principal component of watermark is embedded in the host image to avoid false positive problem. Third, two-level singular value decomposition and block cosine transform are performed on host image and watermark respectively, and the dual embedding of watermark is realized. Fourth, guided dynamic particle swarm optimization is used to optimize the embedding factors. The simulation results show that the proposed watermarking algorithm satisfies the requirements of robust watermarking very well. It has large capacity and strong robustness to common attacks. Moreover, compared with the existing related algorithms, this algorithm has obvious advantages.

Dual Watermarking for Color Images: A New Image Copyright Protection Model based on the Fusion of Successive and Segmented Watermarking

Watermarking has been suggested as a generic technique to solve various problems associated with topics in the areas of digital rights management and multimedia security. Most of the early methods were based on single watermark embedding, but there are great limitations when single watermark embedding algorithms are tried into practical applications. The multiple watermarks are intended to convey different information at the same time. Current approaches rely on adding many watermarks in different bands or channels by means of scaling factor and embedding locations that are mainly defined by experts. This brought many challenges in achieving equilibrium between security, robustness, and quality. The aim of this work is to introduce an intelligent dual watermarking model for colour images that ensure image security for copyright protection (dual watermarking for single purpose). To optimize the dual watermarking requirements, the proposed model that employs both successive (re-) and segmented watermarking techniques is to be implemented with a multi-purpose evolutionary algorithm. Genetic algorithm is adopted to determine the embedding locations and scaling factors for different watermarks according to the features of each host image to balance between imperceptibility and robustness. The wavelet transform is utilized for salient features extraction because of its excellent space-frequency localization of salient image features. In addition, the suggested model encrypts the watermarks with the aid of Walsh transform; so that it is difficult to handle the watermarks even after being extracted by the attackers. Experimental results show that the proposed model is more robust against common image manipulation attacks in terms of PSNR and NCC.

WATERMARKING CITRA DIGITAL BERWARNA MENGGUNAKAN STATIONARY WAVELET TRANSFORM (SWT)

Digital Image watermarking is widely used and studied for ownership identification, data protection, and authentication. A good watermarking scheme should achieve the watermarking requirements such as imperceptibility, robustness and capacity. This research aims to make robust and imperceptible watermarking by using Stationary Wavelet Transform. The test is done on two levels of transformation and attacked by Salt and Pepper, Speckle, Gaussian Noise, Blur, Compression and Rotation. The results show that method used in this research gives good impercebtility with PSNR value larger than 70 dB on level 1 and larger than 40 dB on level 1. The Robustness test also shows a good result where Normalized Correction value larger 0.9466 on level 1 and larger than 0.9714 on level 2. This also shows that for imperceptibilty, level 1 of transformation gives higher results than in level 2 of transformation, while for robustness, level 2 achieves better value than level 1. Â

Hybrid secure and robust image watermarking scheme based on SVD and sharp frequency localized contourlet transform

In this paper, using singular value decomposition (SVD) and sharp frequency localized contourlet transform (SFLCT) a secure and robust image watermarking procedure is introduced. The SVD and SFLCT are applied on both watermark and original images and using the properties of the SVD and utilizing the advantages of the SFLCT, noticeable results of the watermarking requirements are obtained. Since most of the SVD based watermarking schemes are not resistant against ambiguity attacks and suffer from the false positive problem, this objection is resolved without adding extra steps to the watermarking algorithm and the suggested scheme is secure and resistant against ambiguity attacks. The simulation of the scheme is implemented and its robustness against various types of attacks is experimented. In comparison with some of the recent schemes this procedure shows high imperceptibility, capacity and robustness and these features make the scheme a suitable choice for the image processing applications.

Optimized watermarking technique using self-adaptive differential evolution based on redundant discrete wavelet transform and singular value decomposition

Imperceptibility, capacity, robustness and security are four basic requirements of any watermarking technique. A new blind image watermarking technique based on the redundant discrete wavelet transform (RDWT) and singular value decomposition (SVD) is presented in this paper to satisfy all of these four watermarking requirements simultaneously. The gray-scale watermark image is directly embedded into the singular values of RDWT sub-bands after multiplying by a scaling factor. The self-adaptive differential evolution (SADE) algorithm is used to optimize the scaling factor values with the aim of reaching the highest possible robustness while guaranteeing a pre-determined watermarked image quality. By the use of human visual system (HVS) characteristics, an 8-bits digital signature is inserted into the watermarked image to solve the false positive problem which is a prevalent security problem for the most SVD-based watermarking methods. The digital signature is used for verification test before initialization of the watermark extraction procedure. Also, considering the existing redundancy in the RDWT domain, the scheme attained a large amount of capacity. Experimental results demonstrate that in addition to achieving a great imperceptibility, large capacity and sufficient security, the proposed scheme obtains a satisfactory level of robustness against image processing and geometrical attacks, simultaneously.

Robust Video Watermarking of Hybrid Based Techniques

This paper adopted a new video watermarking scheme based on hybrid transforms to achieve the watermarking requirements, that is, robustness, imperceptibility, and security. Where In our system first of all, the original video will be divided into frames to transform it using the Slantlet Transform into four sub-bands (i.e., LL, LH, HL, and HH). Secondly, The HL sub-band will be chosen for further decomposition using Contourlet Transform (CT), and then the low sub-band of CT will be selected to decompose it to fixed size non overlapping blocks to employ the DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform) on each block. lastly, to improve the security and robustness, the watermark logo is scrambled using AT(Arnold transformation ) as a prelude to embed it’s on the each transformed non-overlapping blocks. Experimental results show that the proposed system achieves good imperceptibility and high resistance against various attacks.

A robust zero-watermarking scheme for tele-ophthalmological applications

Medical images are watermarked with patient details to impose patient identification in tele-medicine applications. Fundus images comprise of fine features like blood vessels, macula and optic disks. Conventional watermarking methods may tamper crucial information in this case. Even minutest change can distort fine features and affect final decision. ROI (Region of Interest) selection approach also fails here as fine features of fundus images are evenly distributed and it’s almost impossible to properly define Region of Interest (ROI) and Region of Non-Interest (RONI) for medical practitioner. Hence arises an imperative necessity of a watermarking system which does not tamper the fundus images and results in no loss of medical information. This paper proposes a zero-watermarking system which uses singular value coefficients in Wavelet domain for generation of unique identification code from fundus images which is strategically combined with patient ID to generate watermark. Proposed technique suits to the specific requirements of fundus images and optimizes the conflicting requirements of traditional watermarking. The technique aims at unique identification, authentication and integrity verification of medical images. Experimental results reveal the robustness of the system against some common image processing attacks and indicate its suitability for secure exchange of medical images for tele-ophthalmological applications and for storage in large distributed medical databases.

A Review of Watermarking Requirements, Techniques, Documents, Human Perception and Applications for Medical Images

A Review of Watermarking Requirements, Techniques, Documents, Human Perception and Applications for Medical Images

A new reliable optimized image watermarking scheme based on the integer wavelet transform and singular value decomposition for copyright protection

Although image watermarking schemes based on singular value decomposition (SVD) demonstrate high robustness and imperceptibility, they are exposed to the false positive problem (FPP). This drawback mostly occurs when embedding steps depend on singular values while singular vectors are used as secret keys. In this study, a new reliable SVD-based image watermarking scheme that uses integer wavelet transform (IWT) is proposed to overcome FPP and fulfil all watermarking requirements. Unlike in other schemes, the S and V matrices of the watermark are used as secret keys, whereas the S singular vector of the watermark is embedded into the singular values of the host image. The additional secret key is obtained from the watermarked image during the embedding process to increase security and avoid FPP completely. To improve the robustness, as well as achieve balance between robustness and imperceptibility, multi-objective ant colony optimization (MOACO) is utilized to find the optimal scaling factors, namely, multiple zooming factors. Results of the robustness, imperceptibility, and reliability tests demonstrate that the proposed IWT-SVD-MOACO scheme outperforms several previous schemes and avoids FPP completely.