Watermarking Procedure Research Articles

MIWET: Medical image watermarking using encryption and fusion technique

Digital augmentation of contemporary healthcare has directed the expansion of ICT-based systems. At this stage, a variety of telemedical support has been implemented to ensure the provision of medical utilities. Data Privacy, reliability, and credibility are the three security prerequisites that demand constant monitoring and corrective measures. Watermarking and cryptographic techniques offer a potentially viable solution for effectively addressing the aforementioned challenges. This article presents a robust and secure watermarking procedure that effectively safeguards the privacy and accuracy of digital medical data. This work uses a hybridization of NSST and DTCWT to implement a multimodality image fusion method that generates the watermark image. Further, a combination of three transforms namely, NSST, BEMD, and MSVD is used to conceal the generated mark in the carrier image. Also, the weighting factor is computed using HOG-based optimization to achieve a balance between visual quality and robustness. Finally, the marked carrier image is encrypted with a suitable encryption technique for better security. The proposed framework’s versatility, embedding capacity, robustness, and imperceptibility are evaluated, with the results justifying its efficacy. The study demonstrates a significant improvement of 47.65 % over the baseline, thus highlighting the framework’s superiority.

New Blind Image Moments Watermarking Method Based on Evolutionary Optimization of Embedding Parameters

In image watermarking, the locations where the watermark is embedded in the frequency domain and the embedding strength influence the overall performance of the blind watermarking procedure. The present paper aims to propose a new blind watermarking method based on the dither modulation by developing an automatic selection of the optimum embedding parameters that guarantee high-quality watermarked images and low bit error rates during the extraction process. The proposed automatic search method for the best discrete moments subsets is based on an evolutionary algorithm and adopts a specific coding strategy with a group of genes representing the embedding positions. The second part of the chromosome is reserved for the embedding strength coding, followed by the application of different evolutionary operators on the evolution pool. Our study explores the impact of maximum generation, population size, and cutting-point positions with different crossover and mutation rates. The performances under different attack conditions are evaluated, and a comparative study is established with other conventional selection methods and other discrete transforms. Results show that our proposed optimization algorithm baptized EWIMps achieves the best trade-off between robustness and imperceptibility with a peak signal-to-noise ratio varying from 28.33 dB to 59.87 dB and a normalized cross-correlation value from 0.707 to 1.

Vowel and non-vowel frame segmentation based digital speech watermarking technique using LPA method

With the increased use of the Internet in everyday life, data transmission over the internet needs to be secure, so it necessitates the adoption of watermarking. Watermarking is the best solution for securing digital content and ensuring the integrity of the original data. It also certifies digital content and provides the best form of concealing information for permission. In many circumstances, the information is problematic as the use of digital content evolves rapidly. In this paper, we have proposed a novel speech watermarking method based on vowel and non-vowel frame segmentation using the Linear predictive analysis (LPA) method. The different vowel frame segments have been used in the LPA method to estimate the predicted values. The proposed model has used the LPA method, which allows for a more adaptive and skilful demonstration of a novel digital speech watermarking method. Afterwards, the specific locations have been chosen to embed the minimum value obtained from the grayscale watermark image. For the evaluation purpose, we have considered objective and subjective measures. The average SNR, MOS, and BER values of the proposed method are 45.68 dB, 4.55, and 0, respectively. The imperceptibility of watermarked speech and extracted watermark signals using the proposed method have approximately 48 dB, and 59 dB, respectively. The results show that the proposed speech watermarking procedure is more secure, powerful, and subtle than existing watermarking techniques because it reduces time and memory significantly.

Analysis on unit maximum capacity of orthogonal multiple watermarking for multimedia signals in B5G wireless communications

Beyond-5G (B5G) aims to meet the growing demands of mobile traffic and expand the communication space. Considering that intelligent applications to B5G wireless communications will involve security issues regarding user data and operational data, this paper analyzes the maximum capacity of the multi-watermarking method for multimedia signal hiding as a means of alleviating the information security problem of B5G. The multi-watermarking process employs spread transform dither modulation. During the watermarking procedure, Gram–Schmidt orthogonalization is used to obtain the multiple spreading vectors. Consequently, multiple watermarks can be simultaneously embedded into the same position of a multimedia signal. Moreover, the multiple watermarks can be extracted without affecting one another during the extraction process. We analyze the effect of the size of the spreading vector on the unit maximum capacity, and consequently derive the theoretical relationship between the size of the spreading vector and the unit maximum capacity. A number of experiments are conducted to determine the optimal parameter values for maximum robustness on the premise of high capacity and good imperceptibility.

Securing Copyright Using 3D Objects Blind Watermarking Scheme

Recently, securing Copyright has become a hot research topic due to rapidly advancing information technology. As a host cover, watermarking methods are used to conceal or embed sensitive information messages in such a manner that it was undetectable to a human observer in contemporary times. Digital media covers may often take any form, including audio, video, photos, even DNA data sequences. In this work, we present a new methodology for watermarking to hide secret data into 3-D objects. The technique of blind extraction based on reversing the steps of the data embedding process is used. The implemented technique uses the features of the 3-D object vertex’ discrete cosine transform to embed a grayscale image with high capacity. The coefficient of vertex and the encrypted picture pixels are used in the watermarking procedure. Additionally, the extraction approach is fully blind and is dependent on the backward steps of the encoding procedure to get the hidden data. Correlation distance, Euclidean distance, Manhattan distance, and the Cosine distance are used to evaluate and test the performance of the proposed approach. The visibility and imperceptibility of the proposed method are assessed to show the efficiency of our work compared to previous corresponding methods.

Robust Digital Watermarking Techniques for protecting copyright Applied to Digital Data: A Survey

The colossal prominence of the World Wide Web in the mid 1990's shown the business capability of offering media assets through the computerized networks. Since business intrigues look to utilize the advanced organizations to offer computerized media revenue driven, they have a solid interest in ensuring their proprietorship rights. Since the danger of utilizing media data, advanced fabrications, and unapproved sharing (robbery) of
 computerized content has expanded among content makers, merchants and clients. Today mixed media data theft alone has exposed all the enterprises to multi-billion income misfortunes. Customary advanced substance security methods, for example, encryption and scrambling, alone can't give satisfactory insurance of copyrighted substance, in light of the fact that these advances can't ensure computerized content whenever they are decoded. One approach to debilitate illicit duplication is to embed data known as watermark, into possibly weak information so that it is difficult to isolate the watermark from the information. Computerized watermarking is the way toward embedding’s an advanced sign or example inside a computerized picture, which gives proof of realness. This paper presents a study on different data concealing strategies and depicts characterization of advanced Watermarking procedures.

Recent trends in image watermarking techniques for copyright protection: a survey

Digital copyright protection signifies the technology of rights protection, utilization control, and management of digital substances in the activity of production, propagation, retailing, and consumption. In the era of digital boom in information technology and multimedia, malicious exploitations and piracy have become a global phenomenon; thus, the need for digital content protection is inexorable. Image watermarking has been advocated universally to resolve innumerable dilemmas correlated with issues in the fields of digital rights management and multimedia security. According to anticipated applications, various suitable image watermarking procedures have been designed to safeguard the copyright of digital subjects. In this study, contemporary developments of digital image watermarking techniques are appraised so as to identify state-of-the-art practices and their limitations. This research contribution will be expedient for the academics in instigating efficient watermarking techniques for copyright authentication.

FFT-Based Data Hiding on Audio in LWT-Domain Using Spread Spectrum Technique

Audio watermarking is a process to hide digital data without being seen or heard by the sense of sight or hearing. Watermaking is applied to insert the copyright on digital media, such as an image file, an audio file or a video file. In this paper, we propose watermarking procedure to embed spread spectrum watermark into frequency domain of adaptive selected subband from host audio. Lifting Wavelet Transform (LWT) is used to decompose the host audio into several subbands, and then Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) transforms selected several subbands with lowest energy. The watermark image is converted into one-dimensional signal, then it is modulated by imperceptible pseudo-noise (PN) code with controlled gain. Next, the frequency domain of audio is added by modulated and imperceptible watermark prior to transforming it to time domain by Inverse FFT (IFFT) obtaining watermarked subbands. Finally, the watermarked subbands are combined with other unused subbands by inverse LWT (ILWT) becoming the perfect version of watermarked audio. The result of this method has good robustness against most attacks from stirmark benchmark experiments, good imperceptibility with Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) more than 30 dB and payload 172.66 bps.

A tamper detection suitable fragile watermarking scheme based on novel payload embedding strategy

Intentional tampering in digital image content is one of the common malpractices in the current digital arena. So in this paper, the authors have proposed a novel fragile watermarking scheme for the localization of tampered image content effectively. Proposed fragile watermarking scheme detects forged image content robustly in block level of two consecutive pixels. In this work, the watermark embedding procedure is comprised of two phases- i.e., authentication code generation from some selected salient bits of each pixel of the original image content, and encryption of the authentication code before realizing it for embedding into the insignificant bits of each pixel in the original cover image. The authentication code is computed from each block using Hamming Code. Subsequently, the encrypted code is concealed into the pixels of that particular block using the suggested payload embedding strategy i.e., pixel adjustment process. The proposed fragile watermarking procedure ensures the high level of security since the encrypted authentication code is embedded into the cover image through an indirect mechanism i.e. block-level pixel adjustment process. This scheme has been implemented and tested on several grayscale images in order to confirm the tampering detection capability against various image manipulation attacks. The experimental results exhibit better performance in terms of various perceptual quality measures like peak signal to noise ratio, structural similarity index, and image fidelity. Further, the presented results demonstrate that the scheme is suitable for detecting whether a concerned image has undergone any form of tampering or not and achieves standard results in terms of false-positive rate, false-negative rate, true positive rate, tamper detection accuracy, and normalized cross-correlation.

A Secure and Robust Digital Image Watermarking Techniques

This paper speaks to various Digital Watermarking systems which allows a person to include unseen copyright see just as some other confirmation messages to pictures with the goal that it very well may be shielded from the unapproved get to. The principle point of paper is to investigate the examination of different digital picture watermarking schemes and it likewise exhibits that all these watermarking strategies gives picture watermarking full protection and sensible limit. Here hybrid Image watermarking procedure which takes the benefits of various transforms like DWT, DCT, SVD and Arnold Transform, which improves greater security and gives heartiness to the watermark. In this paper technique, picture is separated into a few gatherings of edges, and one of the casings is chosen where watermark will be implanted. Before embed watermark in a choose casing it will be pre-handled with Arnold Transform which will give security to it.

CERTAIN INVESTIGATIONS ON REVERSIBLE IMAGE WATERMARKING

Objectives: To protect secret information in a digital medium without compromising robustness. There are many approaches introduced regarding the importance of utilizing medical, military and natural images for image watermarking procedure. Reversible watermarking is appreciated that the original media can be recovered without any loss of information after extracting stego-data. With an aim to provide higher security and robustness, certain investigations have been done on reversible image watermarking. Methods/Statistics: This research work mainly addresses on privacy, reversibility, payload and robustness related goals. Considering these challenges, three parts of image watermarking techniques, namely proposed Bi-orthogonal Wavelet Transform and Importance Measure Model (BWT and IMM), introduced Dynamic Prediction Error Integrated Reversible Image Watermarking (DPEIRIW) and proposed Multi Wavelet Transform based and Oppositional Particle Swarm Optimization (MWT - OPSO) are introduced to improvise the data hiding performance. Findings: The methodologies introduced in this research work not only surpass other approaches with considerations to a variety of incursions, but still maintains a satisfactory image quality. From the experimental results, it is clearly understood that this suggested approach MWT and OPSO attains the average PSNR of 59.84 dB and average NC of 1, which is minimal when comparedwith the all the other existing strategies. Applications/Improvements: As the ongoing trend is now towards multi-core computing and the requirements for the real time video communication is very much in demand, the ownership right information also required to be preserved. It could be a great future direction to deploy this design approach under multi-core platforms. Keywords: Correlation Coefficient, Entropy, Importance Measure Model, OPSO Biorthogonal DWT, Prediction Error, Reversible Watermarking, NC, PSNR

Hybrid secure and robust image watermarking scheme based on SVD and sharp frequency localized contourlet transform

In this paper, using singular value decomposition (SVD) and sharp frequency localized contourlet transform (SFLCT) a secure and robust image watermarking procedure is introduced. The SVD and SFLCT are applied on both watermark and original images and using the properties of the SVD and utilizing the advantages of the SFLCT, noticeable results of the watermarking requirements are obtained. Since most of the SVD based watermarking schemes are not resistant against ambiguity attacks and suffer from the false positive problem, this objection is resolved without adding extra steps to the watermarking algorithm and the suggested scheme is secure and resistant against ambiguity attacks. The simulation of the scheme is implemented and its robustness against various types of attacks is experimented. In comparison with some of the recent schemes this procedure shows high imperceptibility, capacity and robustness and these features make the scheme a suitable choice for the image processing applications.

Robust hybrid image watermarking scheme based on KAZE features and IWT-SVD

Digital watermarking is a critical technique for digital rights management (DRM). In the last decade, the local feature-based watermarking schemes have attracted much attention because of their remarkable robustness against geometrical attacks, which will destroy the synchronization between watermark embedding and detection. However, they only used local feature and thus their robustness is based on invariances of the particular local features, which still have limitations when suffering various signal processing attacks. To address this problem, a robust hybrid color image watermarking scheme (RHIW) is proposed in our study by fusing a local feature-based watermarking procedure with a traditional transform domain-based watermarking procedure. In the local feature-based procedure, watermarks are embedded into significant bit-planes of the KAZE feature regions repeatedly by modifying their histograms. In the transform domain-based procedure, watermark is embedded into the IWT-SVD domain by modifying the entries of left singular vector matrices. For a queried image, all the watermarks of KAZE-based and IWT-SVD-based procedures are extracted and compared with the original watermark. Then, the comparison results are fused following an attention-based fusion method to identify the copyright ownership. The experimental results demonstrate that RHIW is sufficient robust not only against geometrical attacks such as cropping, row & column removal and rotation attacks, but also against various common signal processing attacks such as filtering, noise addition, brightness modification and contrast modification, which outperforms state-of-the-art local feature-based watermarking schemes.

Wavelet transform and pixel strength-based robust watermarking using dragonflyoptimization

The exponential growth of the information technology has created a pathetic panorama in the field of Health Information System (HIS) that draws the attention of the researchers. Watermarking is a trending topic that provides security to the encapsulated secret code in the medical image and hence, ensures security to the medical images and contributes towards efficient information extraction. The images arelikely to be attacked by intruders, which may be intentional or accidental attack of noises. Therefore, the verification of the image and its related data is necessary.Keeping the security and distortion free watermarking as an objective, this paper proposes a robust watermarking approach that depends upon weight of the pixels. The image makes use of DWT to extract the high and the low frequency bands to select the effective pixels for watermarking. The dragonfly optimization determines the effective pixel that follows the objective function based on ENeGW (Edge level, Neighbourhood strength, Gradient energy, and Wavelet energy) of the pixel. Experimentation is rendered on medical retinal image using patient data as a watermark, and the comparative study is made on the suggested watermarking procedure with the existing methods, such as random selection, PSO, and genetic algorithm. The comparative performance analysis is done and its outcome shows the supremacy of the suggested methodology.

Robust image watermarking scheme using bit-plane of hadamard coefficients

Nowadays, due to widespread usage of the Internet, digital contents are distributed quickly and inexpensively throughout the world. Watermarking techniques can help protect authenticity of digital contents by identifying their owners. In a watermarking procedure, owner information may be embedded in the spatial domain or transform domain of host images. Since watermarking algorithms must be tamper resistant and transparent, we present a watermarking method based on a transform domain. In this method, we employ Hadamard transform as it requires simpler operations compared to other transforms such as discrete cosine transform (DCT) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT) while it still attains robustness. We analyze each bit of the Hadamard’s coefficients in terms of robustness and transparency for hiding the watermark information and find a bit-plane that maintains both robustness and transparency. After that, watermark information is hidden redundantly in the selected bit-plane. The proposed extraction algorithm is classified as a blind algorithm since it extracts all versions of the concealed watermark with no information from the host image. The output of the extraction algorithm is a logo obtained by an intelligent voting among all versions of the hidden logo. The experimental results show that the proposed method, while providing transparency, is robust against many image processing attacks such as compression, image cropping and Gaussian filtering.

Audio Activity Detection for Watermarking Based on Wavelet Denoising

Objectives: The watermark embedding in Non-Activity Region (NAR) of the underlying audio signal results for the degradation of audio quality. This research focused on the development of audio activity detection method for the audio watermarking procedure to prevent from watermark embedding in the NAR. Methods/Statistical Analysis: We propose the audio activity detection method based on the wavelet denoising algorithm to classify the NAR in audio signal. We experiment and apply three- type wavelet denoising algorithms, subsequently the wavelet denoising algorithms showed the same performance. We analyze the audio quality by the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) for two cases that the embedding and non-embedding of watermark in the NAR. Findings: We surveyed the effects on the watermarking embedding in the NAR. Decreasing a payload on watermarking, the watermark embedding in the NAR increases the audio quality in SNR and audio test by MUSHRA (Multi Stimulus Test with Hidden Reference and Anchor). In extraction process the extraction rate of embedded watermark is slightly increasing when our method is applied. In comparisons of the other research results such as DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform) based method and MFCC (Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients) based method, our method has the better accuracy in AAD. And also our method is in low complexity for the analysis of computational complexity by the effective computational structure of filter bank for implementation of wavelet filter. In additional research results, we find out that the audio signal in the NAR has a random- like pattern by the analysis of power spectrum of it.In statistical experiment a signal in NAR analyzed by statistical parameters such as mean and variance. As a result, our method is effective for computational complexity and produces good audio quality for the watermark embedding procedure. Improvements/Applications: Our method for audio activity detection is very effective computational complexity and produces high audio quality for watermark embedding procedure. It is applicable for the audio watermarking system for high- quality watermarked audio signal.

Numbering with spiral pattern to prove authenticity and integrity in medical images

With the rapid development of technology in digital multimedia, manipulation and misconduct of digital data are soaring. The watermarking procedure is seen as helpful to protect the security of digital images which are highly confidential such as medical images. In this study, an efficient watermarking method for greyscale images is proposed. The scheme is designed to achieve good numbering pattern, exact detection and image recovery. The proposed scheme uses a unique spiral pattern numbering before implementing the block-based mechanism for embedding. The experiment tests the difference between using normal pattern and unique spiral pattern in numbering, and the results show that the proposed method produces a great quality value of embedded image with great tamper localization and recovery ability. This function can help in proving authenticity and integrity of medical images in the system.

Application of Audio Watermarking Procedures for Mix Music

In this paper we applies typical four audio watermarking technologies to protect ownership or copyright of mix music which is combined two or three pre-existing song. In experimental results, applied watermarking technologies cannot be applicable to mix music and three technologies fail to extract watermarks from mix music. This results is from mix music that does not contain full watermark information. Therefore applicable watermarking technology should development for mix music. The common problem of failed technologies cannot extract the second watermark from underlying mix music.

Polygonal Meshes Predicated Watermarking Algorithm to Avert Misinterpretation of ATM Cards

There is a loophole between the Mazuma card standards followed in the banks and the financial frauds done by the Mazuma card cloning. It undertakes two primary tasks; namely understanding of the traditional standard cash card provided by the banks and a proposed methodology to make them more secure to reduce the Mazuma card frauds. The methodology utilizes the watermarking procedure to embed the customer's unique signature in the magnetic stripe of the Mazuma card which plays a prominent role to authenticate the utilizer. This authentication mechanism is a subsidiary while transaction to secure cash card from being cloned via skimming contrivance. In this paper we compute the Laplacian coordinates and then construct vectors (histogram) followed by embedding the watermark adjusting the state of that histogram. We hide all the users details in this watermark. The watermark extraction is done blindly without referencing the host model. It is also robust and resists the geometrical transformation such as translation, uniform scaling, rotation and vertex reordering.

A blind digital image watermarking method based on the dyadic wavelet packet transform and fast interval arithmetic techniques

We propose a new digital image watermarking method based on the dyadic wavelet packet transform (DYWPT) and fast interval arithmetic (IA) techniques. Because the DYWPT has a redundant representation, like the dyadic wavelet transform (DYWT), the amount of information that the watermark must contain is greater than in the case of methods based on ordinary discrete wavelet transforms (DWTs) and the discrete wavelet packet transform (DWPT). However, the order of the high frequency components is not necessarily the same as the order of their frequency domain. Therefore, in our approach, we rearrange the order of the high frequency components in descending order of frequency components and embed a watermark selectively into higher frequency components. Our watermark is a ternary-valued logo that is embedded into higher frequency components through use of the DYWPT and fast IA techniques. We describe our watermarking procedure in detail and present experimental results demonstrating that our method produces watermarked images that have better quality and are robust with respect to various types of attacks, including marking, clipping, median filtering, contrast tuning (histeq and imadjust commands in the MATLAB Image Processing Toolbox), addition of Gaussian white noise, addition of salt & pepper noise, JPEG and JPEG 2000 compressions, rotation, and resizing.