Watermark Embedding Algorithm Research Articles

Blind watermarking algorithm with 2D-SCCM chaotic system encryption based on SURF and RHFMs

In this paper, a digital watermarking algorithm was proposed based on local feature regions and radial harmonic Fourier moments. It used a quantized modulation algorithm to embed the watermark information into the frequency domain information of the image. Compared with traditional watermarks directly embedded into the pixel values, the algorithm enhanced the invisibility of the watermark. Many existing digital watermarking algorithms neglected the security of the embedding process, because of more attention on the effect of post-embedding and extraction. To overcome this problem, we proposed a two-dimensional hyperchaotic system named 2D-SCCM chaotic system, which used classical sine mapping and cubic mapping for coupling. Before embedding, the correlation among the pixels of the watermarked image was disrupted, resulting in a full process security enhancement. Combining the clustering algorithm with feature point extraction, the obtained local feature region was more stable and suitable for watermark embedding. Results showed that the improved watermark embedding algorithm was more effective for resisting geometric attacks such as cropping attacks. Moreover, the PSNR values of the final watermark-embedded images were all greater than 50 dB, indicating a good balance between imperceptibility and robustness.

Counterfeiting in Depth Synthesis based on Digital Watermarking

The purpose of this paper is to discuss and apply digital watermarking technology to solve the forgery problem in depth synthesis. With the rapid development of deep synthesis technology and its application in various fields, it is particularly important to protect the authenticity and integrity of digital content. Based on the understanding of digital watermarking, this paper explores an experimental design, which uses watermarking embedding and extraction algorithms and forgery detection technology to solve the problem of deep forgery, protect the copyright, integrity and anti-copy of digital products. In order to improve the robustness and reliability of the watermark, a suitable watermark embedding and extraction algorithm is designed by analyzing the characteristics of deep synthesis forged media in the experimental process. Then select the data set containing the original digital media and the deep synthetic forged samples, extract the features of the two, and find out the features that distinguish the differences between the two. Finally, the forgery detection technology is used to evaluate the performance of digital watermarking technology in depth forgery detection. In this paper, digital watermarking technology is used to provide an effective solution to the problem of forgery in depth synthesis, which can be applied to protect intellectual property rights, prevent tampering and forgery, and protect the authenticity and integrity of digital media content.

Adaptive bistable stochastic resonance based blind watermark extraction in discrete cosine transform domain

AbstractBlind watermark extraction in discrete cosine transform (DCT) domain has a wide application prospect as well as a challenging subject. The imperceptibility of watermark signal makes watermark extraction a weak signal reception issue in essence. For DCT coefficients of host image generally disobey Gaussian distribution, at which the performance of linear correlated reception is no longer optimal. Aiming at this, a novel blind watermark extraction scheme combining the uncorrelated reception with adaptive bistable stochastic resonance (ABSR) technique is proposed. First, by block DCT transformation for host image, an additive watermark embedding algorithm is introduced, in which the watermarked image can be converted to one dimensional time domain weak signal (binary watermark image) reception under additive Laplacian noise (selected DCT coefficients). On this basis, through the key technology research on quantitatively cooperative resonance relationship under Laplacian noise, the ABSR system can be implemented by bistable system parameters self‐adaptive adjustment, in which the ABSR system output signal will be enhanced rather than be weakened by random noise. Finally, the ABSR‐based watermark extraction scheme is investigated, and both the visual effect, bit error ratio performance and robustness of proposed scheme are testified to be superior to that of traditional uncorrelated extraction.

A Multi-Watermarking Algorithm for Medical Images Using Inception V3燼nd燚CT

Medical images are a critical component of the diagnostic process for clinicians. Although the quality of medical photographs is essential to the accuracy of a physician’s diagnosis, they must be encrypted due to the characteristics of digital storage and information leakage associated with medical images. Traditional watermark embedding algorithm embeds the watermark information into the medical image, which reduces the quality of the medical image and affects the physicians’ judgment of patient diagnosis. In addition, watermarks in this method have weak robustness under high-intensity geometric attacks when the medical image is attacked and the watermarks are destroyed. This paper proposes a novel watermarking algorithm using the convolutional neural networks (CNN) Inception V3 and the discrete cosine transform (DCT) to address above mentioned problems. First, the medical image is input into the Inception V3 network, which has been structured by adjusting parameters, such as the size of the convolution kernels and the typical architecture of the convolution modules. Second, the coefficients extracted from the fully connected layer of the network are transformed by DCT to obtain the feature vector of the medical image. At last, the watermarks are encrypted using the logistic map system and hash function, and the keys are stored by a third party. The encrypted watermarks and the original image features are performed logical operations to realize the embedding of zero-watermark. In the experimental section, multiple watermarking schemes using three different types of watermarks were implemented to verify the effectiveness of the three proposed algorithms. Our NC values for all the images are more than 90% accurate which shows the robustness of the algorithm. Extensive experimental results demonstrate the robustness under both conventional and high-intensity geometric attacks of the proposed algorithm.

Video adaptive watermark embedding and detection algorithm based on phase function equation

Abstract In order to improve the video watermark embedding strength and balance the transparency of the watermark system, this paper proposes a combination of all phase Biorthogonal Transform and watermark embedding to complete the experiment. Firstly, the all phase biorthogonal transform is described. Referring to the construction process of APBT, combined with APDF and DST, a new all phase biorthogonal transform, all phase discrete sinusoidal biorthogonal transform (APDSBT), is proposed. This paper makes full use of MPEG-2 compression format to embed watermark directly in DCT domain. The low-frequency coefficients in the DCT block of the brightness space of I frame are selected as the watermark embedding space. The brightness component of each image block is transformed by two-dimensional DCT in the unit of 8×8 image blocks. By introducing the idea of energy receiver into the detection of digital watermark, the following correlation detector can be obtained. Implemented with MATIAB and VC + +. In the experiment, the foreman video test sequence is used as the watermark carrier, and the copyright logo image designed by ourselves is used as the watermark image to test the video watermarking system. The results show that when the coding rate is 3Mvps, the accuracy of each plane is 100%, 98.48%, 98.12% and 96.27% respectively. When the coding rate is 2.6Mvps, the accuracy of each plane is 100%, 96.38%, 94.87% and 95.21% respectively. This algorithm selects the frame of video to embed watermark. On the premise of ensuring video quality, this algorithm is robust to common video watermark attacks (MPEG compression, frame loss, frame clipping and frame rearrangement).

Three dimensional image encryption algorithm based on quantum random walk and multidimensional chaos

With the development of computer network technology, people’s requirements for information security is increasing day by day. However, the classical encryption technology has the defects of small key space and easy crack. The problems of image encryption technology in protecting image information security and private content need solving urgently. As a new type of quantum key generator, quantum random walk has a large key space. Compared with the classical random walk, the computing speed and security are significantly improved. This paper presents a three-dimensional image encryption algorithm that is based on quantum random walk and involves Lorenz and Rossler multidimensional chaos. Firstly, Gaussian pyramid is used to segment the image. Secondly, the Hamming distances of several sub images are calculated by using the random sequence generated by quantum random walk and the random sequence generated by Lorenz chaotic system in multi-dimensional chaos, and then synthesized, and the Euclidean distances between the three RGB channels of the image are calculated. Finally, the sequence value obtained from the remainder of Hamming distance and Euclidean distance, as an initial value is input into the Rossler system in multi-dimensional chaos to generate a random sequence which is used as the key to XOR the RGB channel of the image so as to create an encrypted image. The corresponding decryption scheme is the inverse process of the encryption process. In addition, in terms of transmission security, this paper uses a blind watermark embedding algorithm based on DCT and SVD to embed the watermark information into the encrypted image, so that the receiver can extract the watermark and judge whether the image is damaged by the attack in the transmission process according to the integrity of the watermark information. If it is not attacked maliciously, the image will be decrypted. This operation further improves the protection of image information security.The experimental results show that the peak signal-to-noise ratio of the encrypted image is stable between 7 and 9 and the encryption effect is good, the GVD score is close to 1, the correlation of the encrypted image is uniformly distributed, and the correlation coefficient is close to 0, and the key space is 2<sup>128</sup> in size and the encrypted histogram is evenly distributed, showing a high ability to resist statistical analysis attacks.

A Residual Chaotic System for Image Security and Digital Video Watermarking

Multimedia data security has become a noticeable problem in the continuous development of multimedia technology. Traditional chaotic systems usually require larger bit-width iterative calculations to affect the generation rate of chaotic systems when generating. To solve this problem, we proposed a general Residual Chaotic System (RCS) for image security in heterogeneous multimedia signal processing environments. Based on the Residue Number System (RNS) commonly used in VLSI, we generate the general chaotic sequences by iterating unary polynomial function through it in Galois Field (GF). Moreover, we make use of the Box-Muller algorithm to generate RCS, which improved the speed of operation by a large margin when doing R/B backward transformation. Experiments show that the key sensitivity and plaintext sensitivity of the proposed encryption system are good, and the system can encrypt pictures efficiently and safely. Then, we proposed a watermark embedding and extraction algorithm with block selection. Based on the proposed new judgment conditions, the $4\times 4$ brightness blocks are divided into five categories, then the appropriate types of blocks are selected accordingly. After testing the performance indexes of cypher-text images, including statistical and sensitivity-related tests, all results indicate that our algorithm has good randomness and security. The invisibility is good, the watermark capacity has been significantly improved, and the video bit-rate growth rate is in a good range. The watermark can resist attacks such as noise and the bit error rate under re-encoding and Gaussian low-pass filtering attacks. Compared with other algorithms, the algorithm that we proposed is faster, much more efficient, and more secure. Therefore, it is a practical alternative scheme for heterogeneous communication environments.

Embedding and Extraction of Color Image Digital Watermark Based on Quaternion Fourier Transform

With the rapid development of computer and network technology, digital products, especially color digital images, can be popularized on the Internet, but because of their easy access and large-scale copying characteristics, their copyright protection has become increasingly difficult, and piracy and infringement and other issues are becoming more and more serious. Therefore, watermarking technology has increasingly attracted people's attention. Whether it is using digital or color images as host graphics or watermarking materials, it has become one of the hottest watermarking technologies. This article intends to explore the method of embedding and extracting the color image digital watermark using quaternion Fourier transform, and theoretically analyzes the quaternion representation, quaternion Fourier transformation, and logarithmic polar coordinate transformation of color images. And select the middle and low frequency area of the final real part of the quaternion Fourier transform as the embedding area, and carry out the method and process of watermark embedding and extraction. The simulation results show that, in the most typical attack form, the above-mentioned dynamic watermark embedding and extraction algorithm can not only effectively combat filtering attacks and noise intrusion, but also has absolute advantages in combating shear damage.

A watermarking scheme using intellectual encoding-encryption based blind reversible integer wavelet-singular value decomposition transform for authenticity detection

Image processing plays vital role in analysis, storage and transmission of medical information. Digital watermarking (DWM) is considered as one of the more robust technique to protect patients’ Medical Health Record (MHR) in the field of telemedicine against various malicious attacks. In this paper, a blind reversible Integer Wavelet-Singular Value Decomposition (IWT-SVD) transform watermarking technique based on Encoded-encrypted Watermark is proposed for security authentication. Prior to watermarking, a novel encoding algorithm based on prime number theory with RSA encryption is used and followed by the QR code generation; is embedded into the patient health record. In this paper, different watermark embedding algorithms are discussed and a blind reversible IWT-SVD transform based DWM with novel encoding algorithm based on prime number theory is proposed with the suitable embedding algorithm along with RSA encryption applied for PHR watermark to be embedded in medical images and medical videos. QR code is also used to encode encrypted data so as to ensure reduced data payload. The proposed Encoded-Encrypted based DWM is applied to the medical images Ultra sound image, MRI image & CT scan images and 2-D & 3D medical videos. The proposed method is tested for various key values and it has achieved a PSNR on an average 80 db, SSIM of 0.95, MSE of 0.007, NAE of 0.006, NCC of almost 1 and the time of evaluation is 22 to50 seconds. The proposed technique based on novel encoding algorithm is compared with Huffman, Arithmetic coding, and with some classical watermarking systems.

Development of a Watermark Embedding Algorithm within Digital Images in Frequency Domain using Ant colony Algorithm

In this paper, an algorithm of watermark embedding within digital cover images was developed, in order to guarantee the copyright of digital images. The proposed algorithm depends transform the image to frequency domain, and ant colony algorithm to determine the optimal blocks to execute the embedding process. Many factors affects the achievement of watermark requirement, the most important factors are embedding domain, embedding method, coefficient used for embedding and blocks locations where The optimal location of them, that varies depending on the nature of the image and the attacks. First, we divided the cover image into 8*8 blocks and calculating standard deviation between their pixels to detect blocks of pixels with strong edges, which is considered the best in the embedding process due to its robustness towards the attacks. Then we used DCT (Discrete cosine transform) on blocks to transfer the original cover image to frequency domain and execute the embedding process relying on the proposed algorithm in two coefficients that belong to the medium frequency of the specific blocks from ants algorithm which provides flexibility in determined the most important blocks in terms of balancing between robust of watermark and transparency of the watermark image. The proposed algorithm provided good results in the watermark robustness and transparency in proportion to the nature of cover image towards various types of image processing.

Dual Watermarking for Color Images: A New Image Copyright Protection Model based on the Fusion of Successive and Segmented Watermarking

Watermarking has been suggested as a generic technique to solve various problems associated with topics in the areas of digital rights management and multimedia security. Most of the early methods were based on single watermark embedding, but there are great limitations when single watermark embedding algorithms are tried into practical applications. The multiple watermarks are intended to convey different information at the same time. Current approaches rely on adding many watermarks in different bands or channels by means of scaling factor and embedding locations that are mainly defined by experts. This brought many challenges in achieving equilibrium between security, robustness, and quality. The aim of this work is to introduce an intelligent dual watermarking model for colour images that ensure image security for copyright protection (dual watermarking for single purpose). To optimize the dual watermarking requirements, the proposed model that employs both successive (re-) and segmented watermarking techniques is to be implemented with a multi-purpose evolutionary algorithm. Genetic algorithm is adopted to determine the embedding locations and scaling factors for different watermarks according to the features of each host image to balance between imperceptibility and robustness. The wavelet transform is utilized for salient features extraction because of its excellent space-frequency localization of salient image features. In addition, the suggested model encrypts the watermarks with the aid of Walsh transform; so that it is difficult to handle the watermarks even after being extracted by the attackers. Experimental results show that the proposed model is more robust against common image manipulation attacks in terms of PSNR and NCC.

A Camera Shooting Resilient Watermarking Scheme for Underpainting Documents

This paper designs a novel underpainting based camera shooting resilient (CSR) document watermarking algorithm for dealing with the leak source tracking problem. By applying such algorithm, we can extract the authentication watermark information from the candid photographs. The watermarked underpainting contains three significant properties. 1) Inconspicuousness. The watermarked underpainting is inconspicuous and it will not easily be maliciously attacked. 2) Robustness. We propose DCT-based watermark embedding algorithm and distortion compensation based extracting algorithm, which make the watermark robust to camera shooting process. 3) Autocorrelation. We design the flip-based method to arrange the watermarked underpainting. So that a complete watermark region can be accurately located even if part of the document is recorded. Compared with previous watermarking algorithms, the proposed scheme guaranteed content independent embedding as well as the robustness to the camera shooting process. Besides, the proposed scheme satisfies the accuracy of extraction even when the captured document is incomplete.

Digital video watermarking algorithm robust against video container format changes

A digital watermark embedding algorithm robust against any changes of a video container format with the use of a three-dimensional (3D) discrete cosine transform is proposed. For embedding the three-dimensional (3D) method based on Koch and Zhao’s two-dimensional (2D) method is applied. The image of a digital watermark and its digital hologram as embedded information are used. Embedding is carried out in a YUV color scheme. Computer-simulation experiments are made. The proposed method proved to be robust against attacks of video container format changes.

A lightweight buyer-seller watermarking protocol based on time-stamping and composite signal representation

The protocol allows a content provider to detect duplicate copy of a digital content and restrict the content provider who blames the innocent customer. This paper, proposed a lightweight protocol, which uses composite signal representation and time-stamping for watermark embedding and extraction. We have used timestamp, which tells at what time the digital content was created, signed or verified to digital watermarking algorithms and uses the composite signal representation for minimizing the overhead and bandwidth due to the use of composite signals. The suggested protocol uses composite signal representations and timestamp based methods with digital watermarking scheme for content authentication. Our watermark embedding and detection algorithm achieves a balance between robustness and image visual quality. Simulation results demonstrate that the algorithm used by proposed protocol has an increase robustness and good quality of watermark images as well and withstand against various image-processing attacks.

A novel method for copyright protection of digital videos using SWEA and ZPA technique

Digital copyright protection has become an effective way to prove the ownership and protect the multimedia contents from illegal use and unauthorized users. In order to prove the ownership of a video certain security program is embedded in a video and one of the ways of ensuring the ownership of a video is embedding the watermark in a video. In this paper, a new approach to digital video copyright protection, SWEA (Split watermark embedding algorithm) with Zero Padding Algorithm (ZPA) is proposed. With the help of this algorithm, it is hard to know the original pattern of watermark because of SWEA and minimizing the perceptual degradation of watermarked video because of ZPA. Here we are using ‘db1’ wavelet domain for embedding the watermark in the LL sub-band of the original identical frame (I-frame), based on the energy of high-frequency sub-band in an adaptive manner. SCD (Scene changed detection) is used to find out the identical frame (I-frame). The proposed algorithm has undergone various attacks, such as compression, uniform noise, Gaussian noise frame repetition and frame averaging attacks. The proposed algorithm, sustain all the above attacks and offers improved performance compared with the other methods from the literature.

Patchwork-Based Multilayer Audio Watermarking

A multilayer watermarking system is a system that is able to embed watermarks to a host media signal repeatedly in an overlaying manner, without incurring troubles in extracting the watermarks in each layer. In this paper, we present a novel patchwork-based audio watermarking algorithm that can embed and extract watermark bits successfully in such a multilayer framework. In the proposed method, a new watermark embedding algorithm is designed to ensure that the embedded watermarks in a certain layer do not affect the detection of watermarks in other layers. Adding multiple layers of watermark bits inevitably reduces the perceptual quality. However, to minimize the perceptual quality degradation in multilayer watermarking, the audio fragments for watermark embedding are selected from a set of specially arranged discrete cosine transform coefficients of the host audio signal. Watermark embedding is achieved by modifying the mean values of selected sample fragments. With the use of an embedding error buffer, the proposed system can withstand a wide range of common attacks. To maintain the balance between the perceptual quality and robustness, watermark embedding strength is adjusted according to the specific layer used. The proposed multilayer scheme ensures the independence of the processing in different layers. The effectiveness of the proposed system is demonstrated and verified by extensive simulation results.

A new region aware invisible robust blind watermarking approach

The multimedia revolution has made a strong impact on our society. The explosive growth of Internet access to this digital information has generated new opportunities and challenges. The ease of editing and duplicating information in the digital domain has created copyright protection concerns for content providers. Various schemes to embed secondary data in digital media have been investigated to preserve copyright and to discourage unauthorized duplication. In order to achieve the required level of protection to digital information, digital watermarking is a viable solution. This paper proposes a novel invisible watermarking scheme: a Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) domain based watermark embedding and blind extraction algorithm for copyright protection of color images. The proposed algorithm is optimized in terms of robustness, computational load, and quality of the image. Testing of the proposed watermarking scheme’s robustness and security via different benchmarks as well as comparison with a Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) approach proves its resilience to digital attacks. The results show that the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) value obtained under no attack conditions in the proposed algorithm is above 41.81 dB, which is higher than most of the existing watermark algorithms. The results from the detector’s response also show that the proposed algorithm has a better security performance than most of the existing algorithms. The architecture for hardware implementation of the proposed algorithm is also presented and the results from the architecture show a PSNR value of 44.37 dB. This verifies that the presented algorithm is more effective than existing algorithms such as image adaptive watermarking, image adaptive watermark creation, zerotree wavelet, and 9/7 biorthogonal wavelet lifting.

Watermarking Embedding Algorithm for Color QR code Based on Image Normalization and Contourlet Transform

Watermarking Embedding Algorithm for Color QR code Based on Image Normalization and Contourlet Transform

Watermarking Embedding Algorithm for Color QR code Based on Image Normalization and Contourlet Transform

In this paper, an algorithm that embed watermarking into color QR code based on image normalization and contourlet transform is proposed, which is based on image normalization and invariant centroid theory. For the purpose of enhancing the invisibility and resistance to geometric attack of watermarking, we first encrypt the watermarking with chaotic method before information embedding, and then eliminate the effect of geometric change by utilizing image normalization. Based on the matrix singular value decomposition in contourlet domain, suggests an adaptive watermarking scheme that watermarks are embedded into the above resulted images. Corresponding, we perform inverse transform to the QR code which is attacked by geometric transformation and non geometric transformation including blurring, JPEG compression, noise addition, sharpening, scaling, rotation, and cropping before extracting the watermarking. Thus, we can prove the truth of the attacked QR code by the extracted watermarking which is recognizable.

Identification of IP control units by state encoding and side channel verification

Synchronous finite state machines (FSMs) are the backbone of an embedded controller design. We propose a non-destructive watermark embedding algorithm and a contactless verification method for protecting the design intellectual property (IP) of an embedded controller modeled as a synchronous FSM. The proposed embedding algorithm does not require adding redundant data such as non-functional states or state transitions. The verification scheme does not require accessing internal states, either. The central ideas are based on embedding and verifying an IP designer's watermark at a FSM-level, as opposed to a state level. The embedding algorithm is polynomial in time and developed by a hierarchical state-encoding scheme, while the verification is performed using side channel analysis. For a set of FSMs, both the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed FSM-level watermarking approach are demonstrated.