Construction Of Waterworks Research Articles

Sediment load forecasting from a biomimetic optimization perspective: Firefly and Artificial Bee Colony algorithms empowered neural network modeling in Çoruh River

The service life of downstream dams, river hydraulics, waterworks construction, and reservoir management is significantly affected by the amount of sediment load (SL). This study combined models such as the artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm with the Firefly algorithm (FA) and Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) optimization techniques for the estimation of monthly SL values in the Çoruh River in Northeastern Turkey. The estimation of SL values was achieved using inputs of previous SL and streamflow values provided to the models. Various statistical metrics were used to evaluate the accuracy of the established hybrid and stand-alone models. The hybrid model is a novel approach for estimating sediment load based on various input variables. The results of the analysis determined that the ABC-ANN hybrid approach outperformed others in SL estimation. In this study, two combinations, M1 and M2, with different input variables, were used to assess the model's accuracy, and the best-performing model for monthly SL estimation was identified. Two scenarios, Q(t) and Q(t − 1), were coupled with the ABC-ANN algorithm, resulting in a highly effective hybrid approach with the best accuracy results (R2 = 0.90, RMSE = 1406.730, MAE = 769.545, MAPE = 5.861, MBE = − 251.090, Bias Factor = − 4.457, and KGE = 0.737) compared to other models. Furthermore, the utilization of FA and ABC optimization techniques facilitated the optimization of the ANN model parameters. The significant results demonstrated that the optimization and hybrid techniques provided the most effective outcomes in forecasting SL for both combination scenarios. As a result, the prediction outputs achieved higher accuracy than those of a stand-alone ANN model. The findings of this study can provide essential resources to various managers and policymakers for the management of water resources.

Investigating the Factors Impacting the Performance of Small and Medium-Scale Irrigation Construction Projects in Eastern Amhara

Recently due to their economic value, there has been a rapid increment of water work construction projects in Ethiopia. However, there is a problems regarding their performance, like cost overrun, time overrun, low productivity & low quality. The same is true for water work projects that are constructed by Amhara Water Works Construction Enterprise. This research work aims to identify and evaluate the main factors affecting the performance of small & medium-scale irrigation construction projects in eastern Amhara region-Ethiopia. To achieve the objectives of this research study, five irrigation construction projects were targeted as the population of the study and both qualitative & quantitative data were collected by desk study, questioner survey, and interviews. Total 75 questionnaires were distributed to the respondents and out of these 75 distributed questionnaires, 70 (93.33%) questionnaires were returned. The data collected were analysed using SPSS version 25 and the significance factors were ranked by using their Relative Importance Index (RII). The results show that the top ten critical factors that affecting performance agreed upon by all parties were an escalation of material prices, unavailability of resources, number of disputes between owner and project parties, quality of equipment or machinery and raw materials, unavailability of competent staff, financial constraints, material and equipment cost, local climate conditions cost of variation orders and leadership skills for project manager.

Socio-natural aspects of the causes and consequences of the famine of 1921–1923 in the Volga region

This paper analyzes socio-natural aspects of the causes and consequences of the famine in the early 1920s in the Volga region. Ecological problems of anthropogenic nature, which appeared in this region in the second half of the 19th century, are considered as an essential cause of famine. It was those problems that largely caused periodic droughts and crop failures that led to famine. The author considers large-scale irrigation and land reclamation, construction of waterworks and reservoirs, as well as afforestation, which began in the Middle Volga region in the 1930s, to be important consequences of the famine. Thanks to the interaction of the authorities and society in the implementation of state programs to combat drought and crop failures, in the second half of the twentieth century, it was possible to eliminate the threat of food shortages and the emergence of severe social problems in this regard. The research is based on a number of published and unpublished documents, including archival materials, which contain evidence of contemporaries of the events and processes described. The content of the paper and the conclusions formulated by its author correspond to the current trends in the development of socio-economic and environmental history of Russia.

Исследование фильтрации из оросительного канала методом электрогидродинамических аналогий

Purpose: simulation of the filtration process from an irrigation canal made in an earthen channel. Materials and methods. One of the most common methods in the waterworks construction and operation is the filtration process modeling. In practice, the use of mathematical modeling based on the use of mathematical analogies of various physical processes, which are described by the same differential equations, is widespread. The electric analogy method (EGDA) is based on the analogy between the groundwater velocity and the electrical current flow and allows solving various filtration problems on models of electrically conductive materials. The purpose of modeling the groundwater velocity using the EGDA method is to develop a model similar to a full-scale object, for studying the ongoing filtration processes with its help. Results. A flow net and a filtration velocity profile which were used to study free filtration from a canal in an earthen channel were constructed. As a result of the study, the specific filtration flow rate, filtration rate were determined and a comparison with the values obtained by calculation was made. Comparison of the results obtained from the flow net with the calculation formula showed that their values coincide with an error of 1.26 %. The specific flow rate determined by the calculation method coincides with the flow net value for the selected belt of equal pressure with an error of 2.8 %. Conclusions: the EGDA method allows determine effectively the seepage water losses from the canal, however, when quantifying the seepage flow, it gives more significant errors due to the complexity of complete recording when modeling the real conditions of the object under consideration.

Hydraulic Approach into Olden Agricultural Aqueducts at the Mexican Region of Zacatecas

Civilizations have been able to bloom because of the way they have been historically associated with water resources, especially in seeking strategies to ensure a supply to diverse sectors that require them. Thus, challenges in satisfying water demand are shaped by the particular epoch and geographical area. In this sense, Roman engineering represents a new view of waterworks construction. Above all, it concerns building arched structures to convey water from supply sources to cities; even the hydraulic technology developed by Romans would transcend beyond the time this empire ruled the world. Consequently, this paper shows a brief outlook of some hydraulic systems in Asia, Europe and America settled thousands of years ago. Additionally, a historiographic approach is made for several aqueducts built within the limits that currently constitute the state of Zacatecas during colonial times and independent Mexico in order to evaluate their transcendence for mining, agriculture, and cattle. In addition to the allusion to historical context, the main goal has been to evaluate the hydraulic design of eight olden aqueducts based on current engineering approaches, with the purpose of typifying coincidences between constructive procedures inherited from Roman culture and those used by Spanish conquerors to erect similar civil works in this region.

Socio-ecological consequences during the construction of a multistage system of flood control facilities on side tributaries

A method of protecting territories in a river basin during flash floods by creating a multi-stage system of intercepting flood control systems with temporarily filled reservoirs, with a phased construction of waterworks on side tributaries, including secondary ones. Using the computer programs developed by the authors, the operating modes of the hydroelectric system were simulated for a possible variant of placing their sections on the lateral tributary of the river: in the lower reaches- a traditional hydro system with an earth dam and a concrete spillway, including bottom holes and a surface spillway; upstream- an additional hydro system with a filtering dam made of gabion masonry, into which the missing accumulating volume is redistributed. The calculation of the social effect resulting from the considered method of protection by assessing the reduction of economic damage for settlements located in the downstream of the main flood control hydroelectric complex with participation in the cutoff of the flood peak of an additional temporarily filled reservoir located upstream of the river is performed.

Specific of stress behavior in enclosing rock mass around underground structures during construction of waterworks

By the numerical stress–strain analysis using the method of boundary integral equations and the model of linearly deformable quasi-isotropic model of a layered rock mass has found the nature, mechanisms and specifics of stress state distribution in enclosing rock mass around the powerhouse hall and transformer room of the Rogunskaya Hydroelectric Plant. The influence of stage-wise face tunneling of the powerhouse hall on the elastic convergence between the bottom and roof of the hall as well as on the inelastic deformation of adjacent rock mass is assessed.

Linear System Theory-Based Optimization of Detention Basin’s Location and Size at Watershed Scale

AbstractIn the context of urbanization and waterworks construction, detention basins located in upstream tributaries have become one of the most-effective technical solutions for downstream flood reduction. This technical note proposes a new optimal approach for determining the most-effective design combination of detention basins (in terms of their sizes and locations) in a watershed utilizing linear reservoir theory. The optimal detention basin is obtained by minimizing the deviation of downstream peak discharge from river capacity discharge. With the presence of a detention basin in an upstream river, the flood peak downstream decreases by 33%, corresponding to two scenarios of rainfall duration with a return period T=100 years. The storage volume estimation of the optimal detention reservoir proposed in the present paper demonstrates the high applicability of this optimization approach.

Development of attapulgite composite ceramsite/quartz sand double-layer biofilter for micropolluted drinking source water purification

This study compared start-up and steady-state affecting factors of attapulgite composite ceramsite/quartz sand double-layer biofilter (ACC/QSDLBF) and quartz sand single-layer biofilter (QSSLBF) on micropolluted drinking source water treatment. Results showed that the ACC has suitable pore size distribution in the range of 5–850 nm which is conducive to biofiltration. Turbidity removal efficiency of ACC/QSDLBF was a little lower than QSSLBF, but organic matters and ammonia removal efficiencies of ACC/QSDLBF were much higher than QSSLBF due to biodegradation and nitrification by microorganisms colonizing on the ACC. At stable state, the growth of head loss for ACC/QSDLBF was lower than that of QSSLBF. The complete filtration cycle of ACC/QSDLBF was 52 h. The total CODMn removal rate of ACC/QSDLBF was 20.93 %, in which 90 % of removed total CODMn was achieved at the upper 60 cm of ACC filter layer. The removal of CODMn decreased from 35.89 to 13.16 % in ACC/QSDLBF when increasing hydraulic loading from 2 to 16 m/h. After analysis of efficient EBCT in ACC/QSDLBF, optimized hydraulic loading was 12 m/h. These conclusions would be helpful to practical application of ACC as functional material for new construction of waterworks, especially upgrading of existing waterworks treating micropolluted drinking source water.

Caracterización de las pérdidas por infiltración con análisis estadístico de precipitación y escurrimiento

In this study runoff coefficients for different return periods from statistical analysis of rainfall and runoff and from the curve number method were obtained. For this purpose about 100 basins in different places of Mexico with more than 20 years of record in the hydrometric station were analyzed besides having few alterations by the construction of waterworks, without significant storage upstream of the hydrometric station, with an estimated time of concentration, less than 12hours and with a ratio between the average of the annual maximum daily runoff and the average of the instantaneous maximum annual runoff lower than 0.5. It was found that runoff coefficients increase with increasing rainfall in the basin, but asymptotically tend to a limit value; the slope of the basin is a very important parameter which largely determines the runoff coefficients and the Curve number method overestimates the effective rainfall runoff and, therefore, the runoff coefficient. The overestimation tends to be higher as the rainfall in the basin increases.

Groundwater management: a search for better policy combinations

Excessive groundwater pumping is now a global concern. There is no panacea for this problem, which needs to be addressed through continual policy improvements based on case studies. Good examples of the diversity of groundwater management are demonstrated by the Tokyo (Japan) and Orange County Water District (OCWD, California, USA) experiences. In Tokyo, excessive groundwater pumping was addressed through technological restrictions, including restrictions on the diameter and depth of wells, and construction of industrial waterworks. On the other hand, in Orange County, OCWD introduced a pump tax to purchase external water for artificial groundwater recharge. These two strategies are in striking contrast, from two perspectives. First, while OCWD's main policy tools were tax and artificial recharge, Tokyo depended on technological restrictions and construction of waterworks. Second, OCWD uses a combination of surface water and groundwater, but water supply in Tokyo has shifted almost completely from groundwater to surface water. What are the strong and weak points of each strategy? What causes such diversity? In this paper, a comparative case study was conducted to clarify (1) the institutional contexts causing the diversity of groundwater management and (2) the advantages and disadvantages of each policy combination.

Field application of waterworks automated meter reading systems and analysis of household water consumption

After the construction of waterworks automated meter reading (AMR) systems with a 15-mm diameter smart water meter developed in this study, both the feasibility of field application of waterworks AMR and the patterns of household water consumption were evaluated. Average reception rate was 94.1% due to the communication blackout, and one-to-one communication with RF UHF and Internet (i.e. TCP/IP) was found to be more stable in AMR systems than multiple-to-one communication with RF UHF, DCU, and Wibro. Household water consumption clearly showed seasonal periodicity due to weather factors. Based on the analysis of liters per capita day (LPCD) for 80 households, the LPCD values were found to decrease gradually as the number of residents increased due to the saving effects through common consumption (i.e. washing, cooking, cleaning, irrigation, etc.). Relative to LPCD values of 100 control households without AMR systems, the LPCD values of 80 pilot households with AMR systems were reduced by 5.3%. Consequently, the deployment of developed waterworks AMR systems integrating smart water metering and end-use water consumptions should be encouraged to conserve both water and energy for smarter cities.

地下水管理における政府の役割―バンコクの地盤沈下問題を事例に―

Land subsidence is a common intermittent problem in Asian Megacities, such as Tokyo, Osaka and Bangkok, of different economic development stages. The purpose of this paper is to justify government intervention and clarify policy options against land subsidence problem with Bangkok case. First of all, government intervention is necessary because land subsidence problem can be regarded as an example of collective action problems that are hard to be solved by voluntary cooperation of stakeholders. Especially in case of Bangkok, such cooperation was prevented due to factors including group size, subsidence rate and high cost of waterworks construction. The roles government played in mitigating land subsidence problem in Bangkok can be classified as follows; (1)enacting groundwater law that requires groundwater users to get a pumping permission from government, (2)establishing areas, based on monitoring data, where groundwater pumping is strictly regulated, (3)introducing groundwater fee system to give people disincentive to use groundwater, (4)construction of waterworks. In sum, land subsidence in Bangkok was mitigated by policies that fostered conversion of water supply from groundwater to surface water, which was made possible by not only regulating groundwater pumping but also providing

History of hydrogeology Short description of life and work of Oskar Smreker (1854–1935)

In the article life and work of Oskar Smreker (1854-1935) designer of Ljubljana waterworks born in the vicinity of the Celje city - today Slovenia is described. During his long and successful life he has designed and built many waterworks based manly on the groundwater abstraction all over the Europe and Near East. He was also very prolific writer; he has published many papers related to groundwater flow and construction of waterworks. In the scientific literature he has been known as one of the first authors considering nonlinear theory of water flow through the porous media. After him equation that relates gradient and discharge of groundwater is named. Some literature in German speaking area defines him as one of the founding fathers of groundwater science.

Frost protection of buried PVC water mains in western Canada

Although desirable for many reasons, controlled low-strength material – controlled density fill (nonshrinkable fill) has the potential to promote rapid frost penetration within the trench when used as a backfill material in waterworks construction and repair projects. This paper describes results of a two-dimensional finite-element heat-transfer model study carried out to investigate the effectiveness of various insulation systems for frost and frost-heave protection of buried waterlines. Combinations of nonshrinkable fill with horizontal insulation boards, cylindrical pipe insulation, and inverted U-shaped insulations were investigated. It was shown that, while moderate thicknesses of insulation could be found to protect the pipe from freezing, thermal-bridging effects make the location of the maximum frost penetration depth sensitive to details of the insulation geometry. The use of different combinations of insulating backfills was also investigated, and it was shown that a backfill layer of moderate insulating value placed high in the trench may be most advantageous. Key words : frost, frost protection, insulation, waterlines, nonshrinkable fill, numerical analysis.

Irrigation in the Bajío Region of Colonial Mexico by Michael E. Murphy

TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Book Reviews 679 past who, without benefit of higher mathematics or computers or stress tests, nevertheless managed to solve some extraordinarily dif­ ficult problems, like how to erect a building of stone with largely glass walls, how to transfer the thrust of arches to buttresses, how to raise the huge blocks to construct the great pyramids. The book is to be recommended to all those wishing to grasp something of the sweep of building problems. Marjorie Nice Boyer Dr. Boyer is professor emerita of history, York College, City University of New York. She has published numerous articles on medieval French travel and a book, Medieval French Bridges: A History (Cambridge, Mass.: Medieval Academy of America, 1976). She is currently writing a book on medieval vehicles. Irrigation in the Bajío Region of Colonial Mexico. By Michael E. Murphy. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1986. Pp. xii + 226; illustrations, notes, glossary, appendix, bibliography, index. $19.95 (paper). Michael Murphy brings a vast legal expertise, sophisticated geo­ graphic knowledge, skill and industry in archival research, and a firm grasp of the history of technology to this rich study of irrigation systems in four urban centers of the colonial Mexican Bajío region. The maps that accompany the text’s description of colonial water­ works and the detailed drawings of hydraulic technology and instru­ ments add yet another valuable dimension to this multifaceted book. Murphy interprets historical and legal data in the light of ecological and economic conditions to reconstruct the evolution of waterworks in each center. He examines their technology, the social formations they gave rise to, the political and juridical institutions they fostered, and the specialists they required. The book begins by raising the same questions Wittfogel addressed in Oriental Despotism: What are the linkages among the natural envi­ ronment, the presence and kinds of hydraulic systems found, cen­ tralized political administration, division of labor, and despotic rule? However, unlike the scholars who have attempted to test Wittfogel’s hypotheses by oversimplifying them, Murphy seeks answers to these questions in an immense corpus ofcarefully read and digested archival material, dating from the 16th to the 19th century, and in the ar­ chaeological remains of waterworks. The Bajío region was a semiarid, frontier society, which supplied the mines of Guanajuato with meat, hides, agricultural produce, and textiles. Querétaro, one of the urban centers, as a conduit to the Chichimec silver mines, became one of the largest colonial industrial cities in the world. Rural and urban population growth in the region gradually encouraged the development of irrigation systems and re­ liable urban water supplies. 680 Book Reviews TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Although the crown controlled natural waterways in the colonies, the legal status of man-made irrigation systems remained ambiguous, and therefore water rights and easements were subject to continuous dispute. These conflicts over the construction of waterworks and the equitable allocation of water were played out in complex and varied fashion among private landholders, Indian pueblos, a burgeoning textile industry, and church orders and sodalities. Murphy shows that pragmatic accommodations were frequently reached without formal interference from central government authorities. Although legal ten­ ets could be and often were referred to in court proceedings, custom­ ary precedence more frequently determined resolutions to problems of water rights, and an active market in their sale and purchase soon developed. Murphy’s knowledge of European medieval and Enlightenment legal codes permits him to grasp the kinds of arguments different actors marshaled to defend their water rights, ranging from the prin­ ciples of use over “time immemorial” to “a year and a day” to “ten years” to the ironic decision that customary water rights of Indian groups (who had been resettled) took precedence over later water rights and usage. His findings also suggest that investments for build­ ing new waterworks mostly came from a few wealthy landowners in cooperation with one another, from a single church order, or even from a single individual, rather than from central state revenues. He finds at an early date that the polluting and heavy water-using urban textile industry at Querétaro was pressured by urban inhabitants to pay for building their potable water supply. Murphy is...

Water Works and Irrigation System in India During Pre-Mughal Times

The construction of water-works and the technological changes that took place in the traditional irrigation system in India during the Delhi Sultanate hitherto neglected, need a scientific study. The relevant evidence available in the contemporary Arabic and Persian works, though brief and laconic, sheds interesting light on the engineering skill that went into the construction of water works and the changes that irrigation technology underwent from time to time. This chapter analyses the evidence, contained in miscellaneous sources about the construction of water works, different modes of irrigation and their possible relationship with the life of people. It is divided into three parts: (i) the first concerns with the lakes, cisterns and tanks, (ii) the second concerns with wells, and the (iii) third concerns with artificial canals. Keywords: artificial canals; Delhi Sultanate; India; irrigation system; water-works

Creation of an Early Victorian Suburb in Montreal

A Montréal, le paysage urbain composé de maisons en bande (la "terrace"), surgi pendant les années 1850 et 1860, a maintenant disparu. Il incarnait la rencontre de forces que, seul parmi les grandes villes de l'Amérique du Nord britannique, Montréal renfermait. La "terrace", qui rassemblait derrière une même façade monumentale un groupe homogène de maisons en bande, se confinait à un plateau situé entre la vieille ville au sud et les prestigieuses maisons étagées sur la pente au nord. Ce type d'habitation s'est répandu en quelque sorte grâce aux opérations spéculatives de riches propriétaires fonciers, encouragées par le développement de la ville et le fort accroissement simultané du nombre des logements entre 1850 et 1869, ainsi que le désir, de la part des classes supérieures, de quitter les vieux quartiers repoussants, dangereux et exigus. Des améliorations de l'infrastructure urbaine et en particulier la construction d'installations hydrauliques ont rendu possible le lotissement des terres élevées. La formule ou la mode de la construction en bandes représentait en outre une forme acceptable d'un point de vue architectural et social, et qui trouvait ses racines dans des exemples britanniques, spécialement ceux de Londres la prestigieuse. Il s'agissait finalement d'une formule ou d'une mode, "incontestablement liée à une haute bourgeoisie puissante" qui ne se trouve que dans les grandes villes administratives et commerciales et qui, en Amérique du Nord britannique, ne s'est fortement manifestée qu'à Montréal.

Construction of Mill Dams. James LeffelSome Details of Water-Works Construction. William R. BillingsThe Manufacture of Liquors and Preserves. J. De BrevansThe Manufacture of Porcelain and Glass. Dionysius Lardner

Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsConstruction of Mill Dams. James Leffel Some Details of Water-Works Construction. William R. Billings The Manufacture of Liquors and Preserves. J. De Brevans The Manufacture of Porcelain and Glass. Dionysius Lardner Robert C. PostRobert C. Post Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Isis Volume 66, Number 3Sep., 1975 Publication of the History of Science Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/351495 Views: 5Total views on this site Copyright 1975 History of Science Society, Inc.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

What Water Works Construction Will the Housing Program Require?

What Water Works Construction Will the Housing Program Require?