Water Use Efficiency Of Soybean Research Articles

Effect of nutrition management and irrigation methods and schedule on productivity, economics and water-use efficiency in soybean (Glycine max) chickpea (Cicer arietinum) cropping sequence in alluvial soil

A field experiment was conducted during 2011–12 and 2012–13 at Morena, Madhya Pradesh, to study the ef fect of nutrition management, and methods and scheduling of irrigation on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cropping sequence. An irrigation at 0.6 irrigation water:cumulative pan evaporation (IW:CPE) ratio resulted in significantly higher growth, yield attributes, seed yield, economic benefits and water pro ductivity of soybean compared with 0.4 and 0.8 IW:CPE. Similarly, an irrigation at 0.4 IW:CPE ratio significantly in fluenced the yield-attributing characters, seed and straw yields, economic benefits and water productivity of chickpea compared with 0.6 and 0.8 IW:CPE ratios, whereas height and number of branches increased with in creasing IW:CPE ratio. Sprinkler irrigation resulted in significantly higher growth and yield attributes, seed and straw yields, economic benefits and water productivity of both the crops. The irrigation at 0.6 IW:CPE ratio showed 51.3% and 39.0% higher seed of soybean over 0.4 and 0.8 IW:CPE ratio, whereas 0.4 IW:CPE of irrigation yielded 14.5% and 32.5% higher seed of chickpea compared with 0.6 and 0.8 IW:CPE. Mean response of sprinkler irriga tion was recorded 8.3% in soybean and 11.7% in chickpea higher seed yield over check basin irrigation. Likewise, increases in growth and yield attributes, seed yield, water productivity and protein production of soybean and chickpea were noticed with application of 75% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) + 2.5 t FYM/ha compared with other nutrition treatments. Addition of 75% RDF + 2.5 t FYM/ha also achieved higher system productivity, net profit and production and economic efficacy. After harvesting of the second crop of chickpea, maximum availability of N, P, K and S was recorded under 0.4 IW:CPE ratio, sprinkler irrigation and application of 75% RDF + 2.5 t FYM/ha compared to other treatments.

The Effect of Some Soil Conditioners on Yield and Water Use Efficiency in Soybean (Glycine max L.) Grown Under Water Stress Conditions

ABSTRACT In this study, the effects of some soil conditioners (zeolite, hydrogel, peat) on the yield, yield components, and water use efficiency (WUE) of soybean (Glycine max L.) were investigated in two different irrigation regimes. The study was handled in a polycarbonate-greenhouse located in Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Türkiye, according to a completely randomized factorial design with three replications using the Agroyal variety of soybean as plant material. In a control group, three doses of hydrogel (40, 80, 120 kg ha−1), zeolite (500, 1000, 1500 kg ha−1), and peat (500, 1000, 1500 kg ha−1) were used as treatments under two irrigation regimes as I1 (irrigation made when the water fell up to %10 of the field capacity) and I2 (irrigation made when the water fell up to %50 of the field capacity). It was observed that some doses of the soil conditioners have a positive effect on the examined parameters. However, deficit irrigation decreased or inhibited the positive effect of soil conditioners. According to the results, zeolite application gave the most beneficial results under both two-irrigation management.

Effect of irrigation scheduling and foliar fertilization on productivity, profitability and water use efficiency of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] under climatic variability of South Eastern Rajasthan

An experiment conducted during three consecutive years of Kharif (2013 to 2015) at Agricultural Research Station- Ummedganj, Agriculture University, Kota (Rajasthan) on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill].The experiment consisted of twenty treatment combinations viz., four irrigation schedules (one irrigation at flowering, one irrigation at pod development, two irrigations at flowering and pod development and rainfed) and five foliar fertilization spray of N:P: K (5 g/lit. water) spray at 45, 60 and 75 DAS(17:44:00,19:19:19 ,17:44:00 ,19:19:19 and RDF) were under taken in split plot design with four replications. Three years pooled data showed that the maximum seed yield (1286 kg ha-1) obtained under irrigation at flowering and pod development stage over irrigation at flowering stage and rainfed, but it was found at par with irrigation at pod development stagein soybean. The water use efficiency did not significantly influence under various irrigation schedules. Significantly higher net returns (Rs.19452/- ha-1) and B: C ratio (1.84) were observed under irrigation at flowering and pod development stage, but it was found at par with one irrigation at pod development stage. Significantly higher seed yield (1333kg ha-1) was recorded under foliar fertilization 19:19:19 (5 gm/lit) at 30, 45, 60 and 75 DAS, but it was found at par with 17:44:00 (5 gm/lit) at 30, 45, 60 and 75 DAS over rest of foliar fertilization. The water use efficiency was found maximum (23.46 kg/ha-cm) with foliar spray of 19:19:19 (5 gm/lit) at 30, 45, 60 and 75 DAS.The foliar fertilization of 19:19:19 (5 gm/lit) at 30, 45, 60 and 75 DAS gave significantly higher net return (Rs. 21081/- ha-1) and B: C ratio (1.92), but it was found at par with foliar spray of 17:44:00 (5 gm/lit) at 30, 45, 60 and 75 DAS over rest of the treatments.

Effects of Nano-Potassium Fertilizer on Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Soybean Under Water Deficit Conditions (Case Study: Moghan Plain, Iran)

ABSTRACT In order to investigate the effects of potassium nano-fertilizer on soybean and water use efficiency (WUE) under different irrigation conditions, an experiment was carried out in split plots based on completely randomized block design with four replications in Moghan plain, Iran, during 2014–2016. The main factor included four levels of irrigation (IR), that is, normal irrigation, cutting irrigation during vegetative growth, cutting irrigation during flowering stage and cutting irrigation during grain filling and a subfactor included four levels of potassium nano-fertilizer (NK): control, 1, 2 and 3 kg/ha. The results showed that using potassium nano-fertilizer at all stages of cutting irrigation decreased the effects of drought stress. Also, the highest yield (3.17 ton/ha) and yield components, morphological characteristics and WUE (for yield 0.112 kg.mm−1) were observed in normal irrigation with application of 3 kg/ha of potassium nano-fertilizer. In addition, oil percent and seed protein were strongly affected by deficit irrigation, especially at grain filling stage. According to the results, using 3 kg/ha of potassium nano-fertilizer, resulted in a 25% decreased in the effects of water deficit on morphological characteristics, yield and yield components, especially in seed filling stage decreased about 25%.

Effect of Different Kinds of Water on Growth, Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Soybean

A field experiment conducted at International Crops Research Institutefor the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, India to study the effect of different quality of water on growth, yield and water use efficiency of soybean during rabi 2015-16. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) and replicated fivetimes with three treatments i.e. untreated wastewater, treated wastewater and fresh water. The result of the present study indicate that untreated wastewater affect plant height, leaf area index, dry matter production, number of pod per plant, test weight, seed yield and straw yield significantly. Highest seed yield of soybean was observed in untreated wastewater (22.20 q ha-1) in relation to wastewater and freshwater. Higher value of growth attributes and yield attributes were found in untreated wastewater. Highest water use efficiency of soybean was also recorded in untreated wastewater treatment. This study, it concluded untreated wastewater increased growth attributes, yield attributes and yield and also water use efficiency due to presence of enough amount of nutrient in untreated wastewater and less amount of heavy metal that help to achieve maximum seed yield and water use efficiency in soybean.

Inoculant, nitrogen and phosphorus improves photosynthesis and water-use efficiency in soybean production

AbstractSoybean yield within the Southern Africa falls below its potential despite similar climatic conditions across some agroecologies, replicable agronomic management practices and introduced improved varieties. Understanding physiological processes and water-use efficiency (WUE) of soybean offer information on bridging this yield gap. A field study was conducted in 2017 and 2018 seasons in two agroecologies (Angonia and Ruace) in Mozambique to evaluate the effects of Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens strain USDA110 formerly known as Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculant, nitrogen and phosphorus on nodulation, physiology and yield of non-promiscuous (Safari) and promiscuous (TGx 1740-2F) soybean varieties. Data on transpiration, photosynthesis, leaf area index, radiation interception and WUE from the beginning of flowering to maturity were collected. Transpiration rate varied considerably with interaction between locations, growth stages, varieties and treatments. At podding, phosphorus-treated soybean at Angonia transpired less (6.3 mmol/m2/s) than check plants (6.6 mmol/m2/s). Photosynthesis rate and WUE were distinct with variety, growth stages and inputs within agroecologies. For instance, in Angonia 2018 season, phosphorus fertilized TGx 1740-2F photosynthesized more at flowering (25.3 μmol/m2/s) while the lowest was phosphorus-treated Safari at podding with 17.2 μmol/m2/s. At the same site in 2017, inoculated soybean photosynthesized more at 22.8 μmol/m2/s leading to better WUE of 3.6 that corresponded to 2894 kg/ha yield. Overall, soybean WUE was higher when inoculated than N-treated, while P application yielded better. Results from this study will complement breeders’ effort in developing phosphorus efficient varieties suited for a wide range of changing climatical conditions.

Effects of activated water irrigation on growth characteristics of soybean under drought stress

To understand the effects of activated water irrigation on soybean growth under different drought conditions and explore the underlying mechanisms, an indoor pot experiment was conducted under four moisture conditions of 95%-100%, 75%-85%, 55%-65% and 35%-45% of the maximum water holding capacity (80% moisture) of the medium. Soybean was irrigated with tap water, magnetized water, aerated water, and magnetized and then aerated water, respectively. The results showed that total biomass, leaf area, root to shoot ratio, and root length of magnetized water irrigation increased by 67.6%, 23.5%, 84.6% and 122.8%, respectively compared with tap water irrigation after 30 days of growth under 35%-45% severe drought condition. All the variables were increased by 70.8%, 24.0%, 61.9% and 162.3% respectively in magnetized and aerated water treatment. There was no significant difference for foliar chlorophyll content. The values of the other water treatments were slightly lower than that of tap water. In conclusion, magnetized water irrigation effectively enhanced root growth, root-shoot ratio, and water use efficiency of soybean, and alleviated the negative effects of drought stress under severe drought condition.

Energy-efficient and ecologically friendly technology for growing potatoes under straw mulch

Energy-efficient and ecologically friendly technology for growing potatoes under straw mulch

Water Use Efficiency of Soybean under Water Stress in Different Eroded Soils

Soil erosion could change the effective storage of soil moisture and affected crop water use efficiency (WUE). To quantitative study differences in the WUE of soybean and the crop’s response to water stress for soils with different degrees of erosion in northeastern China, three erosion degrees—(1) lightly, (2) moderately and (3) severely—eroded black undisturbed soils and four years (from 2013 to 2016) of soybean pot experiments were used to control soil water content (100%, 80%, 60%, and 40% field capacity (FC)) and observe the crop growth processes. To study the relationships between erosion–water use–productivity, the following results were achieved: (1) the optimal water content was 80% FC for lightly eroded soil (L) and 100% FC for both moderately (M) and severely (S) eroded soil. Yield (Y) was best in M with the value of 3.12 t ha−1, which was 4.6% and 85.5% higher than L and S, respectively. Under the conditions of adequate water supply, there was no significant change in Land M, but the values were significantly different for the S ( p < 0.05). (2) Y and biomass (B) were sensitive to water stress except in the branching stage. (3) The values of WUEY and WUEB for the three eroded soils were the best at 80% FC. The stress coefficient (SF) values of the three eroded soils were not significantly different. In the flowering and pod formation stage, the SF reached the maximum under waterlogging stress. While the water shortage stress reached the maximum in the seed filling stage, the soil water content decreased by 10%, and the WUEB decreased by 15%, which was 2.5 times more powerful than the waterlogging stress. This study indicated the change in soybean growth with respect to the water response caused by soil erosion, and provided a scientific basis and data for the reasonable utilization of black soil with different erosion intensities. The results also provided important parameters for the growth of simulated crops.

Carbon dioxide and temperature elevation effects on crop evapotranspiration and water use efficiency in soybean as affected by different nitrogen levels

Rising concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is reported to cause fertilization effect resulting in enhanced crop biomass and yields and may alter the water use of plants. However, factors like air temperature and nitrogen (N) management could modify the feedbacks of CO2 on crop water use. Hence, this field study was carried out in open top field chambers (OTC) for two crop seasons to investigate the interactive effects of climate and N on evapotranspiration, yield and water use efficiency in soybean (Glycine max L.). Soybean crop was grown under three climate conditions (ambient : AC, elevated CO2 : eC, and co-elevation of both CO2 and temperature : eCeT) and four N treatments during July to October 2016 and 2018. Elevation of CO2 was done to the level of 535–540 μmol mol−1, and temperature was elevated by about 2 °C above ambient. The four N levels were N0, N50, N100 and N150 referring to 0, 50, 100 and 150% of recommended N dose (30 kg N ha−1). Crop evapotranspiration (ET) was computed by soil water balance method. The two years’ field study indicated eC and eCeT showed significant yield advantage to the extent of 32-47% over ambient. Significant effect (P < 0.05) of climate was observed on crop ET, profile water storage and water use efficiency (WUE) during both the study years. The effect of N application on these three parameters was significant only in 2016 crop year. Averaged across N treatments, profile soil water storage at harvest was higher by about 5% in 2016 and by 9% in 2018 crop season under eC and eCeT treatments as compared to AC. The crop ET was significantly lower under eC and eCeT in both the years, with significantly higher WUE. The WUE varied from 2.99 to 4.48 kg ha−1 mm−1 in 2016 and from 4.62 to 6.42 kg ha−1 mm−1 in 2018 crop year. Stomatal conductance during major growth period reduced by 21–42% under eC and by 19–31% under eCeT, though it did not reflect in reduced transpiration. The study indicated significantly higher leaf area contributing to reduced soil water evaporation is the major mechanism explaining higher soil water profile under eC and eCeT. Over ambient, the WUE was higher by 48-50% in 2016 and by 37-39% in 2018 under eC and eCeT treatments, which was mostly attributed to higher grain yield.

Boron fertilization enhances photosynthesis and water use efficiency in soybean at vegetative growth stage

Influence of boron (B) on photosynthesis and water use has not sufficiently been evaluated in soybean despite its worldwide importance as a crop. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of B application on photosynthesis and water use in soybean at vegetative growth stage. A pot experiment was carried out in a greenhouse. Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill cv. M8644 IPRO] was grown in a clayey Oxisol previously fertilized with 4 B rates (0, 1.5, 3.0, and 6.0 mg dm−3). Net photosynthesis rate (Pn), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (gs) were measured in the second trifoliate leaf of plants at the V4 growth stage. Instantaneous water use efficiency (WUEis = Pn/E) and intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEic = Pn/gs) were calculated. B application to soil increased all these variables. The most consistent increases were in Pn, WUEis, and WUEic. The critical level of hot water extractable B in soil that maximized photosynthesis and optimized water use by soybean at vegetative growth stage was calculated to be 0.38 mg dm−3.

Phenotypic Variation and Genetic Architecture for Photosynthesis and Water Use Efficiency in Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr).

Photosynthesis (A) and intrinsic water use efficiency (WUE) are physiological traits directly influencing biomass production, conversion efficiency, and grain yield. Though the influence of physiological process on yield is widely known, studies assessing improvement strategies are rare due to laborious phenotyping and specialized equipment needs. This is one of the first studies to assess the genetic architecture underlying A and intrinsic WUE, as well as to evaluate the feasibility of implementing genomic prediction. A panel of 383 soybean recombinant inbred lines were evaluated in a multi-environment yield trial that included measurements of A and intrinsic WUE, using an infrared gas analyzer during R4–R5 growth stages. Genetic variability was found to support the possibility of genetic improvement through breeding. High genetic correlation between grain yield (GY) and A (0.80) was observed, suggesting increases in GY can be achieved through the improvement of A. Genome-wide association analysis revealed quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for these physiological traits. Cross-validation studies indicated high predictive ability (>0.65) for the implementation of genomic prediction as a viable strategy to improve physiological efficiency while reducing field phenotyping. This work provides core knowledge to develop new soybean cultivars with enhanced photosynthesis and water use efficiency through conventional breeding and genomic techniques.

Water Use Efficiency of Soybean, Sorghum, Sesame with Different Groundwater Levels Using Lysimeter

Water Use Efficiency of Soybean, Sorghum, Sesame with Different Groundwater Levels Using Lysimeter

Elevated CO2 reduces the adverse effects of drought stress on a high-yielding soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivar by increasing water use efficiency

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is the world's most important grain legume. The impacts of climate change such as elevated CO2 and drought on soybean physiological and morphological responses are not well understood. This study evaluated the effects of elevated CO2 (ambient concentration + 200 mmol mol−1) and drought stress (35–45% of relative water content) on soybean leaf photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence, stress physiological indexes, morphological parameters, biomass and yield over 2 years at the open-top chamber (OTC) experimental facility in North China. We found that drought decreased intrinsic efficiency of PSII (Fv'/Fm'), effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII), photochemical quenching coefficient (qP), and yield of soybean, increased nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ), peroxidase (POD), and malondialdehyde (MDA), but had no effect on superoxide dismutase (SOD) or soluble sugar content. Elevated [CO2] increased net photosynthetic rate (PN), water-use efficiency (WUE), ΦPSII, qP, SOD, soluble sugar content and yield of soybean. Elevated [CO2] enhanced the positive effects of drought on WUE, but reduced the negative effects of drought on ΦPSII and qP. Elevated [CO2] enhanced the resistance to drought by improving the capacity of photosynthesis and WUE in soybean leaves.

Effects of biochar on physico-chemical properties soil, yield, and water use efficiency of soybean under different irrigation regimes

Effects of biochar on physico-chemical properties soil, yield, and water use efficiency of soybean under different irrigation regimes

Mulching type-induced soil moisture and temperature regimes and water use efficiency of soybean under rain-fed condition in central Japan

Soybean (Glycine max) is a high water-demand crop and grown under moderate temperature in Japan. To protect the crop from hot summer and to utilize rainfall for its cultivation, selection of appropriate mulching material(s) is crucial. For optimum production of the crop, soil moisture and temperature regimes as well as water use efficiency (WUE) of the crop were investigated under straw, grass, paper, plastic and bare soil (control) mulching under rain-fed condition at Gifu university farm in Japan. The mulching treatments, compared to the control, lowered soil temperature by 2°C at 5cm depth and 0.5°C at 15 and 25cm depths. The plastic and straw mulching stored the highest quantity of soil moisture at 5 and 15cm depths; the bare soil stored the lowest quantity. At 25cm depth, soil-moisture content was the highest under paper mulch but invariable under the other mulches. Plastic mulching reduced evaporation rate from the soil surface and, consequently, the reduced soil-water consumption (SWC) from the root zone augmented WUE of soybean. The paper mulching, by conserving soil-moisture and reducing soil temperature, provided better crop growth attributes, while the plastic mulching improved WUE of green soybean. Therefore, the plastic mulch performed best in reducing soil-water consumption and increasing WUE, while the paper mulch was good for soil-moisture conservation and temperature modification that increased soybean yield.

Variable Mesophyll Conductance among Soybean Cultivars Sets a Tradeoff between Photosynthesis and Water-Use-Efficiency.

Photosynthetic efficiency is a critical determinant of crop yield potential, although it remains below the theoretical optimum in modern crop varieties. Enhancing mesophyll conductance (i.e. the rate of carbon dioxide diffusion from substomatal cavities to the sites of carboxylation) may increase photosynthetic and water use efficiencies. To improve water use efficiency, mesophyll conductance should be increased without concomitantly increasing stomatal conductance. Here, we partition the variance in mesophyll conductance to within- and among-cultivar components across soybean (Glycine max) grown under both controlled and field conditions and examine the covariation of mesophyll conductance with photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, and leaf mass per area. We demonstrate that mesophyll conductance varies more than 2-fold and that 38% of this variation is due to cultivar identity. As expected, mesophyll conductance is positively correlated with photosynthetic rates. However, a strong positive correlation between mesophyll and stomatal conductance among cultivars apparently impedes positive scaling between mesophyll conductance and water use efficiency in soybean. Contrary to expectations, photosynthetic rates and mesophyll conductance both increased with increasing leaf mass per area. The presence of genetic variation for mesophyll conductance suggests that there is potential to increase photosynthesis and mesophyll conductance by selecting for greater leaf mass per area. Increasing water use efficiency, though, is unlikely unless there is simultaneous stabilizing selection on stomatal conductance.

Effect of a new antitranspirant on the physiology and water use efficiency of soybean under different irrigation rates in an arid region

Effect of a new antitranspirant on the physiology and water use efficiency of soybean under different irrigation rates in an arid region

Physiological effects of cerium oxide nanoparticles on the photosynthesis and water use efficiency of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)

CeO2NPs displayed concentration and coating property dependent effects on soybean photosynthesis and water use efficiency.

Soil moisture prediction, evapotranspiration, yield and water use efficiency of soybean (Glycine max L.) crop under variable weather conditions in a semi-arid environment

A field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2009 and 2010 in a sandy loam soil of New Delhi to study the effect of weather, achieved by sowing at normal (D1) and late (D2), on soil moisture prediction, evapotranspiration (ET), yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of three varieties (V1: JS 335, V2: Pusa 9712 and Pusa 9814) of soybean. Study of soybean phenology showed that there was reduction in the number of days taken for the crop to complete life cycle with delayed sowing. The agrometeorological water balance model could satisfactorily predict soil moisture content during soybean crop growth period with RMSE (%) varying between 6.27 to 12.06 and correlation coefficient between 0.828 to 0.982. The ET decreased significantly with delay in sowing; however there was no significant variation among the varieties. Among the stages of the soybean crop, mid season stage had highest ET followed by development stage, late season stage and initial stage. Normal sowing resulted in higher yield but lower WUE than the late sowing. Among the cultivars, JS 335 resulted in lower yield and WUE than Pusa 9712 and Pusa 9814. It may be recommended that, Pusa 9712 or Pusa 9814 may be sown during first and second week of July (normal sowing) to achieve higher yield in the semi-arid environment of Delhi region.